CN111482189A - 核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents

核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料及其制备方法和用途 Download PDF

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CN111482189A
CN111482189A CN202010309545.6A CN202010309545A CN111482189A CN 111482189 A CN111482189 A CN 111482189A CN 202010309545 A CN202010309545 A CN 202010309545A CN 111482189 A CN111482189 A CN 111482189A
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electrocatalytic
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黄招娣
袁帅
徐奔
孙道峰
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China University of Petroleum East China
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料，其通式为NiSe2@NC。本发明还提供了该催化材料的制备方法和应用，采用水合肼为还原剂，硒粉为硒源，金属有机框架物为前驱物，通过水热反应对混合配体的金属有机框架物进行选择性硒化。再通过一步管式炉煅烧反应，从而制备出一系列具有可调节的氮掺杂的碳包覆的立方相核壳二硒化镍正八面体材料。通过调节金属有机框架物中混合配体的种类，获得了具有不同吡啶氮含量掺杂的碳包覆的二硒化镍复合材料，再经相应的电化学测试以及理论计算证明，电催化活性与吡啶氮的含量具有很强的相关性。

Description

核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料及其制备方法和用途
技术领域
本发明属于新能源纳米材料合成及电化学技术领域，具体地说，涉及一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
通过氢气析出反应进行电化学水裂解是一种环境友好且高效的氢能经济策略。铂族金属被认为是最有效的电催化剂，但其丰度低且成本高严重阻碍了其大规模应用。因此，开发基于地球储量丰富且高活性的电催化剂是可行的，但仍然具有挑战性。基于非贵金属材料的多种催化剂，如过渡金属氢氧化物、氮化物、碳化物和磷化物，已被研究作为铂族金属的潜在替代材料。其中，过渡金属硒化物(TMSs)以其丰富的地球资源和导电性而引人注目。然而，由于其在碱性条件下的稳定性相对较低和活性较差，限制了其进一步的应用。因此，对于硒化物的表面电子结构进行优化是非常必要的。已经证明，与氮掺杂碳材料的杂化可以通过在碳-TMSs界面上产生额外的局部反应位点来激活TMSs，同时通过避免与电解质直接接触来稳定TMSs表面。通常，N掺杂碳中的氮物种由吡啶-N、吡咯-N和石墨-N组成。对于N掺杂的碳，吡啶-N可以通过增加费米能级附近的p态密度和降低功函数来影响碳材料的电子结构，从而提高氧还原电催化活性。然而，目前还没有系统的实验和理论证据来揭示吡啶-N对碳材料电催化活性的影响以及在调节TMSs@NC界面电子结构和协同电催化中的作用。这是由于合成具有可控界面结构和可调谐N-物种的TMSs@NC材料是比较困难的。为此，我们建议使用金属-有机框架(MOF)作为TMSs@NC材料的合成平台。MOFs是一种由金属节点和有机配体组成的多孔无机-有机杂化材料，已被用作各种功能材料的前驱体。金属和含碳/含氮配体的存在使MOFs成为构建掺氮多孔炭包覆的金属纳米粒子复合材料的理想平台。在典型的纳米杂化材料合成中，MOFs通常在惰性气氛下热解。例如，CoP@NC是由含有MOF(ZIF-9)的Co2+-苯并咪唑热解合成的，随后是磷化反应。类似地，NiSe2@NC是通过热解和硒化Ni-MOF获得的。MOFs的多孔性允许形成以碳为载体的金属化合物的多孔结构，从而促进电催化应用。然而，金属化合物的不规则形貌阻碍了活性位点的识别。此外，在直接热解过程中，常难以控制载体中氮的种类及含量。
因此，制备理想的新型的界面结构可调控的氮掺杂的碳包覆的二硒化镍电催化氢气析出材料是该领域具有挑战性的研究课题。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料及其制备方法和用途，解决了目前此类材料活性位点及其活性位点调控的问题。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料，其通式为NiSe2@NC。
一种如前述的NiSe2@NC-X电催化析氢材料的制备方法如下：
S1、利用溶剂热反应制备镍-有机框架前驱体，记为Ni-MOF-X；
S2、将所述制备的镍-有机框架前驱体溶于水中，得到均匀的MOF水溶液，将硒粉分散于水合肼中后，滴加到所述MOF水溶液中，混匀后，在100～160℃下进行水热反应12～72h，得到X@NiSe2前驱体；
S3、将所述X@NiSe2前驱体在氮气的保护下，以1～5℃·min-1的升温速率加热至330～450℃，保温30～120min进行退火，然后冷却至室温，得到所述NiSe2@NC电催化析氢材料；
其中，X为4,4'-联吡啶、1,4-二氮杂双环辛烷、吡嗪、氨基吡嗪中的一种。
作为优选方案，步骤S1中所述的金属有机框架前驱体的制备方法为：
将硝酸镍、均苯三甲酸和N-供体辅助配体溶于N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，混匀后，在100～130℃下进行反应24～72小时，得到所述镍-有机框架前驱体。
作为优选方案，所述含氮配体为4,4'-联吡啶(简称BP)，1,4-二氮杂双环辛(简称DO)，吡嗪(简称PZ)，氨基吡嗪(简称AE)中的一种。
一种如前述的核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料在电催化分解水制氢气反应中的用途。
本发明的反应机理为：
通过水热反应选择性硒化金属有机框架物，允许Se2 2-取代阴离子羧酸配体，同时在NiSe2纳米晶中获得中性N配位的配体。再通过一步管式炉煅烧反应，从而制备出一系列氮掺杂的碳含量可调的氮掺杂的碳包覆的立方相二硒化镍正八面体材料。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点和积极的效果是：
本发明提供了一种基于混合配体的金属有机框架物选择性硒化衍生的界面结构可调控的氮掺杂的碳包覆的二硒化镍电催化氢气析出材料，通过改变金属有机框架物合成前驱体中含氮配体的种类制备了一系列吡啶氮含量不同的核壳纳米立方体，为氮掺杂的碳包覆的过渡金属硒化物的合成提供了一种可控的途径，所得到的NiSe2@NC-X，尤其是当X＝PZ时，能够用于高效的电催化水分解反应的催化剂。
附图说明
通过阅读参照以下附图对非限制性实施例所作的详细描述，本发明的其它特征、目的和优点将会变得更明显：
图1为本发明中实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的SEM图；
图2为本发明中实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的TEM图；
图3为本发明中实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的HRTEM图；
图4为本发明中实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的SAED图；
图5为本发明中实施例2制备的纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的SEM图；
图6为本发明中实施例2制备的纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的TEM图；
图7为本发明中实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的HRTEM图；
图8为本发明中实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的SAED图；
图9为本发明中实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的元素映射图；
图10为本发明中实施例1和2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2以及NiSe2@NC-PZ的XRD谱图；
图11为本发明实施例1中制备的Ni-MOF-PZ的1H NMR谱图；
图12为本发明实施例1中制备的PZ@NiSe的1H NMR谱图；
图13为本发明实施例2制备的NiSe2@NC-PZ的1H NMR谱图；
图14为本发明中对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的SEM图；
图15为本发明中实施例1和2以及对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的极化曲线谱图；
图16为本发明中实施例1和2以及对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的塔菲尔斜率图；
图17为本发明中实施例1和2以及对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的吡啶氮含量与10mA·cm-2的电流密度下的过电势关系图；
图18为本发明中实施例1和2以及对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的电化学双电层电容图；
图19为本发明中实施例1和2以及对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的稳定性测试图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。以下实施例将有助于本领域的技术人员进一步理解本发明，但不以任何形式限制本发明。应当指出的是，对本领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干变形和改进。这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种PZ@NiSe2前驱体的制备方法，具体包括如下步骤：
(1)Ni-MOF前驱体的制备：0.5mmol的六水合硝酸镍、0.5mmol的均苯三甲酸和0.5mmol的吡嗪溶于10mL的N，N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液中。将混合物进一步搅拌30分钟至在室温下完全溶解。然后，将绿色溶液转移到25mL的聚四氟乙烯的不锈钢高压釜中，在130℃下保持72小时。最后，用大量N，N-二甲基甲酰胺和甲醇混合溶液离心分离，得到Ni-MOF前驱体，记为Ni-MOF-PZ。
(2)PZ@NiSe2前驱体的制备：50mg的Ni-MOF-PZ溶于10mL去离子水中，并将1.5mmol硒粉加入5.0mL水合肼(85％)中。然后在室温下强力搅拌，将水合肼-硒溶液逐滴加入MOF水溶液中。180min后，将混合物转移到23mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压釜中，于100℃下加热12h。反应结束后冷却至室温。
图1实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的SEM图片，可以看出合成的PZ@NiSe2为正多面体结构。
图2为实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的TEM谱图，证明成的PZ@NiSe2的边长大概为150nm。
图3为实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的HRTEM谱图，证明生成的PZ@NiSe2为立方相的NiSe2。
图4是实施例1制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2的SAED图，证明生成的PZ@NiSe2是单晶的状态。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料的制备方法，具体包括如下步骤：
在氮气氛围下，以1℃·min-1的升温速率，将实施例1制备的PZ@NiSe2在450℃温度下退火30min，得到最终的NiSe2@NC，记为NiSe2@NC-PZ。
图5是实施例2制备的纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的SEM图，证明成的PZ@NiSe2维持了前驱体的形貌，仍然为规则的正多面体形貌。
图6是实施例2制备的纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的TEM图，证实超薄碳层(～1.5nm)的生成。
图7是实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的HRTEM图，证实0.243nm的晶格条纹与立方相NiSe2的211晶面匹配良好。
图8是实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的SAED图，证明生成的NiSe2@NC-PZ是多晶的状态。
图9为本发明中实施例2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的NiSe2@NC-PZ的元素映射图，验证Se、Ni、C和N元素的均匀分布。
图10是实施例1和2制备的纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2以及NiSe2@NC-PZ的XRD谱图，验证生成了立方相NiSe2。
为了便于进行核磁图谱的测试，首先用研钵对Ni-MOF-PZ以及NiSe2@NC-PZ等固体样品进行研磨。称量5～10mg样品置于干净NMR管(5mm)中，然后加入DMSO-d6(0.5～1mL)和H2SO4-d2(0.1～0.2mL)，将核磁管轻轻摇晃或者超声10～30s，直到观察不到明显的悬浮固体颗粒。此外，还收集了Ni-MOF-PZ溶剂热硒化过程中的上清液，并用HCl(2.0M)中和，所形成的沉淀物被过滤，洗涤以及干燥，同样用于1H NMR分析。
图11～13为本发明中实施例1和2制备的核壳纳米立方体结构的PZ@NiSe2以及NiSe2@NC-PZ的1H NMR谱图，用来验证Ni-MOF-PZ含有等比例的均苯三酸和吡嗪配体，水热硒化之后上清液仅剩下均苯三酸的核磁峰，依次验证生成了吡嗪镶嵌的NiSe2纳米八面体，命名为PZ@NiSe2。经过管式炉煅烧后得到产物NiSe2@NC-PZ，仅剩下DMSO-d6的峰，吡嗪的核磁峰消失，验证煅烧过程，吡嗪转换成了超薄的N掺杂的碳层。
对比例1
本对比例与实施例2的区别仅在于，Ni-MOF前驱体的制备中用4,4'-联吡啶(BP)替代了吡嗪，得到的NiSe2@NC记为NiSe2@NC-BP。
对比例2
本对比例与实施例2的区别仅在于，Ni-MOF前驱体的制备中用1,4-二氮杂双环辛烷(DO)替代了吡嗪，得到的NiSe2@NC记为NiSe2@NC-DO。
对比例3
本对比例与实施例2的区别仅在于，Ni-MOF前驱体的制备中用氨基吡嗪(AE)替代了吡嗪，得到的NiSe2@NC记为NiSe2@NC-AE。
图14为本发明中对比例1～3制备的电催化材料NiSe2@NC-BP、NiSe2@NC-DO以及NiSe2@NC-AE的SEM图，均表现为均匀的正八面体形貌，消除了形貌以及尺寸大小对电催化性能的影响。
实施例4
在标准的三电极测试系统中，以石墨棒为对电极，饱和KCl填充的Ag/AgCl电极为参比电极，玻碳电极为工作电极。将5.0mg制备好的样品分散在0.5mL Nafion(5％(w/w))、去离子水和乙醇溶液(体积比为1:9:10)的混合溶液中，借助超声波形成均匀的溶液。然后在直径为3mm的玻碳电极上滴注5μL溶液。让电极在室温下自然干燥两小时，然后进行测量(负载量：0.35mg·cm-2)。
图15是实施例1和2和对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的线性扫描伏安图，验证与NiSe2@NC-BP(235mV)、NiSe2@NC-DO(208mV)、NiSe2@NC-AE(182mV)和单独的NiSe2(283mV)相比，NiSe2@NC-PZ纳米材料在10mA·cm-2时表现出最高的活性，其过电位为162mV。
图16是实施例1和2和对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的塔菲尔斜率图，NiSe2@NC-PZ的拟合Tafel斜率为88mV·dec-1。这表明，与其他NiSe2@NC纳米材料相比，NiSe2@NC-PZ材料的反应动力学更快，其反应机理为Volmer-Heyrovsky联合机制。
图17是实施例1和2和对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的吡啶氮含量与10mA cm-2的电流密度下的过电势关系图，验证在碱性介质中的HER活性与NiSe2@NC纳米杂化物的吡啶-N含量呈线性相关，表明在碱性条件下其HER活性主要由吡啶-N含量决定.
图18是实施例1和2和对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的电化学双电层电容图，表明NiSe2@NC-PZ纳米杂化体具有略高的可用表面活性位点。
图19是实施例1和2和对比例1～3制备的电催化材料的稳定性测试图，表明NiSe2@NC-PZ纳米材料在碱性介质中具有良好的稳定性。
以上对本发明的具体实施例进行了描述。需要理解的是，本发明并不局限于上述特定实施方式，本领域技术人员可以在权利要求的范围内做出各种变形或修改，这并不影响本发明的实质内容。

Claims (5)

1.一种核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料，其特征在于，通式为NiSe2@NC。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
S1、利用溶剂热反应制备镍-有机框架前驱体，记为Ni-MOF-X；
S2、将所述制备的镍-有机框架前驱体溶于水中，得到均匀的MOF水溶液，将硒粉分散于水合肼中后，滴加到所述MOF水溶液中，混匀后，在100～160℃下进行水热反应12～72h，得到X@NiSe2前驱体；
S3、将所述X@NiSe2前驱体在氮气的保护下，以1～5℃·min-1的升温速率加热至330～450℃，保温30～120min进行退火，然后冷却至室温，得到所述NiSe2@NC电催化析氢材料；
其中，X为4,4'-联吡啶、1,4-二氮杂双环辛烷、吡嗪、氨基吡嗪中的一种。
3.如权利要求2所述的核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤S1中所述的金属有机框架前驱体的制备方法为：
将硝酸镍、均苯三甲酸和N-供体辅助配体溶于N，N-二甲基甲酰胺中，混匀后，在100～130℃下进行反应24～72小时，得到所述镍-有机框架前驱体。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述N-供体辅助配体为4,4'-联吡啶、1,4-二氮杂双环辛烷、吡嗪、氨基吡嗪中的一种。
5.一种如权利要求1所述的核壳结构NiSe2@NC电催化材料在电催化分解水制氢气反应中的用途。
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