CN111418047A - 半导体装置用接合线 - Google Patents

半导体装置用接合线 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111418047A
CN111418047A CN201780097315.4A CN201780097315A CN111418047A CN 111418047 A CN111418047 A CN 111418047A CN 201780097315 A CN201780097315 A CN 201780097315A CN 111418047 A CN111418047 A CN 111418047A
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China
Prior art keywords
bonding wire
mass
alloy
bonding
wire
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Pending
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CN201780097315.4A
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English (en)
Inventor
小田大造
山田隆
江藤基稀
榛原照男
宇野智裕
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Micrometal Corp
Nippon Steel Chemical and Materials Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nippon Steel and Sumikin Chemical Co Ltd
Nippon Micrometal Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Steel and Sumikin Chemical Co Ltd, Nippon Micrometal Corp filed Critical Nippon Steel and Sumikin Chemical Co Ltd
Publication of CN111418047A publication Critical patent/CN111418047A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H01L23/49Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions wire-like arrangements or pins or rods
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Abstract

提供一种半导体装置用的Pd被覆Cu接合线,其在半导体装置封装中使用的模塑树脂中的硫含量增大的情况下,也能在175℃以上的高温环境下充分地得到球接合部的接合可靠性。在具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层的半导体装置用接合线中,接合线中包含总计为0.03~2质量%的Ni、Rh、Ir、Pd中的1种以上,还包含总计为0.002~3质量%的Li、Sb、Fe、Cr、Co、Zn、Ca、Mg、Pt、Sc、Y中的1种以上。通过使用上述接合线,在半导体装置封装中使用的模塑树脂中的硫含量增大的情况下,也能在175℃以上的高温环境下充分地得到球接合部的接合可靠性。

Description

半导体装置用接合线
技术领域
本发明涉及用于将半导体元件上的电极与外部引线等电路布线基板的布线连接的半导体装置用接合线。
背景技术
现在,作为将半导体元件上的电极与外部引线之间接合的半导体装置用接合线(以下,称为“接合线”),主要使用线径15~50μm程度的细线。接合线的接合方法一般是并用超声波的热压接方式,可使用通用接合装置、将接合线穿过其内部而用于连接的劈刀夹具等。接合线的接合工序中,在利用电弧热能将线尖端加热熔融并利用表面张力形成球(FAB:Free Air Ball自由空气球)后,使该球部压接接合于在150~300℃的范围内加热了的半导体元件的电极上(以下,称为“球接合”),接着在形成线弧后,将线部压接接合于外部引线侧的电极上(以下,称为“楔接合”),从而接合线的接合工序完成。接合线的接合对象即半导体元件上的电极使用在Si基板上成膜有以Al为主体的合金的电极构造,外部引线侧的电极使用实施了镀Ag或镀Pd的电极构造等。
至今为止,接合线的材料以Au为主流,但以LSI用途为中心而向Cu的替代正在推进。另一方面,以近年来的电动汽车、混合动力汽车的普及为背景,在车载用设备用途上也对从Au向Cu的替代的需求升高。
对于Cu接合线,提出了使用高纯度Cu(纯度:99.99质量%以上)的方案(例如,专利文献1)。Cu与Au相比具有易氧化的缺点,存在接合可靠性、球形成性、楔接合性等差的问题。作为防止Cu接合线的表面氧化的方法,提出了将Cu芯材的表面以Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Ni、Co、Cr、Ti等金属被覆的构造(专利文献2)。另外,提出了在Cu芯材的表面被覆Pd,并将其表面以Au、Ag、Cu或它们的合金被覆的构造(专利文献3)。
车载用设备与一般的电子仪器相比,要求在严酷的高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性。特别是将线的球部与电极接合的球接合部的接合寿命是最大的问题。提出了几个对高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性进行评价的方法,作为代表性的评价方法有HAST(HighlyAccelerated Temperature and Humidity Stress Test)(高温高湿环境暴露试验)。在通过HAST对球接合部的接合可靠性进行评价的情况下,将评价用的球接合部暴露在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境中,通过测定接合部的电阻值的经时变化、或者测定球接合部的剪切强度的经时变化,来评价球接合部的接合寿命。最近,在这样的条件下的HAST中要求100小时以上的接合寿命。在作为半导体装置的封装的模塑树脂(环氧树脂)中,分子骨架包含氯(Cl)。在HAST评价条件下,分子骨架中的Cl水解并作为氯化物离子(Cl-)溶出。即使是具有Pd被覆层的Cu接合线,在通过球焊与Al电极接合的情况下,若Cu/Al接合界面被置于130℃以上的高温下,则形成作为金属间化合物的Cu9Al4,从模塑树脂溶出的Cl导致腐蚀进展,导致接合可靠性的降低。
在专利文献4~8中,公开了通过使Pd被覆Cu线中含有从由Ni、Pd、Pt、In、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ga、Ge组成的群中选择的1种以上的元素,而使腐蚀反应延迟从而提高在高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性的发明。
近年来,在车载用的半导体装置中,要求在175℃~200℃的球接合部的接合可靠性的提高。在半导体装置的封装即模塑树脂(环氧树脂)中包含硅烷偶联剂。在要求更高温下的可靠性的面向车载的半导体等要求高密合性的情况下,添加“含硫硅烷偶联剂”。模塑树脂所包含的硫在175℃以上(例如175℃~200℃)的条件下游离。若游离的硫与Cu接触,则Cu的腐蚀变得剧烈。若在使用Cu接合线的半导体装置中生成Cu的腐蚀,则特别是球接合部的接合可靠性降低。
即使在用于半导体装置封装的模塑树脂中使用含硫硅烷偶联剂的情况下,也要求在175℃以上的高温环境下确保球接合部的接合可靠性。为达成此目的,公开了使Pd被覆Cu接合线的Cu芯材中含有各种合金元素的发明。在专利文献6~9中,公开了通过在Pd被覆Cu线中含有规定量的从由Pt、Pd、Rh、Ni、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Ir、Zn、Rh、In组成的群中选择的1种以上的元素,从而分别能够改善在175℃以上的高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性。
公开了如下发明:在使用Pd被覆Cu接合线进行球焊时,为了实现良好的球形,另外为了改善球接合部的压溃形状以改善球接合部形状的正圆性,在Pd被覆Cu接合线中含有微量成分。在专利文献4~9中,公开了通过在线中分别含有0.0001~0.01质量%(1~100质量ppm)的、从由P、B、Be、Fe、Mg、Ti、Zn、Ag、Si、Ga、Ge、Ca、La组成的群中选择的1种以上的元素,而实现良好的球形,或者改善球接合部的压溃形状。
[现有技术文献]
[专利文献]
专利文献1:日本特开昭61-48543号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2005-167020号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2012-36490号公报
专利文献4:日本专利第5893230号公报
专利文献5:日本专利第5964534号公报
专利文献6:日本专利第5912005号公报
专利文献7:日本专利第5937770号公报
专利文献8:日本专利第6002337号公报
专利文献9:日本专利第5912008号公报
发明内容
[发明要解决的课题]
如上所述,即使在半导体装置封装所使用的模塑树脂中使用含硫硅烷偶联剂的情况下,通过使Pd被覆Cu接合线的Cu芯材中含有各种合金元素,从而也在175℃以上的高温环境下实现球接合部的接合可靠性的提高。
另一方面,模塑树脂中的硫含量在近年来具有增加的倾向。以往,使用了包含含硫硅烷偶联剂的市售的环氧树脂。对此,以提高接合线的针对引线框架、半导体芯片的密合性,由此提高耐回流性为目的,在最近的环氧树脂中,硫含量比以往增大。本发明人等发现,若将这样硫含量增大的环氧树脂作为半导体装置封装的模塑树脂使用,则即使在使用专利文献6~9所述的发明的情况下,也有时在175℃以上的高温环境下不能充分地得到球接合部的接合可靠性。
本发明以Pd被覆Cu接合线为对象,以提供一种半导体装置用接合线为目的,该半导体装置用接合线在半导体装置封装中使用的模塑树脂中的硫含量增大的情况下,也能在175℃以上的高温环境下充分地得到球接合部的接合可靠性。
[用于解决技术课题的技术方案]
即,本发明的主旨如下。
(1)一种半导体装置用接合线,其具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,其特征在于,
所述接合线含有Ni、Rh、Ir中的1种以上(以下称为“第1合金元素群”)和Pd:0.05质量%以上中的一方或双方(以下称为“第1+合金元素群”),在作为接合线中的含量来评价第1合金元素群含量,并基于Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量而换算为接合线中的含量从而评价Pd含量时,在所述评价的含量中,第1合金元素群与Pd的总计含量为0.03~2质量%;
所述接合线还包含总计为0.002~3质量%的Li、Sb、Fe、Cr、Co、Zn、Ca、Mg、Pt、Sc、Y中的1种以上(以下称为“第2合金元素群”),在含有Ca、Mg的情况下接合线中的Ca、Mg的含量分别为0.011质量%以上,在含有Zn的情况下所述第1合金元素群和Zn的总计含量为2.1质量%以上。
(2)如(1)所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述Pd被覆层的厚度为0.015~0.150μm。
(3)如(1)或(2)所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述Pd被覆层上还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
(4)如(3)所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度为0.050μm以下。
(5)如(1)至(4)的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线还包含总计为0.03~3质量%的Al、Ga、Ge、In中的1种以上(以下称为“第3合金元素群”。)。
(6)如(1)至(5)的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线还包含总计为0.1~1000质量ppm(Sn≦10质量ppm、Bi≦1质量ppm)的As、Te、Sn、Bi、Se中的1种以上(以下称为“第4合金元素群”。)。
(7)如(1)至(6)的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线还包含总计为0.1~200质量ppm的B、P、La中的1种以上(以下称为“第5合金元素群”。)。
(8)如(1)至(7)的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述接合线的最表面上存在Cu。
发明效果
根据本发明,能够提供一种半导体装置用接合线,该半导体装置用接合线在半导体装置封装中使用的模塑树脂中的硫含量增大的情况下,也能在175℃以上的高温环境下充分地得到球接合部的接合可靠性。
具体实施方式
以下,根据优选的实施方式详细说明本发明。以下,与含量、厚度、比例相关地表示的数值,只要没有另行说明则表示平均值。
本发明的接合线具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层。若使用这样的Pd被覆Cu接合线通过电弧放电形成球,则在接合线熔融并凝固的过程中,在球的表面形成Pd浓度比球的内部高的合金层。若使用该球与Al电极进行接合并实施高温高湿试验,则在接合界面上Pd成为富集的状态。该Pd富集而形成的富集层能够抑制在高温高湿试验中的接合界面上的Cu、Al的扩散,使易腐蚀性化合物的成长速度降低。由此,本发明的Pd被覆Cu接合线能够提高接合可靠性。另外,因为在球的表面形成的Pd浓度高的合金层的耐氧化性优异,所以能够减少在球形成时球的形成位置相对于接合线的中心偏移等不良。
近年来,在车载用的半导体装置中,要求在175℃~200℃下的球接合部的接合可靠性提高。如上所述,半导体装置的封装即模塑树脂(环氧树脂)中包含硅烷偶联剂。因为硅烷偶联剂具有提高有机物(树脂)和无机物(硅或金属)的密合性的功能,所以能够提高与硅基板或金属的密合性。进而,在要求在更高温下的可靠性的面向车载的半导体装置等要求高密合性的情况下,添加“含硫硅烷偶联剂”。模塑树脂中包含的硫若在175℃以上(例如,175℃~200℃)的条件下使用则会游离。并且,在175℃以上的高温下游离的硫若与Cu接触,则Cu腐蚀变得剧烈,生成硫化物(Cu2S)、氧化物(CuO)。若在使用Cu接合线的半导体装置中生成Cu的腐蚀,则特别是球接合部的接合可靠性降低。
作为对在175℃以上的高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性进行评价的方法,使用HTS(High Temperature Storage Test)(高温放置试验)。对暴露于高温环境的评价用的样品,通过测定球接合部的电阻值的经时变化、或者测定球接合部的剪切强度的经时变化,来评价球接合部的接合寿命。
在本发明的具有Cu合金芯材和形成于Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层的半导体装置用接合线中,接合线含有Ni、Rh、Ir中的1种以上(以下称为“第1合金元素群”。)和Pd:0.05质量%以上的一者或二者。将第1合金元素群的含量作为接合线中的含量进行评价。将Pd含量基于Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量换算为接合线中的含量进行评价。即,Pd含量能够通过分析Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量,并将该分析值乘以“(线单位长度的Cu合金芯材质量)/(线单位长度的接合线质量)”而算出。Pd被覆层中的Pd不与该Pd含量相加。本发明的特征在于,在这样评价的含量中,第1合金元素群和Pd的总计含量为0.03~2质量%。若在半导体装置封装中使用的模塑树脂中的硫含量,与包含含硫硅烷偶联剂的以往的模塑树脂为相同程度,则通过在上述含量的范围内含有所述第1合金元素群和Pd的一者或二者(以下称为“第1+合金元素群”。),能够改善在175℃以上的高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性。这如上述专利文献6~9所述。进而,通过在上述范围内含有第1+合金元素群,能够提高线弧形成性,即能够减少在高密度安装中成为问题的倾斜。这是因为通过接合线包含这些元素,从而接合线的屈服强度提高,能够抑制接合线的变形。
另外,通过在上述含量范围内含有第1+合金元素群,也能够提高在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合寿命。若像本发明这样Pd被覆Cu接合线含有第1+合金元素群,则可认为具有抑制接合部中的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向。若添加这些元素,则芯材的Cu和被覆层的Pd的界面张力降低,有效地出现球接合界面的Pd富集。因此,由Pd富集层带来的Cu与Al的相互扩散抑制效果变强,作为结果,在Cl的作用下易腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成量减少,可推定为球接合部的在高温高湿环境下的可靠性提高。
由Ni、Rh、Ir、Pd组成的第1+合金元素群的含量的下限如上所述,在接合线中总计为0.03质量%。更优选为,含量下限为0.05质量%以上、0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、0.3质量%以上、或0.5质量%以上。在含有Pd的情况下,Pd含量的下限为0.05质量%。更优选为,Pd含量的下限为0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、0.3质量%以上、0.4质量%以上、或0.5质量%以上。另一方面,第1+合金元素群的含量上限如上所述,为2质量%。这是因为若第1+合金元素群的含量超过2质量%,则FAB硬质化而在线接合时容易引发芯片裂纹。更优选为,含量上限为1.8质量%以下、或1.6质量%以下。
另一方面,若模塑树脂中的硫含量增大,则在如上述这样仅含有第1+合金元素群的情况下,在175℃的高温环境下,有时不能充分得到球接合部的接合可靠性。在本发明中,通过在含有第1+合金元素群以外,使接合线中包含总计为0.002质量%以上的Li、Sb、Fe、Cr、Co、Zn、Ca、Mg、Pt、Sc、Y中的1种以上(第2合金元素群),能够解决该问题。在同时含有第1+合金元素群和第2合金元素群时,除了实现含有第1+合金元素群的效果即抑制接合部中的容易被硫腐蚀的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向以外,还通过含有第2合金元素群,从而在从密封树脂游离的硫作用于接合部的Cu9Al4而腐蚀发展时,第2合金元素群将硫捕获(化合物化)而无害化。由此,即使生成Cu9Al4也能够通过抑制腐蚀的发展而维持HTS后的接合强度。第2合金元素群的总计的含量更优选为0.005质量%以上,进而优选为0.02质量%以上、0.05质量%以上、0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、0.3质量%以上、或0.5质量%以上。另外,在第2合金元素群中,关于Ca和Mg,由于在它们的含量为0.011质量%以上时确认到发挥上述效果,所以在含有Ca、Mg的情况下该Ca、Mg的含量的下限分别决定为0.011质量%。即,在接合线含有Ca的情况下接合线中的Ca的含量为0.011质量%以上,在接合线含有Mg的情况下接合线中的Mg的含量为0.011质量%以上。该Ca、Mg的含量的下限分别优选为0.015质量%以上、0.02质量%以上、0.03质量%以上、0.05质量%以上、0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、或0.3质量%以上。另一方面,第2合金元素群的总计的含量为3质量%以下。若第2合金元素群的总计的含量超过3质量%,则FAB硬质化并在线接合时容易引发芯片裂纹。第2合金元素群的含量更优选为2.5质量%以下、2质量%以下、1.8质量%以下、或1.6质量%以下。此外,在作为第2合金元素群而含有Zn的情况下,在第1合金元素群和Zn的总计的含量为2.1质量%以上时得到上述效果,并且能够通过硫的捕获效果增大而进一步抑制腐蚀的发展。第1合金元素群和Zn的总计的含量若为2.5质量%以上则更为优选,进而优选为3.0质量%以上、3.5质量%以上。
在一个实施方式中,本发明的接合线必须包含Sc及Y的至少一者作为第2合金元素群。在该实施方式中,本发明的接合线包含Sc及Y的至少一者,由Li、Sb、Fe、Cr、Co、Zn、Ca、Mg、Pt、Sc、Y组成的第2合金元素群的总计的含量为0.002~3质量%。第2合金元素群的总计的含量、Ca、Mg的含量的下限、包含Zn的情况下的第1合金元素群和Zn的总计的含量的优选范围如上所述,但Sc及Y的至少一者的含量、即Sc及Y的总计的含量优选为0.002质量%以上、0.005质量%以上、0.02质量%以上、0.05质量%以上、0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、0.3质量%以上、或0.5质量%以上。另外,在该实施方式中,Sc及Y的总计的含量优选为2.5质量%以下、2质量%以下、1.8质量%以下、或1.6质量%以下。
在本发明的接合线中,从更进一步改善在车载用设备所要求的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性的观点、从抑制FAB的偏芯以得到更良好的FAB形状的观点出发,Pd被覆层的厚度优选为0.015μm以上,更优选为0.02μm以上、进而优选为0.025μm以上、0.03μm以上、0.035μm以上、0.04μm以上、0.045μm以上、或0.05μm以上。另一方面,从抑制FAB的缩孔而得到更好的FAB的形状的观点出发,Pd被覆层的厚度优选为0.150μm以下,更优选为0.140μm以下、0.130μm以下、0.120μm以下、0.110μm以下、或0.100μm以下。
说明上述接合线的Cu合金芯材、Pd被覆层的定义。Cu合金芯材与Pd被覆层的边界以Pd浓度为基准进行判定。以Pd浓度为50原子%的位置为边界,将Pd浓度为50原子%以上的区域判定为Pd被覆层、将Pd浓度不足50原子%的区域判定为Cu合金芯材。其根据是因为在Pd被覆层中若Pd浓度为50原子%以上则由Pd被覆层的构造得到特性的改善效果。Pd被覆层也可以包含Pd单独的区域、Pd和Cu在线的深度方向上具有浓度梯度的区域。在Pd被覆层中,形成具有该浓度梯度的区域的理由是有时制造工序中的热处理等引起Pd和Cu的原子进行扩散。在本发明中,浓度梯度是指向深度方向的浓度变化的程度为每0.1μm有10mol%以上。进而,Pd被覆层也可以包含不可避免的杂质。
本发明的接合线也可以在Pd被覆层上进一步具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。由此,本发明的接合线能够进一步改善楔接合性。
说明上述接合线的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的定义。包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与Pd被覆层的边界以Au浓度为基准进行判定。以Au浓度为10原子%的位置为边界,将Au浓度为10原子%以上的区域判定为包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层,将不足10原子%的区域判定为Pd被覆层。另外,即使是Pd浓度为50原子%以上的区域,只要Au存在10原子%以上就判定为包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。这是因为,若Au浓度为上述浓度范围,则能够期待由Au表皮层的构造得到特性的改善效果。包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层是如下区域:为Au-Pd合金且包含Au和Pd在线的深度方向上具有浓度梯度的区域。在包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层中,形成具有该浓度梯度的区域的理由是:有时制造工序中的热处理等引起Au和Pd的原子进行扩散。进而,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层也可以包含不可避免的杂质和Cu。
在本发明的接合线中,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与Pd被覆层进行反应,能够提高包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层、Pd被覆层、Cu合金芯材之间的密合强度,抑制楔接合时的Pd被覆层或包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的剥离。由此,本发明的接合线能够进一步地改善楔接合性。若包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度不足0.0005μm则不能充分得到上述效果,而若比0.050μm厚则FAB形状可能会偏芯。从得到良好的楔接合性的观点出发,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度优选为0.0005μm以上,更优选为0.001μm以上、0.002μm以上、或0.003μm以上。从抑制偏芯而得到良好的FAB形状的观点出发,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度优选为0.050μm以下,更优选为0.045μm以下、0.040μm以下、0.035μm以下、或0.030μm以下。此外,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层能够通过与Pd被覆层同样的方法形成。
本发明的接合线也可以还包含总计为0.03~3质量%的Al、Ga、Ge、In中的1种以上(第3合金元素群)。由此,因为在作为HAST评价条件的130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境下能够提高接合可靠性性,所以优选。可以认为,若Pd被覆Cu接合线在上述含量范围内含有第3合金元素群,则具有进一步抑制接合部中的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向。在球接合部的FAB形成时,线中的第3合金元素群也扩散到Pd被覆层中。认为球接合部中的Cu与Al界面的Pd富集层中所存在的第3合金元素群进一步提高由Pd富集层带来的Cu与Al的相互扩散抑制效果,作为结果,抑制在高温高湿环境下容易腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成。另外,线所包含的第3合金元素群可能也具有直接阻碍Cu9Al4的形成的效果。第3合金元素群的总计的含量优选为0.05质量%以上、0.1质量%以上、0.2质量%以上、0.3质量%以上、0.4质量%以上、或0.5质量%以上。
进而,若使用含有规定量的第3合金元素群的Pd被覆Cu接合线形成球部,并利用扫描型电子显微镜(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)观察FAB,则在FAB的表面上观察到多个直径数十
Figure BDA0002515071910000101
程度的析出物。若用能量色散型X射线分析(EDS:Energy DispersiveX-ray Spectroscopy)对析出物进行分析,则能够确认到第3合金元素群富集。虽然详细的机理尚不明确,但认为由于在FAB上观察到的该析出物存在于球部与电极的接合界面,从而在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性显著提高。
另一方面,从得到良好的FAB形状的观点、抑制接合线的硬质化以得到良好的楔接合性的观点出发,第3合金元素群相对于线整体的浓度为合计3质量%以下,优选为2质量%以下,更优选为1.5质量%以下、或1.2质量以下。
本发明的接合线也可以还包含总计为0.1~1000质量ppm(Sn≦10质量ppm、Bi≦1质量ppm)的As、Te、Sn、Bi、Se中的1种以上(第4合金元素群)。由此,因为在作为HAST评价条件的130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境下能够提高接合可靠性,所以优选。可以认为,若在上述含量范围内含有第4合金元素群,则具有进一步抑制接合部中的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向。若含有规定量的这些元素,则在形成球时芯材的Cu与被覆层的Pd的界面张力降低,界面的润湿性改善,因此球接合界面的Pd富集更显著地显现。因此,可以推定,在HAST评价条件的高温高湿环境中,由Pd富集层带来的Cu与Al的相互扩散抑制效果变得更强,作为结果,在Cl的作用下易腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成量减少,球接合部的在高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性显著提高。
从提高在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合寿命并改善接合可靠性的观点出发,第4合金元素群相对于接合线整体的浓度为合计0.1质量ppm以上,优选为0.5质量ppm以上,更优选为1质量ppm以上,进而优选为1.5质量ppm以上、2质量ppm以上、2.5质量ppm以上、或3质量ppm以上。
另一方面,从得到良好的FAB形状以及良好的球接合性的观点出发,线中的第4合金元素群的浓度为合计1000质量ppm以下,优选为950质量ppm以下、900质量ppm以下、850质量ppm以下、或800质量ppm以下。另外,由于在Sn浓度超过10质量ppm的情况下、或Bi浓度超过1质量ppm的情况下,FAB形状变得不良,所以通过使Sn≦10质量ppm、Bi≦1质量ppm,能够进一步改善FAB形状,因此优选。进而,因为通过使Se浓度为4.9质量ppm以下,能够进一步改善FAB形状、楔接合性,所以更优选。
本发明的接合线也可以还包含0.1~200质量ppm的B、P、La中的1种以上(第5合金元素群)。由此,因为能够改善高密度安装所要求的球接合部的压溃形状、即改善球接合部形状的正圆性,所以优选。
在像本发明这样Pd被覆Cu接合线含有规定量的第1+合金元素群的情况下,若在接合线的最表面上还存在Cu,则具有进一步抑制接合部中的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向。在该情况下,通过接合线中所包含的第1+合金元素群与Cu的相互作用,在FAB形成时促进FAB表面的Pd富集,球接合界面的Pd富集更显著地显现。由此,可推定为:由Pd富集层带来的Cu与Al的相互扩散抑制效果变得更强,在Cl的作用下易腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成量减少,球接合部的在高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性进一步提高。在此,最表面是指在未实施溅射等的状态下,通过俄歇电子光谱装置测定的接合线的表面的区域。
在Pd被覆层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,若最表面的Cu的浓度为35原子%以上,则线表面的耐硫化性降低,接合线的使用寿命降低,因此有时不适于实用。因此,在Pd被覆层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,优选最表面的Cu的浓度为不足35原子%。若最表面的Cu的浓度不足30原子%,则更优选。
在使接合线中含有第1~第5合金元素群时,采用使Cu合金芯材中含有这些元素的方法、使这些元素被覆于Cu合金芯材或者线表面而含有的方法的任意一种,都能够发挥上述本发明的效果。因为这些成分的添加量为微量,所以添加方法的变化大,无论使用何种方法添加,只要包含指定的浓度范围的成分就显现效果。关于第1+合金元素群中的Pd,由于需要与接合线的Pd被覆层进行区分,所以基于Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量的分析值换算为接合线中的含量而进行规定。即,Pd含量能够通过分析Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量,将该分析值乘以“(线单位长度的Cu合金芯材质量)/(线单位长度的接合线质量)”而算出。Pd被覆层中的Pd不与该Pd含量相加。
在Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析、Cu合金芯材中的Pd的浓度分析中,一边通过溅射等从接合线的表面向深度方向切除一边进行分析的方法、或者使线剖面露出并进行线分析、点分析等的方法是有效的。在这些浓度分析中使用的解析装置,可以利用扫描型电子显微镜或透射型电子显微镜所装备的俄歇电子光谱分析装置、能量色散型X射线分析装置、电子射线显微分析仪等。作为使线剖面露出的方法,可以利用机械研磨、离子蚀刻法等。例如,在Cu合金芯材包含具有Pd的浓度梯度的区域的情况下,对接合线的剖面进行线分析、点分析,关于Cu合金芯材的剖面中不具有Pd的浓度梯度的区域(例如,线剖面的中心部(线直径的1/4的直径的范围))进行浓度分析即可。关于接合线中的Pd以外的第1~第5合金元素群的微量分析,可以利用ICP发光光谱分析装置或ICP质量分析装置对用强酸溶解了接合线后的液体进行分析,作为接合线整体所包含的元素的浓度进行检测。
(制造方法)
下面,说明本发明的实施方式的接合线的制造方法。通过在制造芯材所使用的Cu合金后,减细加工为线状,形成Pd被覆层、Au层并进行热处理,从而得到接合线。有时也在形成Pd被覆层、Au层后,再次进行拉丝和热处理。对Cu合金芯材的制造方法、Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成方法、热处理方法进行详细说明。
对于芯材所使用的Cu合金,通过将作为原料的Cu和要添加的元素一起溶解并使其凝固而得到。在溶解时,可以利用电弧加热炉、高频加热炉、电阻加热炉等。为防止来自大气中的O2、H2等气体的混入,优选在真空气氛或者Ar、N2等非活性气氛中进行溶解。
在Cu合金芯材的表面形成Pd被覆层、Au层的方法有镀敷法、蒸镀法、熔融法等。镀敷法能够应用电解镀敷法、非电解镀敷法的任意一种。在被称为触击镀、闪镀的电解镀敷的情况下,其镀敷速度快,与基底的密合性也良好。非电解镀敷所使用的溶液被分类为置换型与还原型,在厚度较薄的情况下仅使用置换型镀敷就足够,但在厚度较厚的情况下在置换型镀敷之后阶段性地实施还原型镀敷是有效的。
在蒸镀法中,可以利用溅射法、离子镀法、真空蒸镀等物理吸附、以及等离子体CVD等化学吸附。这些均为干式,不需要Pd被覆层、Au层形成后的清洗,不用担心清洗时的表面污染等。
通过在Pd被覆层、Au层形成后进行热处理,从而Pd被覆层的Pd向Au层中扩散,形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。也可以不是在形成Au层后通过热处理来形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层,而是从最初起就被覆包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
对于Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成,在拉丝为最终线径后形成这些层的方法、以及在粗径的Cu合金芯材上形成这些层后多次拉丝至目标线径的方法均有效。在前者的以最终直径形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的情况下,制造、品质管理等简便。在后者的将Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与拉丝组合的情况下,在与Cu合金芯材的密合性提高这一点上有利。作为各形成法的具体示例,可列举一边在电解镀敷溶液中连续扫掠线一边在最终线径的Cu合金芯材上形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的方法,或者在将粗的Cu合金芯材浸渍在电解或非电解的镀浴中而形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层后,对引线进行拉丝而达到最终线径的方法等。
形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层后,有时进行热处理。通过进行热处理,原子在包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层、Pd被覆层、Cu合金芯材之间扩散而密合强度提高,因此在能够抑制加工中的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层或Pd被覆层的剥离并提高生产性这一点上有效。为了防止来自大气中的O2的混入,优选在真空气氛或者Ar、N2等非活性气氛中进行热处理。
如上所述,通过调整对接合线实施的扩散热处理或退火热处理的条件,芯材的Cu在Pd被覆层或包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层中扩散,能够使Cu到达接合线的最表面,使最表面上存在Cu。作为用于使最表面上存在Cu的热处理,如上所述,可以使用用于形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的热处理。在进行用于形成合金表皮层的热处理时,通过对热处理温度和时间进行选择,能够使最表面上存在Cu、或者不存在Cu。进而,还能够将最表面的Cu浓度调整为规定的范围(例如,1~50原子%的范围)。也可以通过在合金表皮层形成时以外进行的热处理而使Cu扩散到最表面。
如上所述,在使接合线中含有第1~第5合金元素群时,采用使Cu合金芯材中含有这些元素的方法、使这些元素被覆于Cu合金芯材或者线表面而含有的方法的任意一种,均能够发挥上述本发明的效果。
作为上述成分的添加方法,最简便的是预先添加在Cu合金芯材的起始材料中的方法。例如,在将高纯度的铜和上述成分元素原料作为起始材料而进行称量后,通过将其在高真空下或氮、氩等非活性气氛下加热并熔解,从而制作添加有目标浓度范围的上述成分的锭,作为包含目标浓度的上述成分元素的起始材料。因此,在优选的一个实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材以第1~第5合金元素群的元素相对于线整体的浓度分别成为规定的浓度的方式包含所述元素。该浓度的合计的优选的数值范围如上所述。
也可以通过在线制造工序的途中,在线表面被覆上述成分,从而含有上述成分。在该情况下,可以组装在线制造工序的某处,也可以重复多次。也可以组装在多个工序中。可以添加在Pd被覆前的Cu表面上,也可以添加Pd被覆后的Pd表面上,也可以添加Au被覆后的Au表面上,也可以组装在各被覆工序中。作为被覆方法,能够从水溶液的
Figure BDA0002515071910000141
镀敷法(湿式)、蒸镀法(干式)中选择。
[实施例]
以下,一边表示实施例一边具体说明本发明的实施方式的接合线。
(样品)
首先说明样品的制作方法。对于作为芯材的原材料的Cu,使用了纯度为99.99质量%以上且剩余部分由不可避免的杂质构成的Cu。对于第1~第5合金元素群,使用了纯度为99质量%以上且剩余部分由不可避免的杂质构成的元素。为了使线或芯材的组分成为目标的组分,调配作为向芯材的添加元素的第1~第5合金元素群。关于第1~第5合金元素群的添加,能够进行单体的调配,但在单体时高熔点的元素或添加量为极微量的情况下,也可以预先制作包含添加元素的Cu母合金并调配为目标添加量。
对于芯材的Cu合金,通过将原料装填到加工成直径为
Figure BDA0002515071910000151
的圆柱形的碳坩埚中,使用高频炉在真空中或N2、Ar气体等非活性气氛中加热至1090~1300℃使其溶解后,进行炉冷,从而制造。在对得到的
Figure BDA0002515071910000152
的合金进行拉拔加工而加工成
Figure BDA0002515071910000153
后,通过使用模具连续地进行拉丝加工等,从而制作了
Figure BDA0002515071910000154
的线。在拉丝中使用市售的润滑液,拉丝速度为20~150m/分。在为了除去线表面的氧化膜而进行了利用盐酸的酸洗处理后,以覆盖芯材的Cu合金的表面整体的方式形成1~15μm的Pd被覆层。进而,对于一部分的线,在Pd被覆层之上形成了0.05~1.5μm的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。在Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成中使用了电解镀敷法。镀液使用了市售的半导体用镀液。之后,通过反复进行200~500℃的热处理和拉丝加工而加工至直径20μm。加工后,一边使N2或Ar气体流动一边进行热处理,使得最终断裂伸长率达到约5~15%。热处理方法是一边连续地扫掠引线一边进行,一边使N2或Ar气体流动一边进行。引线的进给速度为20~200m/分,热处理温度为200~600℃,热处理时间为0.2~1.0秒。
对于Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析,一边从接合线的表面向深度方向用Ar离子进行溅射一边使用俄歇电子光谱分析装置进行分析。对于被覆层及合金表皮层的厚度,根据所得到的深度方向的浓度分布(深度的单位为SiO2换算)而求出。将Pd的浓度为50原子%以上且Au的浓度为不足10原子%的区域作为Pd被覆层,将存在于Pd被覆层的表面上的Au浓度为10原子%以上的范围的区域作为合金表皮层。被覆层及合金表皮层的厚度及组分分别在表1~表6中记载。对于Cu合金芯材中的Pd的浓度,通过使线剖面露出,并利用扫描型电子显微镜所装备的电子射线显微分析仪对线剖面的中心部(线直径的1/4的直径的范围)进行线分析、点分析等的方法而测定。作为使线剖面露出的方法,利用了机械研磨、离子蚀刻法等。对于接合线中的Pd含量,通过将上述分析的Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量分析值乘以“(线单位长度的Cu合金芯材质量)/(线单位长度的接合线质量)”而算出。对于接合线中的Pd以外的第1~第5合金元素群的浓度,利用ICP发光色谱分析装置、ICP质量分析装置对用强酸溶解了接合线后的液体进行分析,作为接合线整体所包含的元素的浓度进行检测。
(评价方法)
对于高温高湿环境或高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性,制作接合可靠性评价用的样品,进行HAST及HTS评价,根据各试验中的球接合部的接合寿命来判定。对于接合可靠性评价用的样品,使用市售的焊线机与电极进行了球接合,该电极是在一般的金属框架上的Si基板上使厚度0.8μm的Al-1.0%Si-0.5%Cu合金成膜而形成的。一边使N2+5%H2的气体以流量0.4~0.6L/min流动一边形成球,其大小为
Figure BDA0002515071910000161
的范围。在接合线的接合后,利用2种硫含量不同的环氧树脂进行密封而制作了样品。作为低浓度含硫树脂,使用了硫含量为2质量ppm的树脂,作为高浓度含硫树脂,使用了硫含量为16质量ppm的树脂。对于环氧树脂中的硫含量评价,将树脂粉碎,在氮气流中以200℃加热10小时,用过氧化氢水捕集来自载体氮气中所包含的树脂的释气(outgas),通过离子色谱法进行硫含量的评价。
对于HAST评价,使用不饱和型压力锅试验机将制作好的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境中,施加7V的偏压。对于球接合部的接合寿命,每48小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将剪切强度的值变成在初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出后进行。
HAST评价的剪切试验机使用了DAGE公司制造的试验机。剪切强度的值使用了随机选择的球接合部的10处的测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,若接合寿命不足96小时则判断为实用上存在问题,标记为×符号,若为96小时以上且不足144小时则认为虽然能够实用但稍微存在问题,标记为△符号,若为144小时以上且不足288小时则判断为实用上没有问题,标记为○符号,若为288小时以上且不足384小时则判断为优秀,标记为◎符号,若为384小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎◎符号,在表1~表6的“HAST”的栏中记载。
关于HTS评价,使用高温恒温器将制作好的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度200℃的高温环境中。对于球接合部的接合寿命,每500小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将剪切强度的值变成在初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温试验后的剪切试验在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出后进行。
HTS评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制造的试验机。剪切强度的值使用随机选择的球接合部的10处的测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,若接合寿命不足250小时则判断为实用上存在问题,标记为×符号,若为250小时以上且不足500小时则认为虽然能够实用但有改善的需求,标记为△符号,若为500小时以上且不足1000小时则判断为实用上没有问题,标记为○符号,若为1000小时以上且不足2000小时则判断为优秀,标记为◎符号,若为2000小时以上且不足3000小时则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎◎符号,在表1~表6的“HTS”的栏中记载。
对于球形成性(FAB形状)的评价,选取进行接合前的球进行观察,对球表面的气泡的有无、原本为正球的球的变形的有无进行判定。在发生了上述的任意一者的情况下判断为不良。为了抑制在熔融工序中的氧化,一边以流量0.5L/min吹送N2气体一边进行球的形成。球的大小为34μm。针对1个条件观察50个球。在观察中使用SEM。在球形成性的评价中,在产生5个以上不良的情况下判断为存在问题,标记为×符号,若不良为3~4个则认为虽然能够实用但稍微存在问题,标记为△符号,在不良为1~2个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○符号,在未产生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎符号,在表1~表6的“FAB形状”的栏中记载。
对于线接合部中的楔接合性的评价,对引线框架的引线部分进行1000根的接合,根据接合部的剥离的发生频率进行判定。引线框架使用了实施了1~3μm的Ag镀敷的Fe-42原子%Ni合金引线框架。在本评价中,设想比通常更严格的接合条件,将焊台温度设定为低于一般的设定温度区域的150℃。在上述评价中,在产生11个以上不良的情况下判断为存在问题,标记为×符号,若不良为6~10个则认为虽然能够实用但稍微存在问题,标记为△符号,在不良为1~5个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○符号,在未产生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎符号,在表1~表6的“楔接合性”的栏中记载。
对于球接合部的压溃形状的评价,从正上方观察进行了接合后的球接合部,根据其正圆性进行判定。接合对象使用了在Si基板上成膜有厚度0.1μm的Al-0.5%Cu的合金的电极。观察中使用光学显微镜,针对1个条件观察200处。将作为从正圆的偏差大的椭圆状的形状、变形具有各向异性的形状判断为球接合部的压溃形状为不良。在上述评价中,在产生6个以上不良的情况下判断为存在问题,标记为×符号,若不良为4~5个则认为虽然能够实用但稍微存在问题,标记为△符号,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○符号,在全部得到良好的正圆性的情况下判断为特别优秀,标记为◎符号,在表1~表6的“压溃形状”的栏中记载。
在芯片损伤的评价中,在Si基板上成膜有厚度1.0μm的Al-0.5%Cu的合金的电极上进行200处球焊,用药液溶解线及Al电极而使Si基板露出,通过观察Si基板上是否产生损伤而进行评价。若产生2个以上的损伤则判断为不良,标记为×符号,若损伤为1个则认为没有问题,标记为○符号,若未观察到损伤则认为良好,标记为◎符号,在表1~表6的“芯片损伤”的栏中记载。○和◎为合格。
[表1-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000191
[表1-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000201
[表1-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000211
[表2-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000221
[表2-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000231
[表2-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000241
[表3-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000251
[表3-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000261
[表3-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000271
[表4-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000281
[表4-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000291
[表4-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000301
[表5-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000311
[表5-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000321
[表5-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000331
[表6-1]
Figure BDA0002515071910000341
[表6-2]
Figure BDA0002515071910000351
[表6-3]
Figure BDA0002515071910000361
表1-1~表6-3表示结果。表1-1~表5-3的本发明例No.1~127是本发明例,表6-1~表6-3的比较例No.1~15是比较例。对偏离本发明的范围的数值标注下划线。
表1-1~表5-3的本发明例No.1~127是具有Cu合金芯材和形成于Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层的半导体装置用接合线,线的成分组成在本发明范围内,在HAST结果、HST结果(低浓度含硫树脂、高浓度含硫树脂的任意一者)、FAB形状、楔接合性、球接合部的压溃形状、芯片损伤的所有评价项目中,都能够得到良好的结果。
对表6-1~表6-3的比较例No.1~15进行说明。比较例No.1~5、12的第1+合金元素群的含量脱离本发明范围的下限,HAST、HTS(包含低浓度含硫树脂)均为不良。
比较例No.6~8、11的第1+合金元素群的含量在本发明范围内,但第2合金元素群的含量脱离本发明范围的下限,比较例No.9含有Zn并且第1合金元素群和Zn的合计含量脱离本发明范围,使用高浓度含硫树脂的HTS结果均为不良。
比较例No.10、13~15的第1+合金元素群或第2合金元素群的任意一者的含量均超过本发明范围的上限,芯片损伤为不良。

Claims (8)

1.一种半导体装置用接合线,其具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,其特征在于,
所述接合线含有作为“第1合金元素群”的Ni、Rh、Ir中的1种以上以及Pd:0.05质量%以上中的一方或双方,在作为接合线中的含量来评价第1合金元素群含量,并基于Cu合金芯材中的Pd含量而换算为接合线中的含量从而评价Pd含量时,在所述评价的含量中,第1合金元素群与Pd的总计含量为0.03~2质量%;
所述接合线还包含总计为0.002~3质量%的Li、Sb、Fe、Cr、Co、Zn、Ca、Mg、Pt、Sc、Y中的1种以上,在含有Ca、Mg的情况下,接合线中的Ca、Mg的含量分别为0.011质量%以上,在含有Zn的情况下,接合线中的所述第1合金元素群和Zn的总计含量为2.1质量%以上。
2.如权利要求1所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
所述Pd被覆层的厚度为0.015~0.150μm。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
在所述Pd被覆层上还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
4.如权利要求3所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
所述包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度为0.050μm以下。
5.如权利要求1至4的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
所述接合线还包含总计为0.03~3质量%的Al、Ga、Ge、In中的1种以上。
6.如权利要求1至5的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
所述接合线还包含总计为0.1~1000质量ppm的As、Te、Sn、Bi、Se中的1种以上,其中,Sn≦10质量ppm、Bi≦1质量ppm。
7.如权利要求1至6的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
所述接合线还包含总计为0.1~200质量ppm的B、P、La中的1种以上。
8.如权利要求1至7的任意一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,
在所述接合线的最表面上存在Cu。
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