CN111298819A - 一种铷和n/s共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料及其制备工艺 - Google Patents
一种铷和n/s共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料及其制备工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料及其制备工艺。该光催化材料为灰白色粉末,其中铷、N、S元素的摩尔掺杂比均为:0.01%~5.0%。其制备工艺包括:(1)将无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水均匀混合,向其加入硝酸铷和硫脲,充分溶解,并用硝酸调节溶液pH至1.0~6.0,得到溶液A;(2)将钛酸丁酯溶于与步骤(1)中等体积的无水乙醇中,得到溶液B;(3)将溶液B缓慢滴加至快速搅拌的溶液A中,滴加结束后搅拌得到凝胶,并将其自然陈化、风干;(4)将得到的干凝胶研磨成粉状,置于马弗炉中焙烧,得到铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料。本发明通过铷和N/S共掺杂的方式对二氧化钛光催化材料进行改性,极大提升了二氧化钛对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料及其制备工艺,属于光催化材料制备技术领域。
背景技术
随着我国环保标准的提高,难降解有机废水的处理逐渐成为行业性难题,采用高级氧化法是目前公认的主要途径。当前较为常见高级氧化法包括臭氧法、Fenton氧化法和光催化氧化法,相比于前两种方法,光催化氧化以其氧化效率高、成本低廉等特点,在有机废水降解方面具有潜在的优势和应用价值。在众多光催化氧化剂中,纳米二氧化钛因其光催化效率高、制备成本低、物理化学性质比较稳定、用途广泛和无腐蚀等特点,受到广大学者的研究。然而,纯二氧化钛光催化材料存在带隙宽、光生载流子和空穴易复合等缺点,影响其工业化应用。
针对上述二氧化钛光催化材料存在的缺点,亟需对其进行改性,以期获得催化性能优异的材料。目前,二氧化钛光催化材料的改性方法主要有离子掺杂、贵金属沉积、表面光敏化、半导体复合等方法。其中,金属离子的掺杂和非金属离子的掺杂最为有效。研究表明,金属离子如铷的掺杂可在二氧化钛带隙中产生新的能级,使二氧化钛的带隙变窄,电子易于激发。另外,金属离子还可以捕获电子,从而机制了e--h+的复合。非金属离子掺杂剂如C、N和S等,因其杂质态更靠近价带边缘,所以相比于金属离子掺杂,其更易将二氧化钛的光催化活性拓展至可见光区,从而提高光的利用效率。
尽管,金属铷、非金属N和S掺杂二氧化钛光催化性能的研究较多,但均考虑了单一因素的掺杂对光催化性能的影响,因而对二氧化钛材料的光催化性能提升相对有限。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料,该材料能够极大提升二氧化钛对废水中有机物的光催化降解性能。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种所述铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,促进二氧化钛光催化材料在催化、环保等领域的应用与发展。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料,其特征在于,该光催化材料为灰白色粉末,其中铷、N、S元素的摩尔掺杂比均为:0.01%~5.0%。铷、N、S的掺杂比对二氧化钛的光催化性能影响较大,掺杂比过高或者过低都会对催化性能产生不利的影响。若铷、N、S的掺杂比低于0.01%,则二氧化钛晶格中掺杂原子较少,对二氧化钛带隙变窄的影响有限,同时对光生载流子与空穴复合的抑制作用较弱;若铷、N、S的掺杂比高于5.0%,则二氧化钛形成过程中结晶度较差或者难以结晶,导致其光催化性能降低。
一种所述铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)将无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水均匀混合,向其加入硝酸铷和硫脲,充分溶解,并用硝酸调节溶液pH至1.0~6.0,得到溶液A;
(2)将钛酸丁酯溶于与步骤(1)中等体积的无水乙醇中,得到溶液B;
(3)将溶液B缓慢滴加至快速搅拌的溶液A中,滴加结束后搅拌得到凝胶,并将其自然陈化、风干;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的干凝胶研磨成粉状,置于马弗炉中焙烧,得到铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中,无水乙醇和去离子水的体积比为:1∶1~8∶1,乙酸和去离子水的体积比为:1∶5~1∶1,混合时间为10~30min。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中,溶液中A硝酸铷的浓度为0.01~5.0g/L,硫脲的浓度为0.05~5.0g/L。
优选地,所述步骤(2)中,钛酸丁酯与无水乙醇的体积比为1∶8~1∶1。
优选地,所述步骤(3)中,溶液B的滴加速度为0.5~10.0mL/min。溶液B滴加速率为制胶的关键步骤之一,滴加速度过快将会导致钛酸丁酯水解而局部生成沉淀,严重影响光催化材料的性能。
优选地,所述步骤(3)中,溶液B滴加结束后,搅拌时间为10~60min,凝胶的自然陈化温度为25℃,陈化时间为24~90h。
优选地,所述步骤(4)中,凝胶粉末的焙烧温度为300~1000℃,焙烧时间为1~5h,马弗炉的升温速度为2~10℃/min。焙烧温度和升温速率也是本发明的关键因素之一,通过焙烧温度和升温速率可严格控制二氧化钛光催化材料中金红石相和锐钛矿相晶型的比例,从而尽可能地提升材料的光催化性能。
本发明的有益效果是:
本发明通过共掺杂的方式对二氧化钛光催化材料进行改性。一方面,铷的掺杂可降低光生载流子与空穴的复合,提高光催化活性;另一方面,N/S的掺杂可拓展光响应范围至可见光区,提高了光的利用效率。铷和N/S的掺杂共同作用于二氧化钛晶体,从而极大提升了二氧化钛对废水中有机物的光催化降解性能。本发明的制备工艺操作简单,条件易控制,成本低廉,适用于大规模工业化生产,具有潜在的应用价值。
附图说明
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。
图2为不同光照时间和掺杂元素下二氧化钛光催化材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但并不意味着对本发明保护范围的限制。
实施例1
制备铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的具体操作步骤如下:
(1)溶液A配制
将70mL无水乙醇、10mL乙酸和20mL去离子水均匀混合,然后加入0.0174g硝酸铷和0.149g硫脲,并开始搅拌,待其充分溶解后,逐滴加入硝酸,调节混合溶液的pH值为2.0,制得溶液A。
(2)溶液B配制
将20mL钛酸丁酯缓慢加入70mL无水乙醇中,充分搅拌,得到溶液B。
(3)凝胶制备与干燥
将溶液B逐滴加入溶液A中,控制滴加速率为0.75mL/min。待溶液B滴加完成后,搅拌15min,得到凝胶。将该凝胶转入表面皿中,并置于通风橱陈化风干,陈化温度为25℃,陈化时间为48h。
(4)凝胶的研磨与焙烧
将干凝胶置于研钵中充分研磨,得到凝胶粉体。之后将上述凝胶粉置于马弗炉中焙烧,焙烧温度为450℃,焙烧时间2h,升温速度为5℃/min。最终得到铷和N/S共掺杂的二氧化钛光催化材料,其中铷的摩尔掺杂比为0.2%,N和S的摩尔掺杂比分别为0.03%和0.019%。
实施例2
本实施例与实施例1不同的是:步骤(4)中,所述焙烧温度为550℃。其他与实施例1相同。制备得到铷和N/S共掺杂的二氧化钛光催化材料中,铷的摩尔掺杂比为0.2%,N和S的摩尔掺杂比分别为0.028%和0.017%。
实施例3
本实施例与实施例1不同的是:步骤(1)中,将70mL无水乙醇、10mL乙酸和20mL去离子水均匀混合,逐滴加入硝酸,调节混合溶液的pH值为2.0,制得溶液A。其他与实施例1相同。
光催化材料的光催化性能的表征
参考国标GBT23762-2009光催化材料水溶液体系净化测试方法对实施例1和实施例2中制得的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛材料的光催化效果进行评价,并与实例3中制得的纯二氧化钛进行对比。采用10mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液作为测试光催化效果的降解溶液,由300W氙灯提供光源,催化剂浓度为1g/mL。亚甲基蓝的浓度由分光光度计测定,其降解率的计算公式如下:
式中A0分别为亚甲基蓝溶液的初始吸光度;At分别为反应一定时间后亚甲基蓝溶液的吸光度值。
不同光照时间和焙烧温度条件下纯二氧化钛、铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率如图2所示。结果表明,相比于纯二氧化钛,铷和N/S元素的共掺杂极大地提升了二氧化钛光催化材料对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,当光反应时间为20min时,铷和N/S共掺杂的二氧化钛光催化材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率均达到90%以上,降解率提升了70%以上。相比于550℃焙烧条件,在450℃焙烧温度下铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率更高。
Claims (8)
1.一种铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料,其特征在于,该光催化材料为灰白色粉末,其中铷、N、S元素的摩尔掺杂比均为:0.01%~5.0%。
2.一种权利要求1所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水均匀混合,向其加入硝酸铷和硫脲,充分溶解,并用硝酸调节溶液pH至1.0~6.0,得到溶液A;
(2)将钛酸丁酯溶于与步骤(1)中等体积的无水乙醇中,得到溶液B;
(3)将溶液B缓慢滴加至快速搅拌的溶液A中,滴加结束后搅拌得到凝胶,并将其自然陈化、风干;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的干凝胶研磨成粉状,置于马弗炉中焙烧,得到铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,无水乙醇和去离子水的体积比为:1∶1~8∶1,乙酸和去离子水的体积比为:1∶5~1∶1,混合时间为10~30min。
4.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,A溶液中硝酸铷的浓度为0.01~5.0g/L,硫脲的浓度为0.05~5.0g/L。
5.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,钛酸丁酯与无水乙醇的体积比为1∶8~1∶1。
6.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,溶液B的滴加速度为0.5~10.0mL/min。
7.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,滴加结束后搅拌时间为10~60min,凝胶的自然陈化温度为25℃,陈化时间为24~90h。
8.根据权利要求2所述的铷和N/S共掺杂二氧化钛光催化材料的制备工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,凝胶粉末的焙烧温度为300~1000℃,焙烧时间为1~5h,马弗炉的升温速度为2~10℃/min。
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