CN111296262A

CN111296262A - Method for annually producing tomatoes in modern greenhouse

Info

Publication number: CN111296262A
Application number: CN202010196282.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 丁小涛; 周强; 余纪柱; 朱为民; 何立中; 张红梅; 金海军; 崔佳维
Original assignee: Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2020-03-19
Filing date: 2020-03-19
Publication date: 2020-06-19

Abstract

The invention provides a modern greenhouse tomato annual production method, which belongs to the technical field of greenhouse cultivation, and comprises the steps of disinfecting a seedling chamber, sowing tomato seeds in an agricultural rock wool plug, then carrying out seedling cultivation to obtain tomato seedlings, and grafting scions to the tomato seedlings to obtain grafted seedlings when the tomato seedlings have 2-3 main leaves; transplanting the grafted seedlings into an agricultural rock wool block for culture after seedling delay to obtain transplanted seedlings, and transplanting the transplanted seedlings into a sterilized greenhouse for field planting when buds appear on the transplanted seedlings to obtain field planting tomato plants. The tomatoes are grown from 8 months, planted in 9 months, harvested in 11 months, harvested in 8 months in the second year all the time, and the harvesting period is as long as more than 9 months. The yield of the large tomatoes can reach 50 kg.m^‑2The yield of the cocktail bunch tomatoes can reach 40 kg.m^‑2。

Description

Method for annually producing tomatoes in modern greenhouse

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of greenhouse cultivation, and particularly relates to a modern greenhouse tomato annual production method.

Background

At present, tomatoes in the north of China are generally cultivated in overwintering soil by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, tomatoes are generally cultivated in multilayer greenhouse soil in the south of China, the tomatoes cannot be heated in winter cultivation, the tomatoes grow slowly, the number of plant diseases and insect pests is large, and the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are difficult to guarantee. By 8 months in 2017, the total area of facilities and gardening in China breaks through 370 ten thousand hm²The modern greenhouse area which is the first place in the world but in which the environmental regulation can be carried out is less than 1 ten thousand hm²And the matched related cultivation technology is extremely deficient, modern greenhouse operation units with strong strength generally employ Dutch experts for guidance, the production cost is high, and better continuity is not provided. In recent years, large multi-span glass greenhouses in China grow endlessly like bamboo shoots in the spring after rain, the area of the greenhouses is continuously enlarged, and tomatoes are selected as main varieties to be cultivated in long seasons in many modern greenhouses, so that the search for a modern greenhouse tomato annual cultivation production method suitable for the national conditions of China becomes very important work in a period of time in the future.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for annually producing tomatoes in a modern greenhouse.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a method for annually producing tomatoes in a modern greenhouse, which comprises the following steps:

1) sterilizing a seedling raising room, sowing tomato seeds in an agricultural rock wool plug, then raising the seedlings to obtain tomato seedlings, and grafting scions to the tomato seedlings to obtain grafted seedlings when the tomato seedlings have 2-3 main leaves;

the agricultural rock wool plug is soaked by nutrient solution, and the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 1-2 mS-cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.5-5.6;

the temperature of the seedling is 24-26 ℃, the environmental humidity of the seedling is 88-92%, and the illumination intensity of the seedling is not more than 250 W.m^-2；

The tomato seedlings and the scions are different tomato varieties;

2) transplanting the grafted seedlings of the step 1) into an agricultural rock wool block for culture after seedling delay to obtain transplanted seedlings, transplanting the transplanted seedlings into a sterilized greenhouse for field planting when flower buds appear on the transplanted seedlings to obtain field planting tomato plants, wherein a matrix used for field planting comprises agricultural rock wool strips;

the agricultural rock wool block is soaked by nutrient solution, and the concentration of soluble salt ions in the nutrient solution is 1.5-2.5 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.5-6.0;

the light intensity of the culture is not more than 500 W.m^-2The culture temperature is below 30 ℃, and the culture environment humidity is 60-90%;

before fruit harvesting, the temperature of the field planting tomato plants in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is 60-90%, 1 time of water drip irrigation is carried out every 1.5-4 hours, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 180-220 ml.m.^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 2-8 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.2-2.8 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8;

in the fruit harvesting period of the tomato plants, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃, the nighttime temperature in the greenhouse is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is below 90%, and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse is 300-800 W.m^-2CO in the greenhouse₂The content of (a) is 350 to 900. mu. mol^-1Dripping 1 time of water every 15 min-2 h, wherein the dripping amount of the water every time is 220-260 ml.m^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 4-20 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.5-3.5 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8, and the nutrient solution drainage accounts for 20-30% of the total irrigation amount every day.

Preferably, the size of the agricultural rock wool plug in the step 1) is 20mm multiplied by 27 mm.

Preferably, the specification of the agricultural rock wool block in the step 2) is 10cm multiplied by 6.5 cm.

Preferably, 1 graft is placed on each agricultural rockwool block.

Preferably, when the light intensity of the culture exceeds 500 W.m^-2And shading the transplanted seedlings by using a shading net, wherein the shading rate of the shading net is 35-40%, and the shading net is unfolded by 50-90%.

Preferably, the specification of the agricultural rock wool strip in the step 2) is 100cm multiplied by 20cm multiplied by 7.5 cm.

Preferably, 5-7 tomato plants are fixedly planted on each agricultural rockwool strip, and the planting density is 2.5-2.8 plants/m²。

Preferably, 1 drop arrow is inserted into each tomato plant, and the insertion depth is two thirds of the thickness of the agricultural rock wool strip.

Preferably, bumblebees are released into the greenhouse after the tomato plants bloom.

Preferably, the stocking density of the bumblebees is 45-55 bees per mu, and the bumblebees are stocked for 1 time every 30-40 days.

1) sterilizing a seedling raising room, sowing tomato seeds in an agricultural rock wool plug, then raising the seedlings to obtain tomato seedlings, and grafting scions to the tomato seedlings to obtain grafted seedlings when the tomato seedlings have 2-3 main leaves; the agricultural rock wool plug is soaked by nutrient solution, and the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 1-2 mS-cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.5-5.6; the temperature of the seedling is 24-26 ℃, the environmental humidity of the seedling is 88-92%, and the illumination intensity of the seedling is not more than 250 W.m^-2(ii) a The tomato seedlings and the scions are different tomato varieties;

2) transplanting the grafted seedlings of the step 1) into an agricultural rock wool block for culture after seedling delay to obtain transplanted seedlings, transplanting the transplanted seedlings into a sterilized greenhouse for field planting when flower buds appear on the transplanted seedlings to obtain field planting tomato plants, wherein a matrix used for field planting comprises agricultural rock wool strips; the agricultural rock wool block is soaked by nutrient solution, and the concentration of soluble salt ions in the nutrient solution is 1.5-2.5 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.5-6.0; the light intensity of the culture is not more than 500 W.m^-2What is, what isThe culture temperature is below 30 ℃, and the culture environment humidity is 60-90%; before fruit harvesting, the temperature of the field planting tomato plants in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is 60-90%, 1 time of water drip irrigation is carried out every 1.5-4 hours, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 180-220 ml.m.^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 2-8 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.2-2.8 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8; in the fruit harvesting period of the tomato plants, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃, the nighttime temperature in the greenhouse is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is below 90%, and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse is 300-800 W.m^-2CO in the greenhouse₂The content of (a) is 350 to 900. mu. mol^-1Drip irrigation is carried out for 1 time every 15 min-2 h, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 220-260 ml.m^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 4-20 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.5-3.5 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8, and the nutrient solution drainage accounts for 20-30% of the total irrigation amount every day.

The results of the embodiments of the present invention show that: the tomatoes are grown from 8 months, planted in 9 months, harvested in 11 months, harvested in 8 months in the second year all the time, and the harvesting period is as long as more than 9 months. The yield of the large tomatoes can reach 50 kg.m^-2The yield of the cocktail bunch tomatoes can reach 40 kg.m^-2。

Detailed Description

The tomato seedlings and the scions are different tomato varieties;

before fruit harvesting, the temperature of the field planting tomato plants in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is 60-90%, 1-time drip irrigation is carried out for 1 time every 1.5-4 hours, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 180-220 ml.m.^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 2-8 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.2-2.8 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8;

The method for disinfecting the seedling raising chamber is not particularly limited, and the disinfection method adopted in the conventional tomato seedling raising process can be adopted, for example, 0.3% of disinfectant or bleaching powder is used for disinfecting the seedling raising chamber, the disinfection temperature does not exceed 50 ℃, the disinfection time is preferably 3-4 h every time, 1 time is disinfected every day, and 2-3 times are disinfected in total.

In the present invention, the size of the agricultural rock wool plug is preferably 20mm × 27mm, the source of the agricultural rock wool plug is not particularly limited, and conventional commercial products can be used. The nutrient solution used for the agricultural rock wool plug to be soaked in the nutrient solution is not particularly limited, and the nutrient solution used for culturing tomatoes in a conventional way can be adopted, and the concentration of soluble salt ions (hereinafter abbreviated as EC) of the nutrient solution is preferably 1.5mS cm^-1。

The variety of the tomato seeds is not specially limited, and the variety with strong disease and insect resistance can be adopted, for example, the 'Enpelado' tomato variety sold by Holland Ralswang seed company is used as the stock. In the present invention, the temperature of the seedling is preferably 25 ℃, and the environmental humidity of the seedling is preferably 90%. The tomato variety of the scion is not particularly limited, and a special high-yield and high-quality cultivation variety of greenhouse tomatoes can be selected. In the present invention, the tomato plant of the scion can be grafted when it has the 2 nd true leaf. The grafting method is not particularly limited, and a conventional tomato grafting method is adopted.

In the present invention, the specification of the agricultural rock wool block is preferably 10cm × 10cm × 6.5cm, the source of the agricultural rock wool block is not particularly limited, and conventional commercial products may be used. In the present invention, 1 grafted seedling is preferably placed on each agricultural rockwool panel, and the density of the grafted seedlings is preferably 100m when the seedlings are placed for the first time^-2When the grafted seedling grows to the 5 th true leaf, the grafting is carried outThe density of the seedlings is preferably 15-20 strains.m^-2Before buds appear on the grafted seedlings, the density of the grafted seedlings is preferably 5-12 m^-2. The invention preferably uses bamboo sticks and rubber bands to fix the grafted seedlings. The nutrient solution used for soaking the agricultural rock wool block is not particularly limited, and the nutrient solution used for culturing the tomatoes conventionally is adopted, and the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is preferably 2mS cm^-1. In the present invention, when the light intensity of the culture exceeds 500 W.m^-2In the process, the transplanted seedlings are preferably shaded by using a shading net, the shading rate of the shading net is preferably 35-40%, and the shading net is unfolded by 50-90%. The yellow plates are preferably hung in the culture process to capture pests such as trialeurodes vaporariorum, the source and specification of the yellow plates are not particularly limited, the yellow plates can be used in a greenhouse in a conventional way, and preferably 15 yellow plates are hung per hundred square meters. According to the invention, preferably, 1d before transplanting of grafted seedlings, 2000 times of solution of 22.4% spirotetramat suspending agent and 2000 times of solution of 40% acetamiprid water dispersible granule are sprayed by a conventional spraying method.

The greenhouse disinfection method is not particularly limited, and a conventional disinfection method can be adopted, for example, 0.3% of toilet or bleaching powder is used for disinfection 2d before planting. In the invention, the matrix used for field planting comprises an agricultural rock wool strip, the specification of the agricultural rock wool strip is preferably 100cm multiplied by 20cm multiplied by 7.5cm, the source of the agricultural rock wool strip is not specially limited, a commercially available product is adopted, such as a product sold by GRODAN in the Netherlands, the agricultural rock wool strip is preferably soaked in a nutrient solution and then field planting is carried out, the type and the source of the nutrient solution are not specially limited, the conventional product is adopted, and the EC of the nutrient solution is preferably 2.5mS cm^-1The pH is preferably 5.5.

Before fruit harvesting, the temperature of the field planting tomato plants in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of the greenhouse in the nighttime is 15-18 ℃, the ambient humidity in the greenhouse is 60-90%, 1 time of drip irrigation is carried out every 1.5-4 hours, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 180-220 ml.m^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 2-8 times every day, the soluble salt of the nutrient solution is separatedThe concentration of the seed is 2.2-2.8 mS cm^-1And the pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8. In the invention, the irrigation water is preferably rainwater collected on the roof of a greenhouse, the rainwater is preferably used after being sterilized by a vertical-liter ultrafiltration device, and the drip irrigation amount of water per time is preferably 200 ml-m^-2. The source of the nutrient solution is not particularly limited, and the nutrient solution can be obtained by adopting the nutrient solution for culturing the tomatoes in a conventional way, and the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is preferably 2.5mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is preferably 5.5. In the present invention, the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is preferably 2.8 mS-cm when the fruit of the tomato plant starts to turn color^-1。

In the invention, in the fruit harvesting period of the tomato plants, the daytime temperature in the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃, the nighttime temperature in the greenhouse is 15-18 ℃, the environmental humidity in the greenhouse is below 90%, and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse is 300-800 W.m^-2CO in the greenhouse₂The content of (a) is 350 to 900. mu. mol^-1Drip irrigation is carried out for 1 time every 15 min-2 h, and the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 220-260 ml.m^-2. In the present invention, the drip irrigation amount of the nutrient solution is 240ml m per time^-2Drip irrigation the nutrient solution 4-20 times per day, wherein the concentration of soluble salt ions of the nutrient solution is 2.5-3.5 mS cm^-1The pH value of the nutrient solution is 5.3-5.8, and the nutrient solution drainage accounts for 20-30% of the total irrigation amount every day. In the present invention, the irrigation water is preferably rainwater collected on a greenhouse roof, and the rainwater is preferably sterilized by a vertical-liter ultrafiltration apparatus and then used.

The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

1 Disinfection

1.1 greenhouse Sterilization

Regardless of a seedling raising greenhouse or a cultivation greenhouse, the greenhouse needs to be strictly disinfected before use, 0.3% of sanitation or bleaching powder can be used for disinfecting the whole space of the greenhouse, and then a high-temperature closed greenhouse (preferably, the high-temperature closed greenhouse and the disinfection are carried out together, and the operation of a skylight is regulated and controlled so that the temperature of the greenhouse does not exceed 50 ℃, otherwise, greenhouse equipment is easily damaged) is selected for 3-4 hours and lasts for 2-3 days.

1.2 irrigation Water Disinfection

Modern greenhouse irrigation generally uses rainwater collected on a greenhouse roof, but the rainwater needs to be disinfected by a vertical-liter ultrafiltration device before use, otherwise, the rainwater has the risk of root diseases.

2 growing seedlings

A modern greenhouse adopts a cultivation mode of cultivating big seedlings for field planting, the seedling cultivation time is generally in the middle and last ten days of August, the seedling age is 35-40 days, and the big seedlings are planted in the greenhouse when buds appear. The tomato seedling culture is a work with strong technology, in particular to grafting seedling culture. After the preparation work such as greenhouse disinfection is done, sowing is started. Grafting seedling can be used for tomato cultivation, grafted seedlings grow robustly and are high in resistance, harvesting time can be prolonged, and yield can be increased.

2.1 rock wool Medium

Modern greenhouse culture mediums generally comprise coconut chaff, turf, rock wool and the like. The advantage performance of rock wool cultivation is more and more obvious at present, and the cultivation area is progressively enlarged. The agricultural rock wool matrix is an artificial manufacturing material, mainly made of basalt (rock formed by cooling volcanic rock pulp), and is formed by simulating the melting process of volcanic molten pulp in a melting furnace at 1600-1700 ℃, supporting a fiber plate-shaped product with specific density after high-speed centrifugal wire spinning, pleating, pressurizing and curing of rock pulp melt, and then cutting. The agricultural rock wool substrate has the following advantages: 1) the standardization, the agricultural rock wool is produced in a standardized way in a factory, so that products of each specification and each batch have consistency, a standard controllable carrier is provided for the control of the later plant growth process, and the fluctuation influence of the matrix on the control is reduced; 2) various adhesives with surface hydrophilicity and water retention are added in the fiber forming process, so that the rock wool can be kept from deforming for a long time after being soaked in water, and has good hydrophilicity and permeability; 3) excellent gas-liquid ratio control, and has the advantages of good air permeability and good drainage performance due to the porosity of the agricultural rock wool matrix being more than 95 percent(ii) a 4) The product is nontoxic and aseptic, is produced at high temperature, does not carry viruses and bacteria, does not need to be sterilized before use, and is simple and convenient to use; 5) the physical properties are stable; 6) the weight is easy to carry; 7) and the application range is wide. Theoretically, rockwool can be used for cultivating any plant, and is widely applied to cultivation and seedling of horticultural crops; 8) the yield is high, and the highest yield of the current Holland tomato rock wool cultivation is over 100 kg.m^-2The production potential of the plant is exerted to the maximum extent; 9) the strategy is planted in easily adjusting, and rock wool itself does not absorb any nutrition and moisture, and nutritive substance directly reaches plant roots through the rock wool, convenient and fast's regulation fertilizer concentration, the EC of easier control nutrient solution, pH, the rock wool quality is light, porous, ventilative, inside space distribution scientific and reasonable, and water and air distribution are even, and plant roots pierces through very easily, has fully guaranteed the healthy growth of root system, and the rock wool cultivation is simple and convenient, and is clean to standardize and batch production more easily.

Agricultural rock wool matrices include rock wool tampons, rock wool briquettes and rock wool strips. At present, 240-hole rock wool plugs (20mm multiplied by 27mm) hole trays, rock wool blocks (10cm multiplied by 6.5cm) and rock wool strips (100cm multiplied by 20cm multiplied by 7.5cm) produced by the Netherlands GRODAN are used for cultivating seedlings in modern greenhouse rock wool cultivation, and the rock wool strips are used for cultivation and field planting.

2.2 grafting and growing seedlings

Before mass sowing, a small number of germination tests are carried out on different varieties.

Before sowing, the rock wool plugs in the 240-hole tray are ensured to be completely soaked, and the soaking EC is 1.5mS cm^-1The pH is 5.5-5.6. The trays are at a certain height from the ground because sufficient oxygen is required for seed germination. The method has the advantages that the grafting seedling culture is relatively simple in operation in autumn and winter, the heat preservation and moisture preservation work is mainly enhanced, and the survival rate of the grafted seedlings is high; when high-temperature grafting seedling is carried out in summer, the high-temperature and strong-illumination weather has certain influence on the grafting survival rate, and the shading treatment of temperature reduction needs to be carried out to the maximum extent.

2.2.1 sowing stock

The rootstock needs to select varieties with stronger resistance, such as wild species, and the 'Enpelado' provided by Holland Raschiwang seed company is selected as the grafting rootstock. Sowing is to be carried out in separate compartments of the greenhouse, which can be in a small greenhouse or in a climatic chamber. Directly sowing seeds in the middle of the soaked rock wool plugs, sowing one seed in each hole, covering vermiculite on the hole tray after sowing, wherein the thickness of the vermiculite is about 0.5cm, and then covering a transparent plastic film on the hole tray.

The artificial climate chamber can accurately control the germination temperature, the germination temperature is controlled to be 25 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 90%.

If the seedlings sprout in a seedling raising greenhouse or a small arched shed, when the temperature of the greenhouse is higher (such as more than 30 ℃), a skylight is opened for ventilation, and the film covered by the small arched shed is also properly ventilated and cooled. When the illumination intensity exceeds 200-^-2The greenhouse shading curtain needs to be unfolded, or a shading net is covered on the seedbed. The germination temperature was controlled to 25 ℃ as much as possible. When the seedlings are 30-40% exposed, the film on the plug tray is timely uncovered (the seedlings can emerge 3-5 days after sowing due to different varieties).

During germination, the matrix is generally not very dry, but care is taken that the rockwool plugs at the edge of the tray dry, possibly faster, and it is found that the rock wool plugs can be sprayed or soaked with a nutrient solution.

After seedling emergence, the temperature of a seedling raising greenhouse or a phytotron needs to be properly reduced, strong seedlings are mainly cultivated, and the seedling raising greenhouse or phytotron can be used when true leaves of the stock appear 2 nd to 3 rd.

2.2.2 sowing of the scions

The scion needs to select a high-quality and high-yield cultivation variety, but needs to resist virus diseases, and selects 'Jiaxi Na' provided by Holland Rake Schwann seed company as the scion. And (4) sowing the scion late stocks for 3-5 days, wherein the sowing steps of the planted varieties are the same as those of the stocks. When the 2 nd true leaf of the scion variety seedling appears, the grafting can be carried out for use.

2.2.3 grafting

The stocks are ensured to be stronger during grafting, and the stocks and scion seedlings are watered fully one day before grafting. All preparation work is done before grafting, and all needed articles are prepared, such as blades, sterilized alcohol, grafting clamps, operation platforms, healing small arch sheds or artificial climate rooms, thermometers, films, sunshade nets and the like.

When grafting, if the seedlings of the stocks are larger, the stock hole trays can be placed in an interlaced mode (half-tray seedlings; cotyledons of the stocks can be removed during grafting, so that the operation is convenient, but the healing and the growth speed are influenced later), the operation platform is placed in a humid shade, and meanwhile, a healing small arched shed (covered with a film and opened with a humidifier) or a phytotron is prepared before grafting, so that the small arched shed is convenient and practical to produce.

The grafting method comprises cleft grafting, inarching, splicing and oblique grafting, and generally adopts an oblique grafting type, so that the efficiency is higher. Firstly, beveling all stocks in a plug from top to bottom by 45% at a position 0.5-1 cm below cotyledons, and then immediately clamping a transparent grafting clamp (1.8mm), wherein a half space is reserved for scions by the grafting clamp; then the scion is quickly obliquely cut by 45 percent from 1cm above the cotyledon, and is immediately inserted into the grafting clip, so that the correct insertion direction is ensured, and the two sections of the stock and the scion are fully attached. After the whole tray grafting is finished, the tray seedling is quickly and lightly placed in a healing small shed or an artificial climate chamber for heat preservation and moisture preservation (the relative humidity RH is more than or equal to 95 percent) until the grafting of all the tray seedlings is finished.

After grafting, the small arched shed or the artificial climate chamber is healed, heat preservation and moisture preservation are performed by attention, ventilation is basically not needed in the first 2-3 days, then slow ventilation is gradually started, small holes can be formed in the plastic film in 4-5 days, the seedlings gradually adapt to greenhouse conditions, and the plastic film on the small arched shed can be removed in 6-7 days. The seedlings can then be transplanted from the plug into rockwool cubes.

The grafting seedling recovering stage is kept at 22 ℃ in the day and at night, but not more than 30 ℃. The illumination intensity in the small arched shed or the artificial climate chamber does not exceed 50 W.m in 1 to 2 days after grafting^-2If the small shed is used for seedling rejuvenation, a sunshade net (with the sunshade rate of 60-80%) can be covered on the small shed, the small shed can be covered by two layers in sunny weather, and when the illumination intensity exceeds 100 W.m in the following 3-4 days according to the weather conditions^-2When the shed is used, a sunshade net is covered on the small arched shed to prevent strong light, and the sunshade net is gradually uncovered for 5-7 days to adapt to the external environment; and the temperature in the small arch shed is ensured to be 25 ℃.

In the later stage of grafting, proper ventilation is ensured, and seedlings are grown to be strong.

2.3 transplanting (growing seedlings):

after grafting and seedling slowing, transplanting the seedlings into rock wool blocks, wherein the EC of the rock wool blocks is 2.0mS cm before use^-1Soaking in nutrient solution of pH5.5-6.0 for 1 day, and removing the excessive nutrient solution.

After transplanting, the seedlings were sprayed with an EC of 2.0mS cm^-1The nutrient solution is applied to the rock wool blocks, so that the root systems of the seedlings and the rock wool blocks are better combined together, care is needed when water is sprayed, plants can be lodged due to excessive and overlarge water amount, and one seedling is placed in one rock wool block.

The density of the primary seedling transplantation is 100 plants m^-2(ii) a When the plant grows to the 5 th true leaf, the distance between seedlings is increased in time to prevent excessive growth, and the density is 15-20 plants m^-2. After seedling transplantation, a bamboo stick with the length of 50cm is vertically inserted on the rock wool block, 1 rubber ring is sleeved under the blade which is just unfolded and is fixed with the bamboo stick, and plants are fixed by the bamboo stick and the rubber ring to prevent lodging. If the tomato can not be transplanted before the buds appear, the density is adjusted to 8-12 strains m^-2Therefore, the tomato seedlings can be transplanted again when the flower buds appear, so that the space of the seedling greenhouse is fully utilized, the seedling raising efficiency is improved, and the seedling raising cost is saved.

2.4 management points in the seedling stage

2.4.1 moisture management

The water retention of rock wool is good, but the rock wool can not be too dry in cultivation, otherwise the effect is not good when the rock wool absorbs water again. The tide irrigation method has good effect on raising seedlings of the rockwool tomatoes, the number and time of irrigation of the nutrient solution are determined by a weighing method, at least 5 seedbeds are selected every day to determine the quality of the rockwool blocks, and the nutrient solution is irrigated in time, so that the quality of the rockwool blocks is not lower than 300 g.

2.4.2 greenhouse thermo-optic control

In the middle and last ten days of August, high-temperature and strong-light weather can occur, the seedling is required not to be too strong, and when the illumination of solar radiation exceeds 500 W.m^-2The sunshade net (sunshade rate 40%) needs to be properly opened to shade (expand 50-90%), and the greenhouse is effectively cooled by combining equipment such as a wet curtain fan, so that the seedling growing temperature is guaranteedAnd (3) preventing the excessive growth of seedlings at the temperature of below 30 ℃.

2.4.3 greenhouse humidity control

Except the grafting and seedling recovering stage, the humidity of the greenhouse is controlled to be 60-90 percent, and the occurrence of fungal diseases is effectively prevented; meanwhile, the independent personnel are strictly controlled to enter the greenhouse, and an entrance door of the greenhouse is closed in time to prevent insect damage; yellow plates (15 per hundred square meters) are hung in the greenhouse to trap whiteflies and the like. 2000 times of solution of 22.4 percent spirotetramat suspending agent and 2000 times of solution of 40 percent acetamiprid (more vigorous) water dispersible granule can be sprayed one day before the seedlings are planted.

3 permanent planting

3.1 Pre-fix preparation

Before planting, weeds in the greenhouse are cleaned, whether all devices (a skylight, a curtain, a heating system and the like) of the greenhouse normally operate is checked, vine hanging hooks (ropes wound on the hooks are not less than 15 meters and used for vine falling) are hung on a growth line, and then the greenhouse is disinfected 2 days before planting by 0.3% fencing or bleaching powder. Placing rock wool strips on a growth frame (hanging cultivation), punching holes, inserting drop arrows, carrying out drip irrigation on all the rock wool strips to saturation one day before field planting, wherein the EC value of a drip irrigation nutrient solution is 2.5mS cm^-1And the pH value is 5.5.

3.2 permanent planting

When the tomato seedlings have buds, the seedlings are transported to a cultivation greenhouse, the seedlings are placed on rock wool strips with holes, 1 drop arrow is inserted into the rock wool of each seedling, and the depth of the drop arrows is preferably 2/3. 6 plants are planted on each rockwool strip (100cm is multiplied by 20cm is multiplied by 7.5cm), and the density is 2.5-2.8 plants.m^-2. After planting, the middle part (drainage direction) of the bottom end of the tail part of the rock wool strip is cut into a 15cm opening by an art designer, and redundant nutrient solution in the rock wool strip is drained.

4 post-planting management

4.1 management of fruit before harvest

The tomato seedlings bloom already when being planted, so the bumblebee is put into a greenhouse immediately after being planted to help the pollination of the tomatoes (every 667 m)²Placing one box of 50 bumblebees), and then placing another box every 30-40 days according to the pollination condition of the bumblebees. Meanwhile, timely removing the bamboo stick, winding the plant on the vine hanging rope, and uniformly winding the vine in the clockwise direction. Because the rockwool contains more nutrient solution during field planting, irrigation needs to be properly controlled, and the irrigation needs to be carried out for 1 time every day, wherein the water dripping amount is 200 ml.m^-2So as to promote the tomato root system to grow into the rock wool strips as soon as possible. Normally irrigating after 3-5 days, setting the maximum waiting time of irrigation to be 4 hours, setting the minimum waiting time to be 1.5 hours, and setting the influence of light radiation accumulation to be 200J-cm^-2The water irrigation amount is 200 ml.m each time^-2. That is, the computer will accumulate 200J cm in 1 hour according to the weather conditions, such as clear weather, and the illumination condition is better^-2But will also wait for a minimum wait time of 1.5 hours before irrigating 1 time; on the contrary, if the weather is rainy, the accumulation of the water solution is less than 200J cm in 4 hours^-2Then the computer will perform the maximum wait time and irrigate 1 time 4 hours. The EC value of the drip irrigation nutrient solution is 2.5mS cm^-1And the pH value is 5.5. Drip irrigation is started 2 hours after sunrise, and is stopped 2 hours before sunset, and the drip irrigation is generally carried out 2-3 times in cloudy days and 4-8 times in sunny days. Then, as the number of plant leaves increases, the irrigation frequency increases, and the maximum irrigation time, the minimum waiting time and the light radiation accumulation are properly reduced according to the actual situation. After planting, the irrigation quantity, EC value and pH value of a single arrow, EC value and pH value in rock wool strips, and liquid discharge quantity, EC value and pH value are recorded every day, and the liquid discharge quantity in the greenhouse is controlled to be 20% of the irrigation water quantity by properly correcting the influence of illumination accumulation and single irrigation quantity. The temperature of the greenhouse is controlled to be not higher than 30 ℃ in daytime and 22-25 ℃, the temperature is controlled to be 15-18 ℃ at night through ventilation, and the temperature of the greenhouse can be controlled ideally by using a ground source heat pump and an air handling unit for cooling. The humidity of the greenhouse is required to be controlled between 60 and 90 percent. Every time a tomato grows one leaf, one lateral branch grows, all the lateral branches are removed in time, and only one main branch is reserved for growth.

Timely thinning the fruits after the tomatoes bear the fruits, reserving 3-5 fruits for the medium and large fruit type tomatoes, reserving 10-18 fruits for the cherry tomatoes, and reserving 8 fruits for the cultivated cocktail bunch tomatoes, namely 'Jiaxina'. When the first fruit bunch grows to the maximum and begins to change color, old leaves at the lower part of the fruit are gradually removed according to the growth condition of the plant, and the first fruit bunch is exposed to make the fruit have more visible light so as to be beneficial to coloring the fruit. According to the weather conditions,The varieties are different, one ear of flower is required to bloom in 1 week of tomatoes, and the large tomatoes and the cocktail tomatoes are harvested for about 60-70 days from blooming to harvest, so that when the first ear of fruits can be harvested, the 8 th-9 th ear of flowers of the plant are already blooming; the cherry tomatoes are ripe quickly after blooming and can be harvested within 35-45 days. The tomato is subjected to vegetative growth and reproductive growth simultaneously, and the balance of the tomato and the tomato must be well coordinated in cultivation and management. When the fruit begins to turn color, the EC value of the irrigation nutrient solution is increased to 2.8mS cm^-1And the pH value is 5.5.

4.2 management of fruit picking season

4.2.1 irrigation management

The plant in the fruit harvesting period is already large, more water and fertilizer are needed, and the EC value of the irrigation nutrient solution is adjusted to 3.0mS cm^-1And the pH value is 5.5. The maximum waiting time of irrigation can be set to 1.5-2 hours, the minimum waiting time is 15-20 minutes, and the influence of light accumulation is set to 90-110J cm^-2The irrigation amount is 240 ml.m each time^-2. Drip irrigation time and recording were the same as 4.1. The EC value in the rock wool strips is kept between 4 and 7 dS.m by properly adjusting the formula of the nutrient solution and the EC, pH value and irrigation amount of irrigation water^-1The pH value is 5.5-6.5, and the liquid discharge amount is controlled to be 20% of irrigation water. The irrigation nutrient solution refers to a general formula for planting the Dutch tomatoes, the proportion of N fertilizers can be properly increased in the seedling stage, and the supply of K, P, Ca and B fertilizers should be increased in the fruiting stage.

4.2.2 greenhouse temperature and humidity management

The temperature of the greenhouse is regulated by the settings of the heating temperature and the ventilation temperature. The ventilation temperature is set to be 1-2 ℃ higher than the heating temperature. If the sunrise time in winter is 06:30, the sunset time is 17:30, the heating temperature at night is 14 ℃, then the heating is set as 04:30, the heat is added, the temperature of the greenhouse is increased by 2 ℃ per hour, and the temperature reaches 18 ℃ when the sunrise time is 06: 30; then, the temperature of the greenhouse naturally rises after the greenhouse receives sunlight, the heating temperature of the greenhouse is set to be 22 ℃ at a ratio of 10:30, the ventilation temperature is 24 ℃, the temperature of the greenhouse can quickly rise to 22 ℃ in the stage of sunny weather, a greenhouse heating system does not need to operate, and when the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 24 ℃, a skylight starts to operate to reduce the indoor temperature; and (3) starting to set the greenhouse to cool down about 1 hour before the sunset at 16:30, reducing the temperature of the greenhouse to 14 ℃, and setting the temperature to decrease by 1 ℃ every 10-20 minutes, for example, to decrease the temperature of the greenhouse to 14 ℃ at 18: 30. When the outside temperature is lower, the running opening speed of the skylight needs to be as slow as possible, and the temperature change of the greenhouse does not need to be too violent as much as possible; the greenhouse temperature is controlled at 14 ℃ from 18:30 to the next morning at 4:30, and at the moment, a shading curtain and a heat-insulating curtain arranged in the greenhouse are closed in time, so that the temperature of the greenhouse is kept, and the energy consumption is reduced. The skylight and the curtain are provided with 3-5% of small openings for reducing the humidity in the greenhouse, the relative humidity in the greenhouse is generally ensured to be lower than 90%, if continuous rainy days are met, the circulating fan in the greenhouse is required to run in time, and the flow of indoor air is ensured.

In summer high-temperature weather, a modern greenhouse generally needs to start a wet curtain fan in time and is matched with the operation of an external sunshade to cool the greenhouse to the maximum extent; some modern greenhouses are provided with ground source heat pump systems, the greenhouse can be effectively heated or cooled by controlling an Air Treatment Unit (ATU), and the ATU also has a dehumidification function to ensure that the humidity of the greenhouse is below 90 percent as much as possible. The high temperature in summer reduces the frequency of bumblebee activity, tomato plant germination differentiation and development are influenced, deformed fruits are more, the quality of the tomatoes is reduced, the heads (growing points) of the tomatoes are removed from the early 7 months, the tomatoes which have been set are promoted to mature early, the seedlings can be pulled after harvesting in the middle and upper 8 months, and the greenhouse is cleaned and disinfected.

4.2.3 greenhouse light management

The daily requirement of an adult plant of a fruit vegetable is 1600-2000J-cm^-2Illumination of (2); to ensure 300-800 W.m in the greenhouse^-2Illumination is carried out, so that the greenhouse plants have better photosynthesis; the modern greenhouse requires that the light transmittance of the greenhouse is increased to the maximum extent, the sun-shading rate of the heat-insulating curtain and the sun-shading curtain when being tightened is required to be small, meanwhile, the strength of a greenhouse framework is required to be increased as much as possible, the shading of the greenhouse framework is reduced, and the roof of the greenhouse is required to be cleaned in the annual vacant warehouse period so as to increase the light transmittance of the greenhouse. The greenhouse can be provided with a roof light supplement lamp (a sodium lamp or an LED light supplement lamp), and meanwhile, the inter-plant LED light supplement lamp is additionally arranged, so that the cost factor is combined, and the greenhouse can be used when the illumination intensity is lower than 100 mu mol.m in the daytime^-2·s^-1During, set up to the light filling lamp and open, not only can effectively improve tomato quality like this, can make tomato output increase simultaneously.

In summer, when the outside temperature is too high in 7-8 months, the temperature reduction is a main contradiction, and the greenhouse is required to be shaded and cooled by properly adjusting the operation of the external sunshade.

4.2.4 greenhouse CO₂Managing

When CO is in the greenhouse₂From 350. mu. mol^-1Increased to 900. mu. mol^-1Can increase the yield of crops by 30 percent when CO is used₂From 350. mu. mol^-1Reduce to 250 mu mol & mol^-1Will reduce the yield by 30%, when CO is present₂From 350. mu. mol^-1Increase to 450 mu mol/mol^-1The yield can also be increased by 12%. Therefore, the CO is supplemented as much as possible under the condition of the modern greenhouse cultivation process₂Fertilizing, if there is no condition to supplement CO₂The operation of ventilating facilities such as a skylight and the like is controlled to increase the external CO to the maximum extent₂Entering a greenhouse.

4.2.5 plant management

Whether large or small tomatoes are cultivated, greenhouse cultivars must be selected to be resistant to viruses. In sunny days, tomatoes grow fast in a glass greenhouse, for example, a bunch of fruits can grow in a week when cocktail tomatoes are used, about 3 old leaves are removed every week, the fruits with the lower parts needing color change are fully exposed to light, the big tomatoes and the cherry tomatoes can be harvested one by one, the two bottommost fruits of the cocktail tomatoes can be harvested in a bunch when the two fruits reach half red, and the mature fruits are harvested in time, so that the fast growth and yield accumulation of the tomatoes are facilitated. The adult tomato is wound once a week (the part with the new length is coiled on the vine hanging line), meanwhile, the new side branch is removed in time, vine falling is carried out once every 7-10 days, and the height of the vine falling is 30-50 cm each time. If the seedling is raised in autumn, the planting density is 2.5-2.8 plants m^-2And a certain light supplement equipment is ensured, and when the plant grows to spring, the density is increased to 4-4.5 plants.m by keeping lateral branches^-2。

4.2.6 pest control

Insect pests in modern greenhouse tomato cultivation are mainly whitefly and bemisia tabaci. After the tomato seedlings are planted, the yellow plates are hung on the tomato seedlings, 10-15 yellow plates are hung in 100m^-2. The yellow plates are uniformly distributed in the greenhouse, the height of the yellow plates rises and falls along with the growth and tendril falling of the tomato plants, and the yellow plates are always kept at the position of 20cm at the tops of the tomato plants. Personnel must be strictly controlled to enter and exit the greenhouse in production, a small buffer room can be arranged at the door of the greenhouse, the door can be closed at will, insect-proof nets are additionally arranged on the outer sides of a top window, a side window and a wet curtain of the greenhouse, and the risk that trialeurodes vaporariorum and bemisia tabaci enter the greenhouse is reduced to the maximum extent. When whitefly or bemisia tabaci occurs, biological control can be used for prevention and control, such as periodic release of Amblyseius swirskii, such as each release amount of 200-^-2The main throwing areas are the gates of the greenhouse, the edges of the walkways and other places can be reduced properly, if no trialeurodes vaporariorum and bemisia tabaci occur for a long time, a small amount of trialeurodes vaporariorum can be thrown regularly, and the throwing interval time can be prolonged properly. Meanwhile, the control can also be carried out by putting a certain proportion of encarsia formosa. When the biological control can not obviously control the insect pests, 50-100 times of biological soap can be selected to be sprayed to control the insect pests such as the trialeurodes vaporariorum and the bemisia tabaci, and all leaves (especially the back of the leaves) are guaranteed to be sprayed with moisture; or selecting 2000 times solution of 22.4% spirotetramat suspending agent and 2000 times solution of 40% acetamiprid (more vigorous) water dispersible granule to be mixed and sprayed. All the bumblebee boxes are moved out of the greenhouse forcibly before spraying treatment (the hives are set to be in a state that the bumblebees can not go in the evening before spraying), and are put into the greenhouse again at an interval of 1-3 days after spraying.

The tomato greenhouse diseases mainly comprise gray mold, early blight, late blight, anthracnose and the like. The temperature and the humidity of the modern greenhouse can be accurately controlled by measures such as heating, ventilation and the like, plants grow in a more suitable controllable environment, and diseases rarely occur; in addition, the rock wool substrate is very clean, and the irrigation water is disinfected rainwater without root diseases. Moreover, the tomatoes grow fast, the individual diseases also occur on old leaves, and the influence of the diseases is eliminated by removing the old leaves in time.

Planting pipe for modern greenhouse passing scienceAnd (3) planting the tomatoes in the 8 months, planting the tomatoes in the 9 months, harvesting the tomatoes in the 11 months until the tomatoes are harvested in the 8 months in the second year, wherein the harvesting period is as long as more than 9 months. The yield of the large tomatoes can reach 50 kg.m^-2The yield of the cocktail bunch tomatoes can reach 40 kg.m^-2. Effectively improves the tomato yield of modern greenhouses in China.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for annually producing tomatoes in a modern greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps:

The tomato seedlings and the scions are different tomato varieties;

the light intensity of the culture is not more than 500 W.m^-2The temperature of the culture is below 30 ℃,the environment humidity of the culture is 60-90%;

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 1) agricultural rock wool plug has a size of 20mm x 27 mm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of the agricultural rock wool block of step 2) is 10cm x 6.5 cm.

4. The method of claim 1 or 3, wherein 1 graft is placed on each agricultural rockwool panel.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the light intensity of the culture is more than 500W-m^-2And shading the transplanted seedlings by using a shading net, wherein the shading rate of the shading net is 35-40%, and the shading net is unfolded by 50-90%.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specification of the agricultural rock wool strip of step 2) is 100cm x 20cm x 7.5 cm.

7. The method of claim 1 or 6, wherein 5-7 tomato plants are planted on each agricultural rockwool strip at a planting density of 2.5-2.8 m^-2。

8. The method of claim 7, wherein 1 drop arrow is inserted into each tomato plant to a depth of two-thirds the thickness of the agricultural rockwool strip.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein bumblebees are released in the greenhouse after the tomato plant has bloomed.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the bumblebee stocking density is 45-55 mu-acre^-1And breeding for 1 time every 30-40 days.