CN1114031C - 对设置在内燃机排气道中的NOx－传感器功能监控的方法 - Google Patents

对设置在内燃机排气道中的NOx－传感器功能监控的方法 Download PDF

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CN1114031C
CN1114031C CN00813145A CN00813145A CN1114031C CN 1114031 C CN1114031 C CN 1114031C CN 00813145 A CN00813145 A CN 00813145A CN 00813145 A CN00813145 A CN 00813145A CN 1114031 C CN1114031 C CN 1114031C
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catalytic converter
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accumulator
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H·哈恩
S·欣策
A·郎
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Abstract

本发明涉及监控安装在内燃机排气道中的，顺着NOx-存储催化器(16)设置的NOx-传感器(18)功能的方法。利用本发明随时掌握NOx-传感器的功能错误(故障)，以便能在必要时采取适当的相应措施。达到此目的的方法是，一方面在诊断过程中利用NOx-传感器(18)的测量信号计算出由NOx-存储催化器(16)吸收的NOx-量，同时利用NOx-存储催化器(16)的一个模型计算出吸收了的NOx-标准量，并将NOx-量与NOx-标准量(检验值KWn)的比例同规定的极限值(Gnu，Gno)进行比较和/或另一方面，可掌握NOx-存储催化器(16)完全回收(蓄热)NOx的持续时间(tmes)，利用NOx-存储催化器(16)的模型和测量到的或计算出的NOx吸收情况来计算NOx-回收(蓄热)所需要的标准持续时间(tmod)，并将持续时间(tmes)与标准持续时间(tmod)(检验值KWt)的比例同规定的极限值(Gtu，Gto)进行比较。

Description

对设置在内燃机排气道中的NOx-传感器功能监控的方法
本发明涉及一种具有权利要求1中所述特征的，设置在内燃机排气道中的NOx-传感器功能的监控方法。
已知，在排气道中设置适合的催化器可以降欠内燃机排放出的有害物质。一方面，在催化器中的大气氧气可以氧化起还原剂作用的有害物质，例如：CO、HC或者H2，同样在另一方面，利用催化器上的还原剂将内燃机燃烧过程中形成的NOx反应成氮。
当内燃机处在消耗的欠运行状态时，就可以提高空气-燃料-混合物中的含氧量，并因此而减少了废气中的一部分还原剂。当然也可能保证不了NOx的充分反应。作为辅助手段，可以在排气道中设置一个NOx-存储器，它可与催化器一起组成一个NOx-存储催化器。这种NOx-存储催化器吸收NOx的时间可以持续到，或超过NOx解吸温度或等到NOx-存储器能力耗尽。所以在达到这一时刻之前，必须转换成回收(蓄热)运行λ≤1，使NOx-存储催化器处在回收(蓄热)状态，以便阻止NOx的排放。
已知，回收(蓄热)的必要性取决于顺着NOx-存储催化器收集得到的NOx浓度。NOx的浓度由一个NOx传感器控制。但是这样做的缺点是，当NOx传感器出现功能错误(缺陷)时可能会产生NOx的高排放或者由于过早地采取回收(蓄热)措施会产生不必要的额外消耗。
利用本发明，以普通方式掌握NOx-传感器的这一类功能错误(故障)，以便能在需要时采取适当的对策。
按照本发明，可以用具有权利要求1和5中所述特点的NOx-传感器功能监控方法来完成这项工作，通过以下工作：
(a)在诊断持续时间之内，利用NOx-传感器的测量信号计算出被NOx-存储催化器吸收的NOx-量，
(b)同时利用NOx-存储催化器用的一个模型计算出吸收了的NOx-标准量，
(c)将NOx的量与NOx-标准量(检验值KWn)的比例与一个下限值Gnu或者一个上限值Gno进行比较，
或者通过以下工作：
(a)掌握用于NOx-存储催化器完全回收(蓄热)NOx的持续时间t mes，
(b)利用NOx-存储催化器的一个模型和测量到的或者计算出的NOx吸收情况计算出用于NOx回收(蓄热)的标准持续时间t mod，
(c)持续时间t mes与标准持续时间t mod(检验值KWt)的比例与一个下限值Gtw或一个上限值Gto进行比较，
一般就能监控NOx-传感器的功能。
这种方法的理想方式是，当检验值KWn或者KWt超过上限值Gno，Gto或者欠于下限值Gnu，Gtu时发出维修信号。当这类维修信号出现之后，可以采取相应的维修措施排除错误或在必要时更换NOx-传感器。
另一个优点是，可以这样确定诊断周期，等到NOx-存储催化器的NOx充分回收(蓄热)之后，并等到内燃机转换成欠运行之后立刻开始这个诊断周期。最好是在确定了NOx-存储催化器回收(蓄热)必要性之后或者转向回收(蓄热)运行时结束这个诊断周期。
如果检测到内燃机处于最大程度的稳定欠运行状态，那么NOx传感器的功能监控也正处于最佳状态。按这种方式可以避免内燃机的动态运行对存储催化器模型产生难以意料的影响。
根据那些从属权利要求中所述的其它特征，可以更好地利用本发明。
以下利用一个实施例借助有关图纸详细解释本发明，这就是：
图1、装有一个NOx-存储催化器和一个NOx-传感器的内燃机的结构布置图，
图2、这个实施例中用于监测NOx-传感器功能的机组连接图。
图1示出了内燃机10的结构，它示出排气道12中设置的一个前置催化器14和一个NOx-存储催化器16。这个前置催化器14和NOx-存储催化器16是用于减少内燃机10排出的有害物质。
一般来说，催化器14和16是催化器的部件，它们利用空气氧使所形成的还原剂氧化，例如：CO、HC或者H2。至少，NOx-存储催化器16是这样一种催化器部件，它们可以借助于还原剂使空气—汽油—混合物燃烧过程中形成的NOx减少(还原)。当然，如果内燃机10处于欠运行中，一般情况下废气中还原剂的量不足以保障NOx的充分高度(复)分解。因此，在欠运行中NOx-存储催化器16的存储部件吸收NOx成为硝酸盐。
吸收NOx的时间要持续到，要么超过NOx解析温度，要么NOx的存储器能力消耗殆尽。在这一时刻到达之前必须转换成回收(蓄热)运行λ≤1，以便能够回收(蓄热)NOx。因而，对回收(蓄热)的必要性起决定性作用的一般是NOx-传感器18收集到的NOx浓度或者是NOx的排放值。例如，将一个相应的测量信号传递到发动机控制仪20，在那里进行分析并用来控制内燃机10的工作方式(模式)。
图2示出一张机组连接图，用它可以参照这个设计实例在内燃机动态中监控NOx-传感器18的功能。在步骤S1中，应首先掌握NOx-存储催化器16是否进行了NOx的完全回收(蓄热)。如果没有达到要求，就要中止传感器18的功能监控(步骤S2)。
随着欠运行(步骤3)的启动，同时开始计算NOx-存储催化器16中储存的NOx-量。对此，一方面在预先规定的诊断期间利用NOx-传感器18顺着NOx-存储催化器16收集NOx的浓度，相加在一起，最后从内燃机10测出和计算出的NOx-粗排放中减去。另一方面，利用已知的NOx-存储催化器16的模型和根据NOx-粗排放计算出所吸收的NOx-标准量。这个NOx-标准量要最大程度地符合由新鲜的NOx-存储催化器16吸收的NOx-量。
在步骤S4中连续检测，内燃机10在诊断期间是否处于稳定持续的欠运行中。特别是因动态过程产生故障时，例如：转换成均匀运行或者位移断开，为诊断阶段计算出的NOx-标准量会带有错误，并因此而中断这个功能监控(步骤S5)。最好是，这样确定诊断时间，如上所述，让它随着转换到欠运行(步骤S3)时开始并持续到探测出回收(蓄热)的必要性(步骤S6)。
这种回收(蓄热)的必要性可以用一个NOx-传感器18以NOx的极限排放形式检测出来。当回收(蓄热)的必要性出现之后，开始转成以λ≤1回收(蓄热)运行(步骤S7)。同时启动计时器，用它应能计算出NOx完全回收(蓄热)的持续时间tmes。
在步骤S8中，用NOx-存储催化器16的NOx-传感器18计算出所吸收的NOx量与标准量的比例(关系)构成了检验值KWn。如果在步骤S9中检验值KWn超过上限值Gno或者欠于下限值Gnu，这就会出现对NOx-传感器18的损害并且发出维修信号(步骤S10)。这个上限值GWo一般是这样选定的，它能使在一个新鲜的NOx-存储催化器16中再现经NOx-传感器18计算出的NOx-量与NOx-标准量的比例。
如果检验值KWn在2个极限值Gnu/Gno之间，这样就可在步骤S11中检测，是否进行了NOx的完全回收(蓄热)。对此顺着NOx-存储催化器16安装一个λ(微升)探针22较为适宜。在NOx回收(蓄热)快结束时λ(微升)值明显降欠，可以预先规定一个适当的极限值作为计时器的停止信号(步骤S13)。如果NOx回收(蓄热)提前终止，那么NOx-传感器18的功能监控也随之中断(步骤S12)。
借助于存储催化器模型，从测出或计算出的NOx-吸收情况里计算出用于NOx回收(蓄热)的标准持续时间t mod。持续时间t mes与标准持续时间t mod的比例提供了一个检验值KWn(步骤S14)。步骤S15是将检验值KWt与一个上限值Gto或下限值Gtu相比较。如果检验值KWt超过了上限值Gto或欠于下限值Gtu，这样传感器受到损坏，并发出一个维修信号(步骤S16)。如果不是这种情况，这样就可以从步骤S3开始，让功能监控进行新一轮的循环。可以这样来再次选择上限值Gto，使它在新鲜的NOx-存储催化器16中再现持续时间t mes与标准持续时间t mod的比例。
还要对传感器的可靠性进行如下检测，例如：是否随着催化器不佳的回收(蓄热)状况不仅产生了少量测出的充气(进气度)，而且同时也要相应地减少所需要的回收(蓄热)时间。

Claims (7)

1.对安装在内燃机排气道中的，在NOx-存储催化器下游设置的NOx-传感器功能监控的方法，其特征在于，
(a)在诊断时间内，借助于NOx-传感器(18)的测量信号，计算出被NOx-存储催化器(16)吸收的NOx-量，
(b)与此同时，借助于NOx-存储催化器(16)的模型，计算出一个吸收了的NOx-标准量，
(c)NOx-量与NOx-标准量(检验值KWn)的比例与下限值(Gnu)或者上限值(Gno)进行比较。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，当检验值(KWn)超过上限值(Gno)时或者欠于下限值(Gnu)时，发出维修信号。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，诊断过程是在NOx-存储催化器(16)的NOx完全回收(蓄热)之后和内燃机(10)转入欠运行状态之后立刻开始。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，待NOx-存储催化器(16)回收(蓄热)的必要性确定之后，或者转入回收(蓄热)运行时，即结束这个诊断过程。
5.对安装在内燃机排气道中的，在NOx-存储催化器下游设置的NOx-传感器功能监控的方法，其特征在于：
(a)掌握NOx-存储催化器(16)NOx完全回收(蓄热)的持续时间(t mes)，
(b)借助于NOx-存储催化器(16)用的模型和根据测到的或计算出的NOx-吸收情况，来计算NOx回收(蓄热)的标准持续时间(t mod)，
(c)将持续时间(t mes)与标准持续时间(t mod)(检验值KWt)的比例与下限值(Gtu)或上限值(Gto)进行对比。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，当检验值(KWt)超过上限值(Gto)或者欠于下限值(Gtu)时出现维修信号。
7.根据前述权利要求中任何一项所叙述的方法，其特征在于，在一次最大程度稳定的欠运行之后，只监控NOx-传感器(18)的功能。
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