CN111480410A - Method for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN111480410A CN111480410A CN202010281245.1A CN202010281245A CN111480410A CN 111480410 A CN111480410 A CN 111480410A CN 202010281245 A CN202010281245 A CN 202010281245A CN 111480410 A CN111480410 A CN 111480410A
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M17/00—Apparatus for the destruction of vermin in soil or in foodstuffs
- A01M17/002—Injection of toxic gases or fluids into the soil
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil, which comprises the following steps: s1, facility soil pretreatment: s2, covering the greenhouse film on the top of the greenhouse, but not completely pulling down; s3, turning over the ground: ridging, namely forming a 'mountain' -shaped water channel by combining the ridging and the ridging, and forming small irrigation units by forming a channel ridge every 3 channels and 4 ridges; s4, coating and applying the pesticide to the facility soil: covering with three films, flood irrigating, irrigating with water, and irrigating with water; s5, watering the facility soil; s6, before planting, the two layers of mulching films covered on the facility soil are collected, and the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film is opened. The invention adopts three films to cover the facility soil, and simultaneously uses the athomin to sterilize, thereby effectively preventing and controlling the soil-borne diseases of the facility soil, improving the economic benefit of greenhouse crop production, reducing the use frequency and the use amount of later-stage pesticides, effectively protecting the ecological environment of the soil and improving the quality safety of agricultural products.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil disinfection, in particular to a method for preventing and treating facility soil-borne diseases.
Background
With the vigorous development of facility agriculture in China after the eighties of the twentieth century, the area of a sunlight greenhouse is increased year by year, and the sunlight greenhouse has the advantages of annual production, quick response, stable benefit, high yield and the like which are gradually favored by farmers, so that China becomes the country with the largest facility cultivation area in the world at present, and the sunlight greenhouse production becomes one of important aspects in the sustainable development of agriculture in China. The land intensive production mode not only enriches vegetable baskets of urban and rural residents, but also becomes a post industry in many areas, and greatly increases the income of farmers. However, due to the single cultivation type of greenhouse vegetables and the special environmental conditions and management modes, a series of problems of serious occurrence of soil-borne diseases of the vegetables, reduction of the yield of the vegetables, quality reduction and the like occur along with the prolonging of the cultivation period, and the sustainable development of solar greenhouse vegetable production is seriously threatened. The introduction of modern agricultural technology and the use of chemical pesticides in large quantities enable crops to be produced continuously, singly and annually, which greatly improves the agricultural output, but also enables the damage of some soil-borne diseases to greenhouse production to be more prominent, and the greenhouse soil-borne diseases seriously affect the development of the solar greenhouse industry.
The technical method adopted at present for preventing and controlling greenhouse soil-borne diseases comprises the following steps: (1) a soil disinfection method: a method for killing germs, nematodes and other harmful organisms in soil by applying chemical agents to the soil. At present, the soil disinfection mainly adopts the following medicaments: chloropicrin, dazomet, metam, cyanazine, carbendazim and the like. The long-term use of chemical agents can increase the chemical agent residue in soil, pollute soil environment, underground water and agricultural products and is difficult to guarantee. (2) The soil-visiting method: the method is characterized in that soil containing a large amount of soil-borne diseases is changed into soil without pathogenic bacteria by adopting an artificial or mechanical mode. The method has large labor capacity and high replacement cost. (3) A grafting cultivation method: the method for enhancing the disease resistance of plants and serving the occurrence of soil-borne diseases in a customer way is realized by grafting branches or buds of cultivated crops to stems or roots of another crop. The grafting technology has high operation requirement and complex operation, and the disease resistance of the grafted seedling is influenced by the grafted stock and the grafted seedling, so that the disease resistance is unstable. (4) The method comprises the following steps: the number of pathogenic bacteria in the soil can be obviously reduced through rotation with pathogenic bacteria non-host plants. The crop rotation time of the crop rotation method is long, generally within 3-5 years, the economic benefit of farmers is affected, the crop rotation effect is slow to take effect, and the period is long. (5) Chemical agent prevention method: the method for preventing and treating soil-borne diseases is achieved by applying chemical pesticides in a spraying or root irrigation mode. The long-term use of chemical agents can increase the chemical pesticide residue in soil or agricultural products, pollute the soil environment and agricultural products and cause pathogenic bacteria in the soil to generate drug resistance.
The soil disinfection method, the soil dressing method, the grafting cultivation method, the alternate method and the chemical prevention and control method adopted in the prior art are all methods adopted when soil-borne disease pathogenic bacteria are accumulated to a certain degree and seriously harm crop production, and long-term use of chemical pesticides and chemical agents of the soil disinfection method can increase the chemical pesticide residue in soil or agricultural products, pollute the soil environment and the agricultural products, enable the pathogenic bacteria in the soil to generate drug resistance, and increase the prevention and control cost year by year; the soil removal method has large labor capacity and high prevention and control cost; the time period of the crop rotation method is long, the crop rotation effect is slow, and the economic benefit of farmers is influenced; the grafting cultivation method has the characteristics of high and complex technical requirements, poor operability, control effect influenced by rootstocks, unstable disease resistance and the like, and currently adopted control measures are passive control after serious damage of soil-borne diseases, are difficult to realize active control before the soil-borne diseases occur, do not fundamentally reduce the number of bacteria sources of soil-borne diseases, form the continuous occurrence of greenhouse soil-borne diseases and tend to increase year by year, and do not fundamentally solve the problems all the time.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a method for preventing and treating soil-borne diseases in facility soil by performing three-film covering on the facility soil and simultaneously sterilizing the facility soil by using 20% of horseradish, which is simple, convenient and efficient, and can reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the soil to achieve the purpose of preventing and treating the soil-borne diseases.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil is characterized by comprising the following steps,
s1, facility soil pretreatment: before transplanting or after harvesting, removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues of the crops planted in the upper stubbles in the facility, and removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues out of the greenhouse for burning and deep burying;
s2, covering the greenhouse film on the top of the greenhouse, but not completely pulling down;
s3, turning over the ground: deeply ploughing soil by 30cm by using a small rotary cultivator, smashing the soil, ditching and ridging in the north-south direction, wherein the furrow width is 50cm, the ridge width is 70cm, and the ridge height is not lower than 20 cm; forming a 'mountain' -shaped water channel by combining the ridge and the ridge, and forming a channel ridge every three channels and four channels to form small irrigation units;
s4, coating and applying pesticide to the facility soil, covering the ridge surface with a black plastic film, not covering the black plastic film between the ditches, pressing the edge of the black plastic film with a small amount of soil, leaving a gap, performing flood irrigation, and irrigating the soil disinfectant with water; when all water in the ditch permeates into the soil, covering the ridge with the white thin film, pressing the overlapped part of the white thin film and the white thin film by using soil at a position of 10cm to form a closed environment, and pulling down the greenhouse film of the facility greenhouse to form a greenhouse closed environment; the time of the three films in the ground is between 6 months and 20 days and 7 months and 30 days, and at least 20 days;
s5, watering the facility soil;
s6, before planting, the two layers of mulching films covered on the facility soil are collected, and the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film is opened.
Further, the greenhouse film in the step S2 is made of any one of PVC, PE, and EVA, and has a thickness of 0.08-0.12 mm and a width of 8-12 m.
Further, the thickness of the black plastic film in step S4 is 0.008 to 0.02mm, and the width is 100 cm.
Further, the soil disinfectant in step S4 is 20% athomin.
Further, the method can be used for preparing a novel materialThe irrigation amount of the 20% athomin is 5L/mu and 3m3Per mu.
Further, the white film has a thickness of 0.08 to 0.12mm and a width of 8 to 12 m.
Further, the concrete operation of watering the facility soil in the step S5 is as follows: and (4) watering from the west to the east, respectively sealing the filled ditches when the 3 ditches are filled with water, then opening the canal ridges, irrigating the next small irrigation units with 3 ditches and 4 ridges, and the like.
Further, the mulching film is removed in the step S6 in the following sequence: removing the white film, removing the black plastic film, closing the greenhouse for 2-3 days, and opening the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the facility soil-borne diseases are prevented and controlled by adopting a method of three-film coverage and horseradish hormone, compared with a soil dressing method, the labor force is greatly reduced, and the method has the advantages of stability, time saving and simplicity;
2. according to the invention, the earth surface of the facility soil is covered with the black plastic film, and the ground temperature can be improved due to the heat absorption effect of the black color; a white film is covered on the black plastic film, and the white film can ensure the permeability and the penetrating power of sunlight; the greenhouse film on the top of the greenhouse can raise the temperature in the facility greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse is raised, the ground temperature is driven to rise, the air temperature in noon can reach more than 50-60 ℃, and the soil is subjected to double disinfection and sterilization through high-temperature combination of the horseradish, so that the control effect of soil-borne diseases of the greenhouse is improved.
3. According to the facility soil-borne disease control method, the average killing rate of main pathogenic bacteria fungi and bacteria is above 70.59%, and the killing effect on pythium, aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium in fungal diseases is above 80%, so that the soil-borne disease can be effectively prevented, the later-stage pesticide use frequency and use amount are reduced, the soil ecological environment is effectively protected, and the quality safety of agricultural products is improved;
4. according to the invention, the economic benefit loss caused by crop rotation is effectively reduced in the shed-off period of the greenhouse in summer, the problem of cost increase caused by the control measures such as grafting technology and soil dressing is solved, the problem of high control cost of soil-borne diseases is solved, the cost is low, the effect is fast, and the economic benefit of greenhouse crop production is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a ditch and a small irrigation unit formed between ridges after turning over the soil.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of three ridge covering surfaces of the present invention.
Wherein, 1-water flow direction; 2-ridging; 3-furrow; 4-black plastic film; 5-white film; 6-greenhouse film
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the following further describes the technical solution of the present invention with reference to the drawings and the embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows:
referring to fig. 1-2, this embodiment is performed at a greenhouse production site of an agricultural demonstration park in toufang, and specifically includes the following steps,
s1, facility soil pretreatment: before transplanting or after harvesting, removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues of the crops planted in the upper stubbles in the facility, and removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues out of the greenhouse for burning and deep burying;
s2, covering the greenhouse film 6 on the top of the greenhouse, but not completely pulling down; the greenhouse film is made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), the thickness of the greenhouse film is 0.1mm, and the width of the greenhouse film is 10 meters;
s3, turning over the ground: deeply ploughing the soil by 30cm by using a small-sized rotary cultivator, crushing the soil, ditching in the north-south direction by 3, ridging by 2, wherein the width of the ditch 3 is 50cm, the width of the ridge 2 is 70cm, and the height of the ridge 2 is 25 cm; forming a 'mountain' -shaped water channel by combining the ridge 2 with the ridge 2, and forming a channel ridge every three channels and four ridges to form small irrigation units; as shown in figure 1;
s4, covering and applying the facility soil, namely covering ridge surfaces with a black plastic film 4 with the thickness of 0.01mm and the width of 100cm, not covering the black plastic film between the grooves, pressing the edges of the black plastic film with a small amount of soil with gaps, performing flood irrigation, and irrigating the soil along with water, wherein the disinfectant is 20% of athomin and is used according to the irrigation quantity of 5L/muIrrigating with 3m of water3Per mu;
when the water in the ditch is totally infiltrated into the soil, covering the ridge with a white film 5 with the thickness of 0.1mm and the width of 10 meters, pressing the overlapped part of the white film 5 and the white film 5 by soil for 10cm to form a closed environment, and pulling down a greenhouse film 6 of the greenhouse of the facility land to form a greenhouse closed environment; as shown in fig. 2. The ground-sealing time of the three films is 7 months and 1 day to 7 months and 25 days;
s5, watering the facility soil between 25 days of 6 months and 30 days of 6 months: watering from west to east, respectively sealing the filled ditches when the 3 ditches are filled with water, then opening the canal ridge, and beginning to irrigate the next small irrigation units with 3 ditches and 4 ridges, and so on;
and S6, after the high-temperature greenhouse closing is finished, removing the white film 5 covered on the ground, removing the black plastic film 4, and after the greenhouse is closed for 3 days, opening the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film 6.
To demonstrate the substantial improvement of the method of controlling soil-borne diseases in facility soils of the present invention over the prior art, the applicant also conducted comparative experiments in examples 2-4 below.
Example two:
in the embodiment, 50% carbendazim wettable powder is selected as the soil disinfectant, the carbendazim wettable powder is scattered in soil during plowing, and the film covering mode and other operations are the same as those in the first embodiment.
Example three:
in this example, no soil disinfectant was used, and the coating method and other operations were the same as in the first example.
Example four:
in this example, only facility site pretreatment, closing and plowing of the greenhouse with the greenhouse film and no subsequent treatment were carried out, and the facility site pretreatment, closing and plowing of the greenhouse with the greenhouse film were the same as in the first example.
Further, sampling the soil in the first to fourth embodiments;
specifically, sampling is respectively carried out before and after the facility soil is treated, a five-point sampling method is adopted, soil samples of 0-30 cm soil layers are taken by a soil drill with the diameter of 3cm in each sample prescription by a multipoint mixed sampling method, the sampling is repeated uniformly for 3 times, and the samples are stored in a refrigerator at the temperature of 4 ℃.
Further, a culture medium of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes was prepared for examining the control effect on soil-borne diseases before and after soil treatment.
Specifically, the bacteria are cultured by a beef extract peptone culture medium, wherein the beef extract culture medium comprises 3g of beef extract, 10g of peptone, 5g of NaCl, 15-20 g of agar, 1000m of distilled water, L of distilled water and 7.0-7.2 of pH value, the beef extract is weighed according to a certain volume, heated and dissolved in the distilled water, then the peptone NaCl and the agar are added, and the beef extract is sterilized and reserved after being dissolved.
The fungi are cultured by adopting a PDA culture medium, wherein 200g of fresh potatoes, 10g of cane sugar, 1000m of water L and 15-20 m of agar L have natural pH value, the potatoes are cleaned and peeled according to a certain volume, 200g of the potatoes are cut into small blocks, 1000m of L of water is added, after boiling for half an hour, water is replenished, the agar and the cane sugar are added into the filtrate, and after the filtrate is boiled and dissolved, the filtrate is disinfected and sterilized for later use, sterilized lactic acid is added into the dissolved PDA culture medium before use, the main purpose is to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and the dosage is 3m L of lactic acid per 1000m of L of PDA culture medium.
The actinomycetes are cultured by adopting a Gao's first culture medium: soluble starch 20g, KNO3l.0g，K2HPO4·3H2O0.5g，MgSO4·7H2O0.5g，NaCl0.5g，FeSO40.0 g of distilled water 1000m L, agar 20g, pH 7.2-7.4, and sterilizing after dissolving for later use, adding sterilized potassium dichromate (0.08g/m L) into a dissolved Gao's No. I culture medium before use for the main purpose of inhibiting bacterial growth, wherein the amount of the potassium dichromate is 1m L per 1000m L of the Gao's No. I culture medium.
Further, preparing a leaching liquor of the soil sample;
specifically, 10g of soil sample is weighed according to different treatments and is put into 90m L sterile water, the soil sample is put on a constant temperature shaking table (28 ℃) and is shaken for 15min, the rotating speed is 120r/min, and then the soil sample is prepared into the soil sample with the concentration of 10 on an ultra-clean workbench-1～10-4The soil suspension is prepared by dripping 0.1m L different concentrations of soil suspension on the surface of the culture medium by using a 0.1m L pipette gunThe concentration for bacteria is 10-4Soil suspension of g/m L, for fungi, with a concentration of 10-1g/m L soil suspension, 10 for actinomycetes-3And (3) putting the soil suspension of g/m L into a constant-temperature incubator (28 ℃) for culture, carrying out bacterial culture for 1-2 d, carrying out fungal culture for 2-3 d, carrying out actinomycetes culture for 5-7 d, and counting and recording when uniform bacterial colonies grow on each culture medium.
Further, the number of microorganisms was calculated according to the following formula:
the colony forming unit in each gram of dry soil is equal to the average colony number of 3 times of repetition × dilution multiple × 100/each 10g of soil mass;
the killing effect of the agent on various soil microorganisms is calculated according to the change of the microbial colony number before and after the treatment of the control area and the treatment area, and the relative control effect of each treatment is calculated by the following formula:
relative control effect (%) [ 1- (number of colonies before control in control area ×)/(number of colonies after control in control area × before control in treatment area) ] × 100;
the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil is measured by adopting a dilution plate counting method.
According to the above verification procedure, the colony units formed on the culture media of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, respectively, of the soil samples obtained in three times in the first to fourth examples were counted, and the results are shown in tables 1 to 3.
TABLE 1 statistical table of colony units formed on fungal culture media for different treated soils
TABLE 2 statistical table of colony units formed on bacterial culture media for different treated soils
TABLE 3 statistical table of colony units formed on actinomycetes medium by different treated soils
As can be seen from tables 1, 2 and 3, the number of colonies in the soil is greatly reduced after the treatment by the method of the present invention, regardless of bacteria, fungi or actinomycetes, which indicates that the method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil according to the present invention can effectively kill bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes.
The results of statistics on the killing effects of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes by the different treatment methods in examples one to three are shown in table 4, with reference to tables 1, 2 and 3.
Table 4 relative killing effect (%) of different treatments on different groups of microorganisms in the soil
| Treatment (in 667m2) | Fungi | Bacteria | Actinomycetes |
| Example one | 84.88 | 71.3 | 55.6 |
| Example two | 64.13 | 53.7 | 49.2 |
| EXAMPLE III | 45.2 | 31.3 | 22.7 |
As can be seen from Table 4, the method of covering with + 20% of horseradish 5L by three films has the killing effects of controlling fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in soil of more than 50%, and the average killing effect on microorganisms in soil of 70.59%, which are higher than the killing effects in the second embodiment, the third embodiment and the fourth embodiment, thus demonstrating that the method for preventing facility soil-borne diseases has better control effect on soil-borne diseases.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (8)
1. A method for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil is characterized by comprising the following steps,
s1, facility soil pretreatment: before transplanting or after harvesting, removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues of the crops planted in the upper stubbles in the facility, and removing the dry branches, fallen leaves and diseased plant residues out of the greenhouse for burning and deep burying;
s2, covering the greenhouse film on the top of the greenhouse, but not completely pulling down;
s3, turning over the ground: deeply ploughing soil by 30cm by using a small rotary cultivator, smashing the soil, ditching and ridging in the north-south direction, wherein the furrow width is 50cm, the ridge width is 70cm, and the ridge height is not lower than 20 cm; forming a 'mountain' -shaped water channel by combining the ridge and the ridge, and forming a channel ridge every three channels and four channels to form small irrigation units;
s4, coating and applying pesticide to the facility soil, covering the ridge surface with a black plastic film, not covering the black plastic film between the ditches, pressing the edge of the black plastic film with a small amount of soil, leaving a gap, performing flood irrigation, and irrigating the soil disinfectant with water; when all water in the ditch permeates into the soil, covering the ridge with the white thin film, pressing the overlapped part of the white thin film and the white thin film by using soil at a position of 10cm to form a closed environment, and pulling down the greenhouse film of the facility greenhouse to form a greenhouse closed environment; the time of the three films in the ground is between 6 months and 20 days and 7 months and 30 days, and at least 20 days;
s5, watering the facility soil;
s6, before planting, the two layers of mulching films covered on the facility soil are collected, and the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film is opened.
2. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facilities according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the greenhouse film in the step S2 is made of any one of PVC material, PE material and EVA material, the thickness of the greenhouse film is 0.08-0.12 mm, and the width of the greenhouse film is 8-12 m.
3. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facilities according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the thickness of the black plastic film in the step S4 is 0.008-0.02 mm, and the width is 100 cm.
4. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facilities according to claim 3, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the soil disinfectant in step S4 is 20% horseradish peroxidase.
5. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases in facilities according to claim 4, wherein the irrigation amount of the 20% athomin is 5L/mu and the irrigation amount is 3m3Per mu.
6. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facilities according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the white film has a thickness of 0.08-0.12 mm and a width of 8-12 m.
7. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases of facility soil according to claim 1, wherein the step S5 comprises the following steps: and (4) watering from the west to the east, respectively sealing the filled ditches when the 3 ditches are filled with water, then opening the canal ridges, irrigating the next small irrigation units with 3 ditches and 4 ridges, and the like.
8. The method for controlling soil-borne diseases in facility soil according to claim 1, wherein the mulching films are removed in the step S6 in the following sequence: removing the white film, removing the black plastic film, closing the greenhouse for 2-3 days, and opening the ventilation opening of the greenhouse film.
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