CN111231441A - 一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN111231441A
CN111231441A CN202010097358.6A CN202010097358A CN111231441A CN 111231441 A CN111231441 A CN 111231441A CN 202010097358 A CN202010097358 A CN 202010097358A CN 111231441 A CN111231441 A CN 111231441A
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radiation protection
layer fabric
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nuclear radiation
bismuth
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周元林
张全平
李银涛
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Southwest University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

本发明属于核辐射防护技术领域，公开了一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法，依据辐射防护原理和涉核场所具体环境制备出多功能辐射防护双层面料，采用本方法制备的多功能核辐射防护双层面料对热中子的防护效率大于90％、对能量小于150keV伽马射线的防护效率大于30％、透气率大于60mm/s、透湿量大于3000g/(m2·d)、在环境温度高于30℃时吸热，在环境温度低于20℃时放热及疏油性大于4级。本发明制备的多功能辐射防护双层面料在涉核操作、核应急等领域具有较高的应用前景，并提供操作简便、工艺稳定、成本低廉的制备新方法。

Description

一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于核辐射防护技术领域，尤其涉及一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法。
背景技术
目前，最接近的现有技术：
涉核工艺操作、设备检修、突发应急等环节需要人工参与。人体受一定剂量热中子及伽马射线辐射后可能出现头晕、头疼、食欲不振等症状，甚至肠胃和性腺等器官严重损伤；同时，强辐照可能破坏人体DNA，引发细胞癌变，并具有遗传效应。为了使涉核人员免受过量辐照，必须采取有效防护措施，以便在核设施设备正常运行、异常事件及事故期间将辐射危害降至最低。而目前市场上的可穿戴辐射防护制品普遍存在辐射防护效果不理想(特别是中子防护)、射线防护功能单一、穿戴舒适性较差(如笨重、透气透湿性差)等问题。随着核科学技术快速发展及应用，涉核活动更为频繁，可穿戴辐射防护制品市场需求增大。因而，开发出多功能核辐射防护材料有助于提升辐射防护制品的社会价值和经济效应。
中子与伽马射线各自特点不同，与物质相互作用存在差异。伽马射线是一种波长极短的光子，与核外电子作用时，主要产生光电、康普顿和电子对三种效应而被衰减。中子是一种不带电的粒子，与物质原子核作用时，将发生弹性散射、非弹性散射和中子吸收三种作用。涉核操作场所通常存在热中子，其可被高吸收截面物质吸收，同时可能会产生二次伽马射线，因此，中子防护需要首先吸收中子，然后再防护二次伽马射线。通常将辐射防护功能结构(慢化和吸收中子的轻元素如10B和衰减伽马射线的重元素如Pb、W、Ta、Bi等物质与橡胶共混，制备出橡胶复合材料，并加工成可穿戴辐射防护制品。但是橡胶辐射防护制品透气透湿性差，尤其是在部分较高温度的工作环境，穿戴过程中人体分泌的汗液不能及时排出，同样会损害穿戴舒适性，影响涉核人员的工作效率；在设备检修和应急处理过程中涉核人员还可能会接触放射性油污，而目前辐射防护制品还未兼顾疏油性，导致放射性物质可能会残留于制品，不易清洗，造成二次辐照伤害。
综上所述，现有技术存在的问题是：
(1)针对中子防护，未重点考虑可能产生更严重的二次伽马射线防护。
(2)橡胶辐射防护制品透气透湿性差，会损害穿戴舒适性，影响涉核人员的工作效率。
(3)目前辐射防护制品还未兼顾疏油性，导致放射性物质可能会残留于制品，不易清洗，造成二次辐照伤害。
解决上述技术问题的难度：
如何实现辐射防护安全性(中子防护和伽马射线共同防护、疏油等)和穿戴舒适性(透气、透湿及轻量化)是现有技术的难点。
解决上述技术问题的意义：
为可穿戴辐射防护制品的工业化生产与应用奠定基础，同时辐射防护双层面料兼具中子及γ射线共同防护、透气透湿、疏油等功能，可显著改善制品的辐射防护安全性和穿戴舒适性，提高操作人员在涉核操作及其他存在低能射线场所的安全保障与工作效率，为核技术应用和安全发展提供参考依据。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供了一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料及其制备方法。
本发明是这样实现的，一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括：
步骤1，将具有中子、伽马射线防护和控温等功能的短纤纺织成纱，形成一种主要防护中子和一种主要防护伽马射线的两股纱线，
步骤2，采用双面机织或针织工艺制成一种一侧主要防护中子、另一侧主要防护伽马射线的面料；
步骤3，将此面料表面疏油改性，获得一种透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护等功能的双层面料。
进一步，所述步骤1中的中子防护功能短纤为碳化硼短纤、氮化硼短纤及高分子复合短纤中的任意一种。
进一步，所述高分子复合短纤中的高分子基体包括聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺。
进一步，所述步骤1中子辐射防护功能填料为氮化硼、碳化硼、硼酸铅、硼酸铋、氮化硼包覆钨酸铅、氮化硼包覆钨酸铋、钨酸铅包覆氮化硼、钨酸铋包覆氮化硼、钨酸铅包覆碳化硼、钨酸铋包覆碳化硼中的一种或两种以上混合物。
所述步骤1中的伽马射线防护功能短纤为高分子复合短纤。
进一步，所述高分子基体包括聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺中的一种。
进一步，所述步骤1中伽马射线辐射防护功能填料为铅、铁、钨、铋、钽重金属；氧化铅、氧化铁、氧化物钨、氧化铋氧化物；钨酸铅、钨酸铋、钽酸铋、铁酸铋重金属盐及钨酸铅包覆石蜡相变微胶囊。
所述步骤三中的表面疏油改性涂料为全氟癸基三氯硅烷、多面体倍半硅烷中的任意一种。
本发明另一目的在于提供一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料制备方法制得的多功能核辐射防护双层面料。厚度小于2mm，对热中子(0.025eV)的防护效率大于90％、对能量小于150keV伽马射线的防护效率大于30％、透气率大于60mm/s、透湿量大于3000g/(m2·d)、在环境温度高于30℃时吸热，在环境温度低于20℃时放热及疏油性大于4级。
综上所述，本发明的优点及积极效果为：
本发明是一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料制备方法，与现有技术相比，本发明提供多功能核辐射防护双层面料制备方法，能够实现外侧吸收中子，内侧能衰减产生的二次伽马射线；其次，面料结构能够赋予辐射防护制品优异的透气透湿性；最后，表面疏油处理能够避免涉核操作过程中粘附放射性油污，防止二次辐照。
表1本发明多功能核辐射防护双层面料与当前核辐射防护橡胶制品性能对比
Figure BDA0002385565880000041
本发明制备的多功能辐射防护双层面料在涉核操作、核应急等领域具有较高的应用前景，并提供操作简便、工艺稳定、成本低廉的制备新方法。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法流程图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
如图1所示，本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括：
S101：将具有中子、伽马射线防护和控温功能的短纤纺织成纱，形成对中子和伽马射线具有防护作用的两股纱线。
S102：采用双面机织或针织工艺制成一侧防护中子、另一侧防护伽马射线的面料。
S103：将制得的面料表面疏油改性，获得透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护功能的双层面料。
作为本发明的优选实施，步骤S101中的中子防护功能短纤为碳化硼短纤、氮化硼短纤及高分子复合短纤中的任意一种，其中高分子复合短纤中的高分子基体包括聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺等；辐射防护功能填料为氮化硼、碳化硼、硼酸铅、硼酸铋、氮化硼包覆钨酸铅、氮化硼包覆钨酸铋、钨酸铅包覆氮化硼、钨酸铋包覆氮化硼、钨酸铅包覆碳化硼、钨酸铋包覆碳化硼等。
作为本发明的优选实施，步骤S101中的伽马射线防护功能短纤为高分子复合短纤，其中高分子基体包括聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺等；辐射防护功能填料为铅、铁、钨、铋、钽等重金属；氧化铅、氧化铁、氧化物钨、氧化铋等氧化物；钨酸铅、钨酸铋、钽酸铋、铁酸铋重金属盐及钨酸铅包覆石蜡相变微胶囊等。
作为本发明的优选实施，步骤S103中的表面疏油改性涂料为全氟癸基三氯硅烷、多面体倍半硅烷中的任意一种。
作为本发明的优选实施，所述多功能核辐射防护双层面料(厚度小于2mm)对热中子(0.025eV)的防护效率大于90％、对能量小于150keV伽马射线的防护效率大于30％、透气率大于60mm/s、透湿量大于3000g/(m2·d)、在环境温度高于30℃时吸热，在环境温度低于20℃时放热及疏油性大于4级。
在本发明实施例中，提供一种利用所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料制备方法制得的多功能核辐射防护双层面料。
下面结合具体实施例对本发明的应用作进一步描述。
实施例1：
本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)将氮化硼短纤与聚酰胺/氮化硼短纤混纺成具有中子防护功能的纱线，并将聚酰胺/氧化铋短纤与聚乙烯醇/钨酸铅包覆石蜡微胶囊短纤混纺形成具有伽马射线防护和控温功能的纱线。
(2)采用双面机织或针织工艺将两种纱线制成一种外侧主要防护中子、内侧主要防护伽马射线和控温功能的面料。
(3)将此面料表面采用全氟癸基三氯硅烷疏油改性，获得一种透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护等功能的双层面料。
实施例2：
本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)将碳化硼短纤与聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯/碳化硼短纤混纺成具有中子防护功能的纱线，并将聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯/钨酸铅短纤与聚乙烯醇/钨酸铅包覆石蜡微胶囊短纤混纺形成具有伽马射线防护和控温功能的纱线。
(2)采用双面机织或针织工艺将两种纱线制成一种外侧主要防护中子、内侧主要防护伽马射线和控温功能的面料。
(3)将此面料表面采用多面体倍半硅烷疏油改性，获得一种透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护等功能的双层面料。
实施例3：
本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)将聚丙烯腈/硼酸铅短纤与聚酰胺/硼酸铋短纤混纺成具有中子和伽马射线共同防护功能的纱线，并将聚酰胺/铁短纤与聚乙烯醇/钨酸铅包覆石蜡微胶囊短纤混纺形成具有伽马射线防护和控温功能的纱线。
(2)采用双面机织或针织工艺将两种纱线制成一种外侧主要防护中子、内侧主要防护伽马射线和控温功能的面料。
(3)将此面料表面采用全氟癸基三氯硅烷疏油改性，获得一种透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护等功能的双层面料。
实施例4：
本发明实施例提供的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)将碳化硼短纤与聚酰胺/氮化硼短纤混纺成具有中子防护功能的纱线，并将聚酰胺/钨酸铋短纤与聚乙烯醇/钨酸铅包覆石蜡微胶囊短纤混纺形成具有伽马射线防护和控温功能的纱线。
(2)采用双面机织或针织工艺将两种纱线制成一种外侧主要防护中子、内侧主要防护伽马射线和控温功能的面料。
(3)将此面料表面采用多面体倍半硅烷疏油改性，获得一种透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护等功能的双层面料。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法包括：
步骤一，将具有中子、伽马射线防护和控温功能的短纤纺织成纱，形成对中子和伽马射线具有防护作用的两股纱线；
步骤二，采用双面机织或针织工艺制成一侧防护中子、另一侧防护伽马射线的面料；
步骤三，将制得的面料表面疏油改性，获得透气、透湿、控温、疏油、中子和伽马射线共同防护功能的双层面料。
2.如权利要求1所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤一中的中子防护功能短纤为碳化硼短纤、氮化硼短纤及高分子复合短纤中的任意一种。
3.如权利要求2所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述高分子复合短纤中的高分子基体包括聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺。
4.如权利要求1所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤一中子辐射防护功能填料为氮化硼、碳化硼、硼酸铅、硼酸铋、氮化硼包覆钨酸铅、氮化硼包覆钨酸铋、钨酸铅包覆氮化硼、钨酸铋包覆氮化硼、钨酸铅包覆碳化硼、钨酸铋包覆碳化硼中的一种或两种以上混合物。
5.如权利要求1所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤一中的伽马射线防护功能短纤为高分子复合短纤。
6.如权利要求5所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述高分子基体包括聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯及聚酰胺中的一种。
7.如权利要求1所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤一中伽马射线辐射防护功能填料为铅、铁、钨、铋、钽重金属；氧化铅、氧化铁、氧化物钨、氧化铋氧化物；钨酸铅、钨酸铋、钽酸铋、铁酸铋重金属盐及钨酸铅包覆石蜡相变微胶囊。
8.如权利要求1所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤三中的表面疏油改性涂料为全氟癸基三氯硅烷、多面体倍半硅烷中的任意一种。
9.一种利用权利要求1-8任意一项所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料的制备方法制得的多功能核辐射防护双层面料。
10.如权利要求9所述的多功能核辐射防护双层面料，其特征在于，所述多功能核辐射防护双层面料厚度小于2mm。
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