CN114687202B - 一种防x射线屏蔽织物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种防x射线屏蔽织物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114687202B CN114687202B CN202210416011.2A CN202210416011A CN114687202B CN 114687202 B CN114687202 B CN 114687202B CN 202210416011 A CN202210416011 A CN 202210416011A CN 114687202 B CN114687202 B CN 114687202B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种防X射线屏蔽织物及其制备方法和应用。该方法先将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物进行熔融共混造粒,再进行熔融纺丝得到初生纤维,热牵伸后得到防X射线复合纤维,再制成防X射线基底织物,再利用水热反应法在防X射线基底织物上生长金属氧化物纳米结构,得到防X射线屏蔽织物。本发明将屏蔽粉体添加到聚合物中,利用钨、铋、钽三种元素不同的K吸收边,弥补彼此的弱吸收区,达到协同效应,所制备的材料具有不同能量段X射线的屏蔽作用。本发明通过水热反应法在防X射线基底织物上生长金属氧化物纳米结构,制备的防X射线屏蔽织物具有更宽的X射线屏蔽范围和更高的X射线屏蔽效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纺织品领域,具体是一种防X射线屏蔽织物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
X射线是一种介于紫外线和伽马射线之间,波长为0.001~10nm,能量为0.1eV~10GeV的电磁波,具有很强的穿透力,能穿透不同密度的物质,被广泛用于国防、能源、科研、医疗诊断和治疗等领域。但是,长期照射X射线,会影响人体血液和淋巴的正常运行,使细胞原生质发生改变,引发组织病变,导致免疫力下降,以及出现失眠乏力等症状,进而还会诱发白血病和癌症的发生。因此在人员防护方面的研究是一个十分迫切的需求。
铅作为一种传统的防辐射材料,应用十分广泛,具有良好的能量吸收特性。但铅是一种有毒金属,由于基体的损伤、裂纹和老化会导致其毒性和潜在的泄漏,对人体和环境都会带来一定的伤害。且铅对能量介于40~88keV之间的医用X射线的吸收能力较差,存在“弱吸收区”。此外,铅橡胶围裙重达5~7kg,其笨重、灵活性差、透气性差,不利于医护人员的长时间穿着,影响工作人员的工作效率。现有技术中,有人通过纳米纤维膜实现防辐射,但由于纳米纤维膜不耐水洗、不耐磨等问题,不利于实际应用。也有人利用涂覆、浸渍等工艺将纺织品通过后整理的方式制备成防辐射织物,但这种后整理的方式不仅会严重降低织物的透气性能,且对织物的耐久性、柔韧性也有一定的影响。所以需要开发出一种轻便灵活且屏蔽防护性能优良的辐射防护用纺织品。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明拟解决的技术问题是,提供一种防X射线屏蔽织物及其制备方法和应用。
本发明解决所述方法技术问题的技术方案是,提供一种防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物进行熔融共混造粒,得到防X射线共混母粒;
功能性混合屏蔽粉体是由Bi2O3、Ta2O5、WO3和石墨组成;
(2)将防X射线共混母粒进行熔融纺丝,得到初生防X射线复合纤维;
(3)对初生防X射线复合纤维进行热牵伸,缩小纤维直径的同时提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,得到防X射线复合纤维;
(4)以防X射线复合纤维为原料,制得防X射线基底织物;
(5)利用水热反应法在步骤(4)得到的防X射线基底织物上生长金属氧化物纳米结构,得到防X射线屏蔽织物;
所述金属氧化物纳米结构为ZnO纳米结构、WO3纳米结构、Bi2O3纳米结构、Ta2O5纳米结构或Ga2O3纳米结构。
本发明解决所述织物技术问题的技术方案是,提供一种所述的制备方法制备得到的防X射线屏蔽织物。
本发明解决所述应用技术问题的技术方案是,提供一种所述防X射线屏蔽织物的应用,其特征在于,将防X射线屏蔽织物作为中间防护层,通过复合工艺将外层防护层和内层舒适层分别复合在中间防护层的外侧和内侧,形成多功能防X射线复合织物。
与现有技术相比,本发明有益效果在于:
(1)本发明将屏蔽粉体添加到聚合物中,利用钨、铋、钽三种元素不同的K吸收边,弥补彼此的弱吸收区,达到协同效应,所制备的材料具有不同能量段X射线的屏蔽作用;
Bi元素的K吸收边为90.53keV,可以弥补Pb的弱吸收区,W和Ta元素可以弥补Bi的弱吸收区。
(2)本发明通过水热反应法在防X射线基底织物上生长金属氧化物纳米结构,不仅解决了聚合物中屏蔽粉体添加量过高导致纺丝困难、屏蔽粒子分布不均匀的问题,而且进一步弥补了防X射线基底织物内部屏蔽粒子的弱吸收区,达到协同效应,使所制备的防X射线屏蔽织物具有更宽的X射线屏蔽范围和更高的X射线屏蔽效率,还赋予了其他性能,实现了防X射线屏蔽织物的多功能化和多用途化。
(3)本发明结合熔融共混造粒和熔融纺丝技术制备了屏蔽剂含量高达65wt%的初生防X射线复合纤维,直径约为90~100μm,强度为25~35MPa。而经过热牵伸后的纤维直径缩小到原来的40~50%,强度可达到165~180MPa,具有良好的服用性能。
(4)本发明采用非织造针刺工艺制备防X射线基底织物,非织造布材料面积/体积比大,其多孔结构有利于提高最终产品的透气性能,解决了现有橡胶涂层类X射线屏蔽织物透气性差的问题。
(5)本发明所制备的防X射线屏蔽织物和多功能防X射线复合织物,不仅无毒、对环境友好,而且工艺简单、成本低廉、透气性优良,而且具有轻质化、灵活化、多功能化、多用途化的优势,具有优异防护性能的同时还具有密封、防紫外线、阻燃、抗菌、易清洁、耐磨性能等一种或多种其他性能,可同时满足对不同能量段X射线的防护功能,且使用周期长,屏蔽性能持久,适合工作人员长时间佩戴,具有广阔的产业化前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的多功能防X射线复合织物的工艺流程图;
图2为本发明制备的多功能防X射线复合织物的结构示意图;
图3为本发明实施例1制备的初生防X射线复合纤维的电镜图;
图4为本发明实施例1制备的防X射线复合纤维的电镜图;
图5为本发明实施例1制备的防X射线基底织物在不同X射线能量下的衰减效率图;
图6为本发明实施例1制备的防X射线屏蔽织物的电镜图;
图7为本发明实施例1制备的防X射线屏蔽织物的电镜图;
图8为本发明实施例1制备的防X射线屏蔽织物在120kV下的DR图像;
图9为本发明实施例1制备的防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物在40kV下的DR图像;
图10为本发明实施例2制备的防X射线屏蔽织物在120kV下的DR图像;
图11为本发明实施例1和实施例2制备的防X射线基底织物的透气性测试结果图。
图中,外层防护层1、防X射线基底织物2、内层舒适层3、金属氧化物纳米结构4。
具体实施方式
下面给出本发明的具体实施例。具体实施例仅用于进一步详细说明本发明,不限制本申请权利要求的保护范围。
本发明提供了一种防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法(简称方法),其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物颗粒加入双螺杆挤出机中进行熔融共混造粒,经挤出、冷却、剪切后得到防X射线共混母粒;
优选地,步骤(1)中,功能性混合屏蔽粉体是由Bi2O3(氧化铋)粉体、Ta2O5(氧化钽)粉体、WO3(氧化钨)粉体和石墨组成,添加量为30~65wt%(即功能性混合屏蔽粉体的质量占功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物质量之和的30~65wt%);其中,Bi2O3:Ta2O5:WO3:石墨的质量比为10~20:5~10:5~10:80~60。
优选地,步骤(1)中,熔融共混造粒的工艺为:各加热区温度为170~210℃,主螺杆转速和次螺杆转速均为65~85rpm/min,卷绕牵引速度为20~30rpm/min,剪切速度为20~30rpm/min。
优选地,步骤(1)中,可纺聚合物为PP(聚丙烯)、PE(聚乙烯)、UHMWPE(超高分子量聚乙烯)、PI(聚酰亚胺)、PEI(聚乙烯亚胺)、TPU(热塑性聚氨酯)、PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)、PA(聚酰胺)或PLA(聚乳酸)。
(2)将防X射线共混母粒加入单螺杆挤出机中进行熔融纺丝,得到连续的初生防X射线复合纤维;
优选地,步骤(2)中,熔融纺丝的工艺为:纺丝温度为180~190℃,喷丝孔的直径为1.5~2.5mm,螺杆转速为40~55rpm/min,卷绕速率为8~10m/min。
(3)对初生防X射线复合纤维进行热牵伸,缩小纤维直径的同时提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,得到防X射线复合纤维;
优选地,步骤(3)中,牵伸温度为100~135℃,牵伸速率为12~15m/min,牵伸倍数为1.2倍~1.875倍。热牵伸使得纤维直径缩小为原来的一半左右,例如实施例中由90~100μm变成35~45μm,同时使得纤维更加柔软卷曲,提高沿纤维轴向取向度,从而提高纤维的力学性能。
(4)以防X射线复合纤维为原料,制得防X射线基底织物2;
优选地,步骤(4)中,所述防X射线基底织物为非织造布、针织物、编织物或机织物,优选非织造布;所述非织造布为针刺毡、纺粘布、熔喷布或水刺布;
优选地,所述针刺毡的制备工艺是剪切-开松-梳理-针刺工艺,具体是将防X射线复合纤维剪切成长度为5~8cm的短纤维,并通过开松机将纤维打开到蓬松的状态;再喂入梳棉机,通过调整喂入量,形成单层纤维网;最后,根据屏蔽性能的要求,将多层纤维网输送到针刺机中进行复合针刺,制备出厚度可控的针刺毡;单层纤维网的面密度为300~500g/m2。
(5)利用水热反应法在步骤(4)得到的防X射线基底织物2上生长金属氧化物纳米结构4,增加X射线光子入射路径中屏蔽粒子的有效数量,提高了X射线光子与屏蔽粒子核外电子的碰撞概率,从而进一步提高织物的屏蔽性能,得到负载金属氧化物纳米结构4的防X射线基底织物2即防X射线屏蔽织物;
所述金属氧化物纳米结构为ZnO(氧化锌)纳米结构、WO3纳米结构、Bi2O3纳米结构、Ta2O5纳米结构或Ga2O3(氧化钆)纳米结构;ZnO纳米结构还可以赋予织物抗菌(对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有较好的抗菌效果,抗菌效果分别达到99.5%和99.3%)、防紫外线、延缓聚合物基体老化降解的功能,延长了产品的使用寿命;WO3还可以赋予织物光电催化功能;Bi2O3还可以赋予织物抗菌功能;Ga2O3纳米结构还可以赋予织物紫外线探测的功能。
优选地,步骤(5)中,所述金属氧化物纳米结构中,纳米结构为纳米棒、纳米球、纳米线、纳米片或纳米花,具体为:ZnO纳米棒、ZnO纳米球、ZnO纳米线、ZnO纳米片、ZnO纳米花、WO3纳米棒、WO3纳米球、WO3纳米线、WO3纳米片、WO3纳米花、Bi2O3纳米棒、Bi2O3纳米球、Bi2O3纳米线、Bi2O3纳米片、Bi2O3纳米花、Ga2O3纳米棒、Ga2O3纳米球、Ga2O3纳米线、Ga2O3纳米片或Ga2O3纳米花,优选ZnO纳米棒。
优选地,步骤(5)中,ZnO纳米棒的制备方法具体是:
(5.1)将步骤(4)得到的防X射线基底织物放入去离子水中超声20~30min,再放入乙醇中超声20~30min,通过清洗来去除材料表面的杂质,得到除杂后的防X射线基底织物;
将无水醋酸锌溶于异丙醇中,在60~80℃下以400~700rpm/min的速度搅拌20~30min,得到10~15mmol/L的醋酸锌溶液作为种子液;
(5.2)将除杂后的防X射线基底织物浸入种子液中20~30min,使纤维表面附着ZnO种子,便于后续的ZnO纳米棒的生长;然后在80~90℃下固化20~30min,使ZnO种子更牢固地附着在纤维表面;步骤(5.2)重复三次;
(5.3)将具有ZnO种子层的防X射线基底织物垂直浸入生长溶液中,密封后放置在90~95℃的烘箱中3~5h,通过水热反应法使ZnO种子沿一定的方向生长为ZnO纳米棒;
优选地,步骤(5.3)中,所述生长溶液是Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、六亚甲基四胺和NH3·H2O的混合水溶液;Zn(NO3)2·6H2O的浓度为280~350mmol/L,六亚甲基四胺的浓度为80~130mmol/L,NH3·H2O的浓度为2~5mmol/L。
(5.4)用大量流动的去离子水漂洗样品,然后超声清洗5~15min以去除残留物,然后在空气中干燥后,得到防X射线屏蔽织物。
本发明同时提供了一种所述制备方法制备得到的防X射线屏蔽织物。
本发明同时提供了一种所述防X射线屏蔽织物的应用,其特征在于,将防X射线屏蔽织物作为中间防护层,通过复合工艺将外层防护层1和内层舒适层3分别复合在中间防护层的外侧和内侧,形成具有三明治夹心复合防护结构的多功能防X射线复合织物。多层结构增加了复合织物的保暖性、舒适性,提高了复合织物的防X射线效果。
优选地,所述复合工艺为缝合工艺;
优选地,所述外层防护层1采用防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物;防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物的制备方法为:首先将步骤(2)制得的初生防X射线复合纤维通过细纱机进行加捻,使五根合为一股;然后将加捻后的纤维作为芯纱,8~12根聚酰亚胺纤维作为外包纱,通过二维编织的方法,制备防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱;最后,利用小样织机采用以下参数:45~55#筘,每筘2入,制备防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱平纹织物,作为外层防护层1。聚酰亚胺纤维本身具有优良的耐辐射性能,同时还有其他诸多优良的性能如高强高模、良好的抗冲击性、耐疲劳、耐腐蚀、耐紫外、耐高低温等。不仅提高了复合织物的耐磨性能和耐辐射性能,延长产品的使用寿命;同时使多功能防X射线复合织物具有一定的阻燃功能,能够有效地减缓火焰蔓延速率,降低火灾造成的生命财产损失,在辐射事故抢险救援、核爆炸环境响应,如原子弹爆炸,核电站爆炸、核事故等作业领域中有很好的应用前景。
优选地,所述内层舒适层3采用以竹纤维和棉纤维为原料,经过混纺比为2:1的混纺工艺制得的混纺纱线作为经纬纱,经过机织织造而成,机织参数:50~60#筘,每筘2入。竹纤维具有很强的吸附分解能力,能吸湿干燥、消臭抗菌并具有负离子穿透等性能。棉纤维有利于提高吸湿透气性能,有利于人体穿着的舒适性。
优选地,中间防护层的厚度为3~6mm,外层防护层1和内层舒适层3的厚度为0.2~1mm。
实施例1
(1)将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物进行熔融共混造粒,得到防X射线共混母粒;
功能性混合屏蔽粉体的添加量为65wt%,可纺聚合物选择PP颗粒;Bi2O3:Ta2O5:WO3:石墨的质量比为20:5:5:70;通过双螺杆挤出机造粒的参数设置如下:各加热区温度分别为170、180、190、200、200、210、210、210、210、210℃,主螺杆转速和次螺杆转速均设置为80rpm/min,卷绕牵引速度设置为25rpm/min,剪切速度设置为25rpm/min。
(2)将防X射线共混母粒加入单螺杆挤出机中进行熔融纺丝,得到连续的初生防X射线复合纤维(如图3所示);纺丝温度为185℃,喷丝孔的直径为2mm,螺杆转速为50rpm/min,卷绕速率为10m/min;
由图3可以看出,初生防X射线复合纤维成纤不均一,表面凹凸不平,直径约93μm。
(3)对初生防X射线复合纤维进行热牵伸,缩小纤维直径的同时提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,得到防X射线复合纤维(如图4所示);热牵伸温度为130℃,热牵伸速率为13m/min;
由图4可以看出,热牵伸使得纤维直径缩小为原来的一半左右,由93μm变成45μm,同时变得更柔软卷曲,提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,从而提高纤维的力学性能,纤维的拉伸强度由28.81MPa升高到158.86MPa。
(4)以防X射线复合纤维为原料,制得克重为0.45g/cm2的针刺毡;
通过空气比释放动能电离辐射装置依据JJG 393-2018标准定量测试了该针刺毡在不同X射线能量下的衰减效率,如图5所示;由图5可以看出,该针刺毡在33、48、65、83、100keV能量下均有很好的衰减效率,高于69%。
此外该针刺毡也具有良好的透气性,可达1058mm/s,如图11所示。
(5)利用水热反应法在步骤(4)得到的针刺毡上生长ZnO纳米棒,得到负载ZnO纳米棒的针刺毡即防X射线屏蔽织物(如图6和图7所示);由图6和图7可以看出,ZnO纳米棒均匀的负载在纤维的表面。
步骤(5)具体是:
(5.1)将步骤(4)得到的针刺毡放入去离子水中超声30min,再放入乙醇中超声30min,通过清洗来去除材料表面的杂质,得到除杂后的针刺毡;
将无水醋酸锌溶于异丙醇溶液中,在60℃下以500rpm/min的搅拌速度搅拌30min,得到15mmol/L的醋酸锌溶液作为种子液;
(5.2)将除杂后的针刺毡浸入种子液中20min,使纤维表面附着ZnO种子以为后续的ZnO纳米棒的生长;然后在80℃下固化30min,使ZnO种子更牢固的附着在纤维表面;整个过程重复三次;
(5.3)将具有ZnO种子层的针刺毡垂直浸入生长溶液中,密封,并放置在95℃的烘箱中3h,通过水热反应法使ZnO种子沿一定的方向生长为ZnO纳米棒;
生长溶液是Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、六亚甲基四胺和NH3·H2O的混合水溶液;Zn(NO3)2·6H2O的浓度为300mmol/L,六亚甲基四胺的浓度为100mmol/L,NH3·H2O的浓度为5mmol/L;
(5.4)用大量流动去离子水漂洗样品,超声清洗10min以去除残留物,然后在空气中干燥后,得到负载ZnO纳米棒的针刺毡即防X射线屏蔽织物。
经过初步医用数字X线摄影系统测试,由图8可以看出,所制备的负载ZnO纳米棒的针刺毡在管电压为120kV的条件下,具有良好的X射线屏蔽性能。
制备多功能防X射线复合织物:将步骤(5)得到的负载ZnO纳米棒的针刺毡作为中间防护层,通过复合工艺将外层防护层1和内层舒适层3分别复合在中间防护层的外侧和内侧,形成多功能防X射线复合织物。内层舒适层3的厚度为0.2mm;外层防护层1的厚度为1mm;中间防护层的厚度为5mm。
所述外层防护层1采用防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物;防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物的制备方法为:首先将步骤(2)制得的初生防X射线复合纤维通过细纱机进行加捻,使五根合为一股;然后将加捻后的纤维作为芯纱,8根聚酰亚胺纤维作为外包纱,通过二维编织的方法,制备防辐射包芯纱;最后,利用小样织机采用以下参数:50#筘,每筘2入,制备防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱平纹织物,作为外层防护层1。
经过初步医用数字X线摄影系统测试,由图9可以看出,所制备的防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物在管电压为40kV的条件下,具有一定的X射线屏蔽性能。
所述内层舒适层3采用以竹纤维和棉纤维为原料,经过混纺比为2:1的混纺工艺制得的混纺纱线作为经纬纱,经过机织织造而成,机织参数:50#筘,每筘2入。
实施例2
(1)将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物进行熔融共混造粒,得到防X射线共混母粒;
功能性混合屏蔽粉体的添加量为65wt%,可纺聚合物选择PP;Bi2O3:Ta2O5:WO3:石墨的质量比为15:5:5:75;通过双螺杆挤出机造粒的参数设置如下:各加热区温度分别为170、180、190、200、200、210、210、210、210、210℃,主螺杆转速和次螺杆转速均设置为80rpm/min,卷绕牵引速度设置为25rpm/min,剪切速度设置为25rpm/min。
(2)将防X射线共混母粒加入单螺杆挤出机中进行熔融纺丝,得到连续的初生防X射线复合纤维;纺丝温度为185℃,喷丝孔的直径为2mm,螺杆转速为50rpm/min,卷绕速率为10m/min;
(3)对初生防X射线复合纤维进行热牵伸,缩小纤维直径的同时提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,得到防X射线复合纤维;热牵伸温度为115℃,热牵伸速率为13m/min;
(4)以防X射线复合纤维为原料,制得克重为0.25g/cm2的针刺毡;该针刺毡也具有良好的透气性,可达1448mm/s,如图11所示。
(5)利用水热反应法在步骤(4)得到的针刺毡上生长WO3纳米球,得到负载WO3纳米球的针刺毡即防X射线屏蔽织物;
步骤(5)具体是:
(5.1)将步骤(4)得到的针刺毡放入去离子水中超声20~30min,再放入乙醇中超声20~30min,通过清洗来去除材料表面的杂质,得到除杂后的针刺毡;
将5mmol的钨酸钠(Na2WO4·H2O)、10mmol的硫酸钾及6mmol的柠檬酸加入到50ml去离子水中,30℃下搅拌溶解;再滴入2mol/L盐酸调整溶液的pH=1.4,得到混合溶液;
(5.2)将混合溶液转移至反应釜,将针刺毡放入溶液中,密封,在130℃下加热15h,通过水热反应法使WO3种子沿一定的方向生长为WO3纳米球;
(5.3)用大量流动去离子水漂洗样品,超声清洗30min以去除残留物,然后在空气中干燥后,得到负载WO3纳米球的针刺毡即防X射线屏蔽织物。
经过初步医用数字X线摄影系统测试,由图10可以看出,所制备的负载WO3纳米球的针刺毡在管电压为120kV的条件下,具有良好的X射线屏蔽性能。
制备多功能防X射线复合织物:将步骤(5)得到的负载WO3纳米球的针刺毡作为中间防护层,通过复合工艺将外层防护层1和内层舒适层3分别复合在中间防护层的外侧和内侧,形成多功能防X射线复合织物。内层舒适层3的厚度为0.2mm;外层防护层1的厚度为1mm;中间防护层的厚度为3mm。
所述外层防护层1和内层舒适层3与实施例1相同。
本发明未述及之处适用于现有技术。
Claims (9)
1.一种防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将功能性混合屏蔽粉体和可纺聚合物进行熔融共混造粒,得到防X射线共混母粒;
功能性混合屏蔽粉体的添加量为30~65wt%,由Bi2O3、Ta2O5、WO3和石墨组成;
Bi2O3:Ta2O5:WO3:石墨的质量比为10~20:5~10:5~10:80~60;
(2)将防X射线共混母粒进行熔融纺丝,得到初生防X射线复合纤维;
(3)对初生防X射线复合纤维进行热牵伸,缩小纤维直径的同时提高沿纤维轴向的取向度,得到防X射线复合纤维;
(4)以防X射线复合纤维为原料,制得防X射线基底织物;
(5)利用水热反应法在步骤(4)得到的防X射线基底织物上生长金属氧化物纳米结构,得到防X射线屏蔽织物;
所述金属氧化物纳米结构为ZnO纳米结构、WO3纳米结构、Bi2O3纳米结构、Ta2O5纳米结构或Ga2O3纳米结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,熔融共混造粒的工艺为:采用双螺杆挤出机,各加热区温度为170~210℃,主螺杆转速和次螺杆转速均为65~85rpm/min,卷绕牵引速度为20~30rpm/min,剪切速度为20~30rpm/min;
可纺聚合物为PP、PE、UHMWPE、PI、PEI、TPU、PET、PA或PLA。
3.根据权利要求1所述的防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,熔融纺丝的工艺为:采用单螺杆挤出机,纺丝温度为180~190℃,喷丝孔的直径为1.5~2.5mm,螺杆转速为40~55rpm/min,卷绕速率为8~10m/min。
4.根据权利要求1所述的防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,牵伸温度为100~135℃,牵伸速率为12~15m/min,牵伸倍数为1.2倍~1.875倍。
5.根据权利要求1所述的防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,所述防X射线基底织物为非织造布、针织物、编织物或机织物;所述非织造布为针刺毡、纺粘布、熔喷布或水刺布。
6.根据权利要求1所述的防X射线屏蔽织物的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中,纳米结构为纳米棒、纳米球、纳米线、纳米片或纳米花。
7.一种权利要求1-6任一所述的制备方法制备得到的防X射线屏蔽织物。
8.一种权利要求7所述防X射线屏蔽织物的应用,其特征在于,将防X射线屏蔽织物作为中间防护层,通过复合工艺将外层防护层和内层舒适层分别复合在中间防护层的外侧和内侧,形成多功能防X射线复合织物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述复合工艺为缝合工艺;
所述外层防护层采用防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物;防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱织物的制备方法为:首先将步骤(2)制得的初生防X射线复合纤维通过细纱机进行加捻,使五根合为一股;然后将加捻后的纤维作为芯纱,8~12根聚酰亚胺纤维作为外包纱,通过二维编织的方法,制备防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱;最后,利用小样织机采用以下参数:45~55#筘,每筘2入,制备防辐射聚酰亚胺包芯纱平纹织物,作为外层防护层;
所述内层舒适层采用以竹纤维和棉纤维为原料,经过混纺比为2:1的混纺工艺制得的混纺纱线作为经纬纱,经过机织织造而成,机织参数:50~60#筘,每筘2入。
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