CN111653821A - 一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质及其制备和应用 - Google Patents

一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质及其制备和应用 Download PDF

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CN111653821A
CN111653821A CN202010474778.1A CN202010474778A CN111653821A CN 111653821 A CN111653821 A CN 111653821A CN 202010474778 A CN202010474778 A CN 202010474778A CN 111653821 A CN111653821 A CN 111653821A
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林保平
黄栋飞
孙莹
张雪勤
杨洪
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质及其制备和应用,该电解质包括聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架和改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体,两者按质量比1:500共混复合,其中,聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架提高了聚合电解质的机械强度,增强了电解质的阻燃性;而改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体增强了聚合物电解质离子电导率,同时赋予电解质更好的柔性以及更低的界面阻抗。两种聚合物相结合,有效的提高了电解质的离子电导率、机械强度,同时赋予了电解质优良的柔性及阻燃性。

Description

一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电 解质及其制备和应用
技术领域
本发明属于锂电池电解质技术领域,具体涉及一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质及其制备和应用。
背景技术
由于全球范围内的不可再生资源日益匮乏、环境污染日益严重以及温室效应等问题的愈发严重,建立安全的高效的能源体系,实现能源的可持续发展成为了全世界的目标。
锂电池是化学能转变为电能的重要装置,具有输出电压高,循环寿命长,清洁环保等优点,被广泛的使用在消费电子、电动工具、电动汽车等领域。但随着使用设备对于锂电池的性能要求越来越高使得锂电池的能量密度、倍率性能越做越高,锂电池的安全性问题也渐渐被放大。
由于传统的锂电池使用的电解质为有机液体电解质,存在易挥发、易燃等特点,容易引起电池起火爆炸。相比于液体电解质,固态电解质安全性更高成为了目前提升锂电池安全性最有前景的方式。但是目前固态电解质普遍存在室温下离子电导率低,电解质电极界面阻抗大以及电解质基体机械性能差等问题,使得固态电解质一直不能商业化使用。固态电解质按成分的不同可以分为:(1)无机固态电解质,通常以氧化物、硫化物为主,如LiTi(PO4)3、Li7La3Zr2O12等,其中已有研究表明以Li6.23Al0.26La3Zr1.88O11.76为主要成分的固态电解质在23℃时电导率到达2.54×10-4S·cm-1,但电解质界面阻抗较大,影响了电池的整体性能;(2) 固态聚合物电解质,常见的有聚醚类、聚碳酸酯类、聚偏氟乙烯类、聚硅氧烷类等,其中硅氧烷体系被广泛研究,如有研究表明在硅氧烷分子链侧合成上高介电常数的环状碳酸酯PC链段和梳状PEO链段来增强离子电导率,并将其与PVDF 刚性骨架进行共混来提升力学性能,添加LiTFSI作为有机锂盐,25℃下离子电导率高达到了1.55×10-4S·cm-1,组装的磷酸铁锂电池充放电循环性能良好,在循环100圈后放电比容量没有较大的衰减。但是电解质机械强度较低,制造难度大。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有固态聚合物电解质制备技术制备的电解质室温下离子电导率低、机械强度弱、界面阻抗大以及不阻燃等缺点,提供一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质及其制备和应用,制备的电解质室温下离子电导率高,界面阻抗低,抗拉伸强度大且具备优异的阻燃性,为国家固态锂电池的发展提供了一条新的技术方向。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质,包括聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架和改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体,两者按质量比1:500共混复合,通过紫外光引发使所述改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体在所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架中发生原位交联聚合而成,其中,所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架是通过均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚制备的固含量为20%的聚酰胺酸前驱体进行静电纺丝及亚胺化反应后得到;所述改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体是用改性硅氧烷作为高离子聚合物基体,与交联剂、引发剂、增塑剂、有机锂盐共混制得。
优选地,所述改性硅氧烷是通过对端链PEG长度分别为600、400,PDMS 的链长分别为4000、700的聚二甲基硅氧烷衍生物PEG-PDMS-PEG改性制备的。
优选地,所述交联剂为四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯,所述引发剂为2,2-二羟甲基丙酸,所述增塑剂为聚乙二醇二甲醚,所述有机锂盐为双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂。
优选地,所述有机锂盐的添加量根据锂盐与改性硅氧烷的摩尔比,具体为 20、16、10或5。
一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1)聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架的制备:用均苯四甲酸二酐和 4,4’-二氨基二苯醚制备聚酰胺酸纺丝液前驱体,纺丝液前驱体聚酰胺酸的固含量为20%,通过静电纺丝技术,静电纺丝最佳实验参数条件为:PAA固含量为20%,纺丝电压18KV,接收距离为18cm,注射速度0.5mL/h,制备的聚酰胺酸纺丝纤维膜亚胺化前在8MPa和200℃条件下先热压10min,制得聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架;
步骤2)改性硅氧烷的制备:采用端链PEG和硅氧烷衍生物PEG-PDMS-PEG,用化学合成的方式在PEG-PDMS-PEG链端连接上甲基丙烯酸异氰基乙酯基团,合成两端带有双键的改性硅氧烷;
步骤3)高离子导体聚合物前驱体的制备:采用四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯作为交联剂,2,2-二羟甲基丙酸作为紫外光引发剂,聚乙二醇二甲醚作为增塑剂和双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂作为锂盐与步骤2)得到的改性硅氧烷共混,制得高离子导体聚合物前驱体;
步骤4)将步骤1)制得的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架与步骤3)制得的高离子导体聚合物前驱体共混复合,通过紫外光引发使高离子导体聚合物前驱体在聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架中发生原位交联聚合,即制得所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质。
一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质在磷酸铁锂电池中的应用。
本发明的有益效果如下:
1、本发明制备的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质室温下离子电导率达到了σ=1.89×10-4S/cm,离子迁移数为0.443,电化学稳定窗口为5.8V,且界面稳定性高阻抗低。
2、本发明制备的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质稳定性高,其热分解温度高于240℃,且具有阻燃性。
3、本发明制备的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质机械强度高,抗拉伸强度达到了11.2MPa,性能远超目前硅氧烷固态聚合物电解质。
4、本发明制备的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质在组装的磷酸铁锂电池中性能表现优良,电池60℃下循环150圈后放电容量几乎没有衰减。
附图说明
图1为聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架的扫描电子显微镜照片(SEM);
图2为本发明电解质的热稳定性曲线;
图3为本发明电解质的离子电导率随温度的变化曲线;
图4为本发明电解质的抗拉伸强度曲线;
图5为本发明电解质组装的磷酸铁锂电池60℃下循环充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图与实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实施例1
一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质的制备方法,具体如下:
1、聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架的制备
(1)用分析天平按摩尔比为1:1称取一定量的均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA) 和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚。取一只三口烧瓶,加入一定量的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 (DMAC),控制固含量为20%,氮气吹扫5min后向三口烧瓶中缓慢加入称量好的二氨基二苯醚(ODA),同时开搅拌电机进行搅拌并保持氮气的通入,使反应系统处于氮气氛围中。等到ODA完全溶解于DMAC中以后,将称量好的 PMDA每隔一段时间分别缓缓加入三口烧瓶中,低温下继续搅拌8h左右,反应结束得到淡黄色均匀粘稠的纺丝液前驱体。
(2)将步骤(1)制备好的前驱体装入注射器中固定于注射泵上,取一块洁净表面平整的铝箔铺于玻璃板上,用于接收纺丝纤维。纺丝电压为18KV左右,接收距离为18cm,注射速度为0.5mL/h,纺丝环境的湿度控制在10%~25%范围内。纺丝完毕将接收的前驱体纺丝纤维膜转移至真空干燥箱中,80℃真空干燥8 h。待溶剂完全挥发后,用镊子小心的将纤维隔膜与基底分离,然后夹于表面光滑、化学性能稳定且干净整洁的称量纸中。
(3)对步骤(2)制得的纺丝纤维膜进行热压操作,压力为8MPa,温度为 200℃,热压10min后转移至真空干燥箱进行亚胺化操作:100℃保温2h,然后 120℃保温1h,150℃保温1h,180℃保温1h,最后240℃保温1h。为了使纺丝纤维彻底亚胺化,将240℃保温完的聚酰胺酸(PAA)纺丝纤维薄膜转移至马弗炉中加热到300℃保温1h,得到亚胺化完全的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架。图1为聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架的扫描电子显微镜照片(SEM)。
2、改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体的制备
(4)首先称取PEG-PDMS-PEG 13g,投入三颈烧瓶中,加入重蒸过的二氯甲烷10mL,滴加2~3滴二月桂酸二丁基锡作为催化剂在室温下搅拌10min。将 1.2447g甲基丙烯酸异氰基乙酯(IEM)加入恒压滴液漏斗中,并量取5mL的重蒸二氯甲烷冲洗移取IEM的小烧杯并将冲洗液转移至恒压漏斗中,然后以2 滴/秒的速度滴入三颈烧瓶反应体系中,滴加完打开加热装置控制温度32℃反应 3.5h。反应完后向三口烧瓶中滴加1mL甲醇,继续反应30min,停止加热冷却至室温得无色透明溶液。采用40℃左右的石油醚洗涤前一步产品并萃取,过夜后滤出下层液体,减压蒸馏,除去反应溶剂,得甲基丙烯酸异氰基乙酯基封端的改性硅氧烷单体。
(5)称取0.6g步骤(4)中制备好的改性硅氧烷投入反应瓶,再量取0.3mL 的重蒸二氯甲烷加入反应瓶中后磁力搅拌20min。按摩尔比如下:硅氧烷/交联剂=1、硅氧烷/增塑剂=1:2、及硅氧烷/锂盐=16分别称取四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯、聚乙二醇二甲醚、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂,以及0.003g的引发剂2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)投入反应体系中,继续搅拌2h,制得改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体。
3、聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质的制备
(6)将步骤1制备的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架置于定制的模具中,将步骤2制备的改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体浇注于纤维骨架中,静置1h后,紫外曝光30min,通过紫外光引发使改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体在聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架中发生原位交联聚合,即制得聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质。
测试例1
对实施例1制得的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质进行热稳定行分析,如图2所示,可以发现所制备的电解质热分解温度高于 200℃,具备出色热稳定。
对电解质离子电导率随温度的变化关系进行了探究发现,如图3所示,室温下离子电导率达到了σ=1.89×10-4S/cm,随着温度的升高,离子电导率提升,60℃下离子电导率达到了σ=1.11×10-3S/cm。
图4为电解质的拉伸强度曲线,从图4中可知电解质的抗拉伸强度性能优越达到了11.3MPa。
最后对电解质所组装的磷酸铁锂电池进行了循环性能测试,从图5可以看出,电池在60℃下循环性能稳定,循环150圈后性能几乎没有下降,表现出出色的稳定性。

Claims (6)

1.一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质,其特征在于,包括聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架和改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体,两者按质量比1:500共混复合,通过紫外光引发使所述改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体在所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架中发生原位交联聚合而成,其中,所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架是通过均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚制备的固含量为20%的聚酰胺酸前驱体进行静电纺丝及亚胺化反应后得到;所述改性硅氧烷高离子导体聚合物前驱体是用改性硅氧烷作为高离子聚合物基体,与交联剂、引发剂、增塑剂、有机锂盐共混制得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质,其特征在于,所述改性硅氧烷是通过对端链PEG长度分别为600、400,PDMS的链长分别为4000、700的聚二甲基硅氧烷衍生物PEG-PDMS-PEG改性制备的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质,其特征在于,所述交联剂为四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯,所述引发剂为2,2-二羟甲基丙酸,所述增塑剂为聚乙二醇二甲醚,所述有机锂盐为双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质,其特征在于,所述有机锂盐的添加量根据锂盐与改性硅氧烷的摩尔比,具体为20、16、10或5。
5.权利要求1所述的一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1)聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架的制备:用均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚制备聚酰胺酸纺丝液前驱体,纺丝液前驱体聚酰胺酸的固含量为20%,通过静电纺丝技术,静电纺丝最佳实验参数条件为:PAA固含量为20%,纺丝电压18KV,接收距离为18cm,注射速度0.5mL/h,制备的聚酰胺酸纺丝纤维膜亚胺化前在8MPa和200℃条件下先热压10min,制得聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维柔性阻燃骨架;
步骤2)改性硅氧烷的制备:采用端链PEG和硅氧烷衍生物PEG-PDMS-PEG,用化学合成的方式在PEG-PDMS-PEG链端连接上甲基丙烯酸异氰基乙酯基团,合成两端带有双键的改性硅氧烷;
步骤3)高离子导体聚合物前驱体的制备:采用四(3-巯基丙酸)季戊四醇酯作为交联剂,2,2-二羟甲基丙酸作为紫外光引发剂,聚乙二醇二甲醚作为增塑剂和双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂作为锂盐与步骤2)得到的改性硅氧烷共混,制得高离子导体聚合物前驱体;
步骤4)将步骤1)制得的聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架与步骤3)制得的高离子导体聚合物前驱体共混复合,通过紫外光引发使高离子导体聚合物前驱体在聚酰亚胺静电纺丝柔性阻燃骨架中发生原位交联聚合,即制得所述聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质。
6.权利要求1所述的一种聚酰亚胺静电纺丝纤维改性硅氧烷复合型固态聚合物电解质在磷酸铁锂电池中的应用。
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