CN111216551B - 四轮驱动车的控制装置 - Google Patents

四轮驱动车的控制装置 Download PDF

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CN111216551B
CN111216551B CN201911169399.5A CN201911169399A CN111216551B CN 111216551 B CN111216551 B CN 111216551B CN 201911169399 A CN201911169399 A CN 201911169399A CN 111216551 B CN111216551 B CN 111216551B
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mode
wheel drive
drive
drive mode
torque
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CN111216551A (zh
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高田典史
菅原昭夫
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Toyota Motor Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/04—Smoothing ratio shift
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K23/00—Arrangement or mounting of control devices for vehicle transmissions, or parts thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • B60K23/08—Arrangement or mounting of control devices for vehicle transmissions, or parts thereof, not otherwise provided for for changing number of driven wheels, for switching from driving one axle to driving two or more axles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/448—Electrical distribution type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K2006/381—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches characterized by driveline brakes
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16H2200/0017—Transmissions for multiple ratios specially adapted for four-wheel-driven vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/68—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing specially adapted for stepped gearings
    • F16H61/684—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing specially adapted for stepped gearings without interruption of drive
    • F16H61/686—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing specially adapted for stepped gearings without interruption of drive with orbital gears
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明提供一种四轮驱动车的控制装置，能够避免意外地设定为四轮驱动状态而改善油耗。根据本发明，进行将驱动模式切换成两轮驱动模式和四轮驱动模式的控制的控制器，在驱动力源的运转控制停止之后再次开始驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，检测在再次开始运转控制之前由模式选择开关选择的驱动模式(步骤S2、S4)，在检测出的驱动模式为两轮驱动模式的情况以及四轮驱动模式的情况下，将运转控制再次开始时的驱动模式设定为两轮驱动模式(步骤S5)。

Description

四轮驱动车的控制装置
技术领域
本发明涉及控制四轮驱动车的驱动状态的装置，特别是，涉及控制能够选择四轮驱动(4WD)和两轮驱动(2WD)的四轮驱动车的驱动状态的装置。
背景技术
在专利文献1中记载了能够将驱动状态切换成两轮驱动和四轮驱动的车辆。专利文献1中记载的四轮驱动车构成为，以将从发动机经由变速器输出的驱动力向后轮传递来行驶的两轮驱动车为基础，将发动机输出的驱动力的一部分传递给前轮，将前后全部车轮(四轮)作为驱动轮。因此，该四轮驱动车具有选择性地对前轮传递驱动力的分动器，进而，具有能够增减驱动力的变速机构、以及切换能够进行前轮与后轮的差动的状态和限制该差动的状态的选择机构。通过具有这些机构，可以设定的驱动模式为两轮驱动(2WD)模式、能够进行前轮与后轮的差动的全时四轮驱动(4WD)模式、不使前轮与后轮差动的高直接连接四轮驱动模式以及低直接连接四轮驱动模式。
设置用于选择并设定这些驱动模式的开关。该开关构成为，除了与各个模式相对应的四个位置之外，还配备有自动位置，在将开关切换到自动位置的情况下，自动地切换全时四轮驱动模式、两轮驱动模式和高直接连接四轮驱动模式。另外，在专利文献1记载的四轮驱动车中，在开关被切换到自动位置的状态下车辆被起动的情况下，设定全时四轮驱动模式。
【现有技术文献】
【专利文献】
【专利文献1】日本特开平10-272955号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
在从两轮驱动状态向四轮驱动状态切换、或者相反地从四轮驱动状态向两轮驱动状态切换的情况下，存在着构成向前轮或后轮传递驱动力的驱动系统的旋转部件的转速变化，或者，施加的负荷变化的情况。因此，这些变化成为要因而产生冲击或振动等，如果该冲击或振动等是没有意想到的，则存在着对驾驶员给予不适感的情况。如果如上述的专利文献1中记载的那样，设置通过手动操作来切换的开关，则由于两轮驱动状态与四轮驱动状态的切换是意想到的，因此，能够避免或抑制驾驶员感到不适。
但是，在包括上述专利文献1记载的四轮驱动车在内的现有的四轮驱动车中，即使配备有通过手动操作来切换的选择开关，该选择开关构也成为，如果四轮驱动车处于起动状态，则输出与选择的位置相应的信号，四轮驱动车设定与该信号相应的驱动模式。因此，例如，在选择了四轮驱动模式或上述自动模式的状态下停车，点火开关或就绪开关等主开关被关闭，之后，主开关打开并再次起步的情况下，在该再起步时，设定为之前选择的四轮驱动模式。
即使是四轮驱动车，在停车的情况下，选择平坦安全的场所也是通常的做法，从而，在再次起步时立即需要四轮驱动状态的情况较少。尽管如此，在配备有上述选择开关的现有的四轮驱动车中，在以四轮驱动状态停止并将发动机等驱动力源停止之后再次起步的情况下，仍会设定四轮驱动状态，因此，存在着会由发动机等驱动力源的扭矩使分动器等四轮驱动用的传动系统旋转，因而由摩擦等动力损失使得油耗恶化的可能性。另外，例如，在由发动机驱动前轮和后轮中的任一方且由马达驱动另一方的车轮的形式的电动式四轮驱动车(e4WD车)中，由于如上所述，在再次起步时，驱动马达来进行四轮驱动，因此，电力消耗量会增大，另外，在由发动机驱动发电机并利用其电力来驱动马达的情况下，存在着由能量转换造成的动力损失会增大的可能性。
本发明是着眼于上述技术课题而做出的，其目的在于，提供一种能够避免或抑制不必要地设定四轮驱动状态来改善油耗等能量效率的控制装置。
解决问题的手段
本发明为了实现上述目的，提出一种四轮驱动车的控制装置，所述控制装置能够设定将从驱动力源输出的扭矩传递给前方和后方中的任一方的两个车轮来进行行驶的两轮驱动模式、以及将从驱动力源输出的扭矩传递给前方的两个车轮和后方的两个车轮来进行行驶的四轮驱动模式，所述控制装置具有通过手动操作来选择所述两轮驱动模式和所述四轮驱动模式的模式选择开关，其特征在于，所述控制装置具有进行将驱动模式切换成所述两轮驱动模式和所述四轮驱动模式的控制的控制器，所述控制器，在所述驱动力源的运转控制被停止之后再次开始所述驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，检测在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述两轮驱动模式的情况以及为所述四轮驱动模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述两轮驱动模式。
在本发明中，优选地，所述四轮驱动模式包括高模式和低模式，所述高模式是增减或不增减所述驱动力源输出的扭矩并传递给所述前方的两个车轮和所述后方的两个车轮的模式，所述低模式是增大所述驱动力源输出的扭矩并传递给所述前方的两个车轮和所述后方的两个车轮的模式，所述模式选择开关构成为能够选择所述高模式和所述低模式，所述控制器，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述两轮驱动模式的情况以及为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述高模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述两轮驱动模式，并且，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述低模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述低模式。
在本发明中，优选地，所述驱动力源包括向所述后方的两个车轮输出驱动力的发动机和向所述前方的两个车轮输出驱动力的马达，所述四轮驱动车还具有将所述发动机输出的扭矩传递给所述后方的两个车轮的第一传动系统、以及将所述马达输出的扭矩传递给所述前方的两个车轮的第二传动系统，所述第一传动系统包括第一切换机构，所述第一切换机构切换将输入的扭矩以规定的增大率增大并输出的减速状态和将输入的扭矩以比所述增大率小的转换率进行转换并输出的非减速状态，所述第二传动系统包括第二切换机构，所述第二切换机构切换将输入的扭矩以规定的增大率增大并输出的减速状态和将输入的扭矩以比所述增大率小的转换率进行转换并输出的非减速状态。
并且，在本发明中，优选地，所述第二切换机构具有卡合机构，所述卡合机构具有相互选择性地啮合的驱动侧部件和从动侧部件，通过所述驱动侧部件与所述从动侧部件啮合来设定所述减速状态，通过所述驱动侧部件与所述从动侧部件的啮合脱开，设定所述非减速状态。
发明效果
根据本发明，在驱动力源的运转控制被停止之后，再次开始该驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，检测在驱动力源的运转控制被停止之前设定的驱动模式。这里，所谓驱动力源的运转控制的停止，不仅是将驱动力源的旋转停止，而且是结束以规定条件成立为基础的起动或旋转的停止等的控制，另外，运转控制的再次开始是使驱动力源再次旋转，或者，再次实施以规定条件成立为基础的起动或旋转的停止等的控制。在本发明中，通过手动操作模式选择开关来选择驱动模式，在驱动力源运转着的状态下，设定由该模式选择开关选择的驱动模式。如果在驱动力源的运转控制被停止之前设定的驱动模式为两轮驱动模式，则在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，设定两轮驱动模式。另外，在驱动力源的运转控制被停止之前，通过模式选择开关的手动操作选择四轮驱动模式，并且，设定四轮驱动模式，当模式选择开关的操作保持原样不变地选择四轮驱动模式，并且，在设定的状态下停止驱动力源的运转控制时，在本发明中，在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，即使由以前的模式选择开关的操作选择了四轮驱动模式，也设定为两轮驱动模式。从而，由于在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，设定两轮驱动模式，因此，动力损失少，能够进行能量效率良好的运转。另外，由于除了驾驶员选择四轮驱动状态这样的路况差的情况下的起步以外，驱动力不会特别地增大，因此，即使是两轮驱动状态，仍可以稳定地起步或者不违反驾驶员的意图地起步。结果，根据本发明，能够兼顾油耗的改善和稳定的起步。
另外，在本发明中，在四轮驱动模式包括驱动力变大的低模式和驱动力比低模式时小的高模式的情况下，如果在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始之前的驱动力源的运转控制时设定的驱动模式为四轮驱动模式中的高模式，则当驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，设定两轮驱动模式，与此不同，在设定为低模式的情况下，当驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，设定四轮驱动模式中的低模式。在驱动力源的运转控制即将被停止之前的行驶时，选择低模式，如果该低模式没有被解除，则路况差或爬陡坡道路等持续的可能性高，因此，在这种情况下，通过继续为低模式，不需要特别的操作，就能够稳定地起步。
进而，在构成为配备有向前后任一方的两个车轮传递驱动力的第一传动系统和向另一方的两个车轮传递驱动力的第二传动系统，从马达向第二传动系统传递驱动力的情况下，在四轮驱动模式下驱动该马达。从而，在四轮驱动模式下，由于将电力转换为机械的动力，因此，产生与动力的转换相伴的损失，但是，在本发明中，在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时，设定两轮驱动模式，不使马达进行动力运行。因此，由于能够避免或抑制不必要地驱动马达或者与此相伴地产生动力损失，因而，能够改善油耗(或者电耗)。
并且，在构成为传递马达的驱动力的第二传动系统配备有啮合式的卡合机构，通过使该卡合机构卡合来设定低模式的情况下，如果通过模式选择开关选择了低模式，则在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时继续设定为低模式。从而，只要模式选择开关没有被操作，就不会将卡合机构的啮合脱开并释放。啮合式的卡合机构，存在着在施加扭矩的状态下不被释放的情况，并且，存在着尽管进行了使其释放的控制，但啮合不脱开，而发生与驱动力源的运转控制再次开始相伴的扭矩变化时啮合却脱开的可能性。在本发明中，能够避免或抑制这样的不可预测的释放、或者向两轮驱动模式或高模式的切换。
附图说明
图1是表示能够在本发明中作为对象的四轮驱动车的传动系的示意图。
图2以架构图表示前轮侧的减速机构以及切换机构，表示Hi的动作状态、Lo的动作状态、以及空挡(N)的动作状态。
图3是用于说明在本发明的实施方式中实施的控制的一个例子的流程图。
图4是用于说明在本发明的实施方式中实施的控制的其它例子的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施方式中的四轮驱动车是能够选择性地设定将前后任一方的两个车轮作为驱动轮的两轮驱动状态和将前后两方的各两个车轮(共计四个车轮)作为驱动轮的四轮驱动状态。用于对该驱动轮进行驱动的驱动力源可以是单一的驱动力源，或者，也可以设有后轮用的驱动力源和前轮用的驱动力源这两个驱动力源。为了由单一的驱动力源驱动四个车轮，从向前轮和后轮中的任一方传递扭矩的传动系统利用分动器使扭矩分支，将扭矩传递给前轮和后轮中的另一方。与此相对，在配备有后轮用以及前轮用的两个驱动力源的情况下，对于传动系统而言，也设有后轮用和前轮用的两个传动系统。进而，驱动力源可以是发动机(内燃机)和马达中的任一方，或者，也可以是这两者。
在图1中，作为本发明的实施方式中的四轮驱动车1，示意地表示出所谓的电动式四轮驱动车(e4WD车)，所述电动式四轮驱动车构成为，以由发动机2驱动后轮3的前置发动机后轮驱动车(FR车)为基础，由马达(MG2)5驱动前轮4。发动机2是汽油发动机或柴油发动机，构成为能够电子地控制起动及停止、燃料喷射量或吸入空气量、排气的循环量、点火的滞后角或提前角等。发动机2以旋转中心轴线沿着四轮驱动车1的前后方向、并且曲轴(图中未示出)朝向四轮驱动车1的后方的方式搭载于车辆的前方侧。发动机2的曲轴经由减振器6连接于中间轴7，第一马达(MG1)8连接于该中间轴7。
第一马达8配置在与中间轴7相同的轴线上，其转子9连接于中间轴7。换言之，转子轴与中间轴7相当，该转子轴经由减振器6连接于发动机2。第一马达8作为对发动机2进行曲轴转动的起动马达起作用，并且，作为输出行驶用的驱动力的行驶用马达起作用，进而，作为由发动机2驱动并发电的发电机起作用，或者，作为在减速时进行能量再生的发电机起作用。从而，第一马达8由永磁体式同步电动机等具有发电功能的电动发电机构成。
中间轴7经由起步离合器10连接于自动变速器11。起步离合器10是将发动机2与自动变速器11连接起来或断开的离合器，作为一个例子，由传递扭矩容量被电子控制的摩擦离合器构成。该起步离合器10，例如在将发动机2作为驱动力源来起步的情况下，为了不发生发动机喘振或急起步地顺畅起步，被控制成使得传递扭矩容量逐渐增大。自动变速器11可以是被电子控制而使变速比变化的过去已知的有级式或无级式的变速器。
另外，自动变速器11配备有切换低模式(Lo)和高模式(Hi)的切换机构12。低模式是将输入的扭矩以规定的增大率增大并输出的驱动力传递状态或减速状态，高模式是以比低模式中的增大率小的转换率对扭矩的大小进行转换、或者不转换地输出的驱动力传递状态或减速状态。从而，该切换机构12可以由根据离合器的卡合及释放的状态来切换低模式和高模式的与过去的自动变速器中的超速机构同样的机构构成。另外，在本发明的实施方式中，高模式下的扭矩的转换状态为“非减速状态”。
该自动变速器11的输出轴经由传动轴13与后差动齿轮14连接。并且，扭矩从该后差动齿轮14经由驱动轴15向左右后轮3传递。从上述发动机2到后轮3传递扭矩的机构相当于本发明的实施方式中的第一传动系统。
驱动前轮4的马达(MG2)5配置在比自动变速器11靠后方侧偏向四轮驱动车1的宽度方向上的左右任一方的位置。该马达5与上述第一马达8同样，由具有发电功能的电动发电机构成，其输出轴(转子轴)朝向四轮驱动车1的前方地配置。在该马达5的输出侧(车辆的前方侧)，减速机构16和切换机构17在与马达5同一轴线上顺序地配置。这些减速机构16和切换机构17表示在图2中。
减速机构16是构成为输入转速为比输出转速高的转速的机构，是为了使马达5为高旋转型的马达而设置的。减速机构16只要是用于这样的目的或功能即可，可以由过去已知的机构构成。在图2所示的例子中，由单小齿轮型的行星齿轮机构构成。即，太阳轮S16作为输入元件被连接于马达5。配置于与太阳轮S16的同心圆上的齿圈R16为反作用力元件(固定元件)，连接并固定于壳体等适当的固定部18。对与太阳轮S16和齿圈R16啮合的小齿轮进行保持的行星齿轮架C16为输出元件，被连接于切换机构17。
切换机构17是用于切换减速状态(Lo)和非减速状态(Hi)的机构，可以由齿轮机构或卷绕传动机构等适当的变速机构构成，减速状态是将输入的扭矩增大并输出的状态，非减速状态是以比减速状态小的增大率(转换率)将输入的扭矩增大、或者不对输入的扭矩进行增减、或者使输入扭矩减小并输出的状态，在图2所示的例子中，由单小齿轮型的行星齿轮机构构成。即，太阳轮S17作为输入元件，与上述减速机构16中的行星齿轮架C16连接。配置在与太阳轮S17的同心圆上的齿圈R17为反作用力元件(或固定元件)，通过卡合机构19选择性地与规定的固定部18和行星齿轮架C17连接。行星齿轮架C17对与太阳轮S17和齿圈R17啮合的小齿轮进行保持，作为输出元件。
卡合机构19是构成为将驱动侧部件与从动侧部件连接起来、以及将该连接解除的所谓的离合器机构，由摩擦式离合器或啮合式离合器构成。在图2中表示出啮合式离合器的例子，接合套20花键嵌合于与驱动侧部件相当的齿圈R17。在接合套20的移动方向(轴线方向)上隔着齿圈R17的两侧，配置有与从动侧部件相当的固定花键21和直接连接花键22。固定花键21用于阻止齿圈R17的旋转，与规定的固定部18连接。
因此，通过接合套20嵌合于齿圈R17和固定花键21这两者并与它们啮合，将齿圈R17连接于固定部18并阻止该齿圈R17旋转。即，齿圈被固定。另外，直接连接花键22用于将齿圈R17与行星齿轮架C17连接起来并使整个切换机构17成一体地旋转，与行星齿轮架C17连接。从而，由于通过接合套20嵌合于齿圈R17和直接连接花键22这两者并与它们啮合，构成切换机构17的行星齿轮机构中的两个旋转元件被一体化，因此，整个切换机构17成一体地旋转。即，切换机构17通过阻止旋转元件彼此的差动，从而不进行增速及减速的作用。
另外，可以将接合套20设定在与上述固定花键21和直接连接花键22中的任一个都不嵌合(卡合)的中立位置。在接合套20被设定在中立位置的空挡状态下，反作用力不作用于齿圈R17，齿圈R17成为自由状态。从而，在作为输入元件的太阳轮S17与作为输出元件的行星齿轮架C17之间不传递扭矩。设置有促动器23，所述促动器23用于使接合套20移动到与上述固定花键21嵌合的位置、中立位置、与直接连接花键22嵌合的位置这三个位置。该促动器23只要是能够使接合套20直线地移动到上述三个位置即可，可以根据需要采用电磁式促动器或液压式促动器、或者由马达和齿轮齿条副构成的促动器等适当结构的促动器。
并且，切换机构17中的作为输出元件的行星齿轮架C17连接于前差动齿轮24。扭矩从该前差动齿轮24经由驱动轴25向左右前轮4传递。上述马达5相当于本发明的实施方式中的马达，另外，从该马达5到前轮4的传递扭矩的机构相当于本发明的实施方式中的第二传动系统。
上述各个马达8、5与发动机2一起作为四轮驱动车1的驱动力源，这些马达8、5一起与具有蓄电装置以及变换器或转换器等的电源装置26电连接。进而，设置有电子控制装置(ECU)27，所述电子控制装置27用于进行经由电源装置26的各个马达8、5的控制、发动机2的起动或停止以及输出等的控制、自动变速器11的变速比的控制、起步离合器10的卡合或释放以及传递扭矩容量的控制、进而各个切换机构12、17的切换控制。对于电子控制装置27，也可以与控制对象相对应地单独设置电源装置26用的电子控制装置、发动机2用的电子控制装置等，或者，也可以是控制这些单独的电子控制装置的装置，进而，还可以是将这些单独的电子控制装置集成起来的装置。
电子控制装置27作为主体构成微型计算机，利用被输入的数据或预先存储的数据进行运算。将该运算的结果作为控制指令信号输出。被输入的数据是由设置于四轮驱动车1的各部中的传感器(图中未示出)检测出的数据，包括来自于指示驱动力源的运转控制的停止或实施(再次开始)的开关(被称为点火开关或就绪开关的开关。以下，记作就绪开关)28的信号或来自于模式选择开关29的信号。
模式选择开关29是用于通过驾驶员的手动操作来选择各种驱动模式的开关，可以是通过旋转来选择与各驱动模式相对应的位置的开关、每按1次时切换选择的驱动模式的开关、为各个驱动模式的每一个设置的开关等适当结构的开关。如后面所述，作为本发明的实施方式的控制装置，由于构成为设定与由模式选择开关29选择的驱动模式不同的驱动模式，因此，选择模式开关29设有在驱动模式被改变了的情况下，取消或改变由模式选择开关29选择且被显示的驱动模式的功能，以便使选择并显示的驱动模式与设定的驱动模式不会变得不一致。
这里，在表中总结表示出在上述四轮驱动车1中能够设定的驱动模式。
表1
Figure BDA0002288290900000111
驱动模式有两轮驱动模式(2WD)、四轮驱动高模式(4WD-Hi)和四轮驱动低模式(4WD-Lo)，通过驾驶员将模式选择开关29切换到例如2WD的位置，或者，通过将模式选择开关29关闭，选择两轮驱动模式。从而，两轮驱动模式是在默认状态下选择或设定的驱动模式，也可以称作通常模式。
两轮驱动模式是将后轮3和前轮4中的任一方的两个车轮作为驱动轮来行驶的驱动模式，可以为利用发动机2以及第一马达8驱动后轮3的混合动力驱动(HV)和利用马达5驱动前轮4的电动驱动(EV)。根据行驶状态自动地设定这些HV和EV。例如，基于由加速踏板(图中未示出)的踩下量代表的要求驱动力、车速、电源装置26中的蓄电余量(SOC)等，设定HV和EV中的任一方。在HV和EV中的任一方的情况下，后轮3侧的切换机构12以及前轮4侧的切换机构17一起被设定为本发明的实施方式中的作为非减速状态的Hi。另外，即使在后轮驱动的状态(HV)下，前轮4侧的切换机构17也设定成Hi，马达5与前轮4连接起来。换言之，卡合机构19不被设定为空挡状态。这是为了在减速时由马达5进行能量再生。
通过驾驶员将模式选择开关29切换到例如4WD-Hi的位置，选择四轮驱动高模式。该四轮驱动高模式是利用发动机2以及第一马达8驱动后轮3、另外利用马达5驱动前轮4的所谓全轮驱动模式。对于这些后轮3以及前轮4的要求驱动力的分担比例，根据四轮驱动车1的行驶状态，设定为设计上预定的恰当的比例。例如，在要求驱动力大的情况下，后轮3和前轮4的分担比例接近于均等。另外，在该四轮驱动高模式中，后轮3侧的切换机构12以及前轮4侧的切换机构17一起设定为本发明的实施方式中的作为非减速状态的Hi。
通过驾驶员将模式选择开关29切换到例如4WD-Lo的位置，选择四轮驱动低模式。该四轮驱动低模式是利用发动机2以及第一马达8驱动后轮、另外利用马达5驱动前轮4的所谓全轮驱动模式，各个切换机构12、17一起被设定为减速状态(Lo)。并且，后轮3和前轮4的驱动力的分担比例被保持(固定)在预定的比例，例如各自的分担比例变为均等的。
这里，若对各驱动模式下的驱动力进行比较，则四轮驱动车1的驱动力按照2WD、4WD-Hi、4WD-Lo的顺序变大(2WD<4WD-Hi<4WD-Lo)。另外，若对油耗进行比较，则油耗按照4WD-Lo、4WD-Hi、2WD的顺序变得良好(变低)(4WD-Lo>4WD-Hi>2WD)。
对于上述四轮驱动车1，虽然手动操作模式选择开关29来选择各驱动模式，但是，在以选择的驱动模式行驶的情况下，驾驶员不会特别留意设定的驱动模式，或者几乎不知道设定的驱动模式。另外，在就绪开关28关闭之后再次接通就绪开关28来起步的情况，或者，在更换驾驶员而进行再起步等的情况下，很少逐一地检查选择的驱动模式。因此，存在着在不要求大的驱动力的通常的起步时意外地设定成四轮驱动状态，使得油耗变差的可能性。本发明的实施方式中的控制装置，为了避免这样的情况以改善油耗，进行以下的控制。
图3是用于说明该控制的一个例子的流程图，其中所示的控制由前面所述的电子控制装置27来实施。从而，电子控制装置27相当于本发明的实施方式中的控制器。图3所示的控制在进行四轮驱动车1行驶的状态、或者车速变为“0”的状态(停车的状态)等驱动力源的运转控制的状态下实施。首先，判断就绪开关28是否从接通切换到了关闭(步骤S1)。该判断是驱动力源的运转控制是否一度停止的判断，换言之，是驱动力源的运转控制再次开始之前的状态是否成立的判断。
在步骤S1中做出否定的判断的情况下，由于继续进行驱动力源的运转控制，因此，不特别地进行控制，而暂时结束图3所示的控制。与此相对，在步骤S1中做出肯定的判断的情况下，判断是否由模式选择开关29选择为2WD(步骤S2)。从而，在该步骤S2，判断在即将停止驱动力源的运转控制之前选择并设定的驱动模式是否为2WD。该判断可以基于从模式选择开关29输出的信号来进行，或者也可以存储即将从模式选择开关29输出的信号，基于该存储的数据来进行。
在该步骤S2中做出肯定的判断的情况下，将包括驱动力源的运转控制在内的系统的整体关闭(步骤S3)。另一方面，在步骤S2中做出否定的判断的情况下，判断是否由模式选择开关29选择为4WD-Hi(步骤S4)。该判断与上述步骤S2中的判断同样，可以基于从模式选择开关29输出的信号来进行，或者也可以存储即将从模式选择开关29输出的信号，基于该存储的数据来进行。如果在该步骤S4中做出肯定的判断，则直到该时刻为止被设定为四轮驱动高模式，从而，在步骤S4中做出肯定的判断的情况下，将驱动模式从该时刻的四轮驱动高模式(4WD-Hi)变更为两轮驱动模式(2WD)(步骤S5)。即，设定作为与由模式选择开关29选择的驱动模式不同的驱动模式的两轮驱动模式。之后，进入步骤S3，将系统关闭。
从而，步骤S2及步骤S4中的判断、以及接下来的步骤S5及步骤S3的控制，相当于“在驱动力源的运转控制停止之后再次开始所述驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，检测在所述运转控制的再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述两轮驱动模式的情况以及为所述四轮驱动模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述两轮驱动模式”的控制。
这里说明的实施方式中的模式选择开关29构成为对2WD、4WD-Hi、4WD-Lo进行选择。从而，在由模式选择开关29选择为4WD-Lo的情况下，在步骤S4中做出否定的判断。在该情况下，由于驱动模式变为四轮驱动低模式(4WD-Lo)，因此，实施保持该四轮驱动低模式的控制(步骤S6)。之后，进入步骤S3，将系统关闭。保持四轮驱动低模式的控制例如是如下的控制：使促动器23动作，另外，根据驱动要求来驱动马达5，以便保持使所述卡合机构19中的接合套20与固定花键21啮合的状态。从而，不会发生尽管实施了使卡合机构19释放的控制，卡合机构19仍没有释放等、控制与实际的状态不同的情况，能够避免例如卡合机构19在施加于卡合机构19的扭矩降低的未预料到的时刻释放等情况。
从而，根据象实施如图3所示的控制那样地构成的本发明的实施方式中的控制装置，除了在即将关闭就绪开关28之前设定为四轮驱动低模式的情况下以外，在再次接通就绪开关28而再次开始驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，驱动模式变为两轮驱动模式。因此，由于即使忘了在将就绪开关28关闭之前将驱动模式切换为两轮驱动模式的操作，在将就绪开关28接通而起步的情况下，也变为两轮驱动模式，因而，油耗变得良好。
上述图3中所示的控制是在将就绪开关28关闭之后直到将系统停止的期间，将驱动模式设定为规定的模式的例子。在本发明的实施方式中，只要构成为在驱动力源的运转控制停止之后直到该运转控制开始为止的期间，基于由模式选择开关29选择的模式将驱动模式设定为规定的模式即可。从而，在本发明的实施方式中，也可以当一度关闭的就绪开关28再次接通时，实施将驱动模式设定为规定的模式的控制。
图4是用于说明该控制例的流程图，当就绪开关28变为接通(步骤S11)时，判断在前一次将就绪开关28关闭时由模式选择开关29选择的驱动模式是否为四轮驱动模式(步骤S12)。在作为卡合机构19采用了前面所述的所谓卡合式的卡合机构的情况下，存在着即使输出释放指令，也会因扭矩的状态的缘故而不释放的可能性，因此，在驱动力源的运转控制停止时选择为四轮驱动模式的情况下，保持该四轮驱动模式。从而，在步骤S12中做出肯定的判断的情况下，由于继续进行以前设定的四轮驱动低模式，因此，作为驱动模式的控制指令信号，输出设定四轮驱动低模式的信号(步骤S13)。之后，暂时结束图4的控制。
与此相对，在步骤S12中做出否定的判断的情况下，设定两轮驱动模式(2WD)(步骤S14)。由于在该说明中的实施方式中的模式选择开关29构成为选择2WD、4WD-Hi和4WD-Lo，因此，如果在步骤S12中做出否定的判断，则选择4WD-Lo以外的2WD或4WD-Hi。在前一次将就绪开关28关闭时由模式选择开关29选择了这些2WD或4WD-Hi的情况下，与前述的图3所示的控制同样，设定为二轮驱动模式。之后，暂时结束图4的控制。从而，如果构成为进行图4所示的控制，则与构成为进行上面所述的图3中所示的控制的情况同样，能够避免当再次起步时意外地设定为四轮驱动高模式，从而使油耗改善。
另外，在上述实施方式中，通过卡合机构19为啮合式的卡合机构，在将就绪开关28关闭时由模式选择开关29选择了四轮驱动低模式的情况下，保持该四轮驱动低模式。这是考虑到存在着因扭矩的施加情况而使得卡合机构19的卡合脱不开的情况而进行的控制。因此，如果卡合机构19为例如摩擦式卡合机构，则无论扭矩的施加情况如何，都能够使卡合机构19卡合及释放，因此，在本发明的其它实施方式中，也可以构成为即使当停止驱动力源的运转控制时设定为四轮驱动低模式，在驱动力源的运转控制再次开始时也设定为两轮驱动模式。
另外，本发明的实施方式中的四轮驱动车不限于在四轮驱动模式中能够设定为Hi以及Lo两个模式的车辆，也可以是在四轮驱动模式中设定单一的模式，或者，能够设定三个以上模式的四轮驱动车。同样，也可以是在两轮驱动模式中能够设定多个模式的四轮驱动车。
附图标记说明
1…四轮驱动车、2…发动机、3…后轮、4…前轮、5…马达、6…减振器、7…中间轴、8…马达、9…转子、10…起步离合器、11…自动变速器、12…切换机构、13…传动轴、14…后差动齿轮、15…驱动轴、16…减速机构、17…切换机构、18…固定部、19…卡合机构、20…接合套、21…固定花键、22…直接连接花键、23…促动器、24…前差动齿轮、25…驱动轴、26…电源装置、27…电子控制装置(ECU)、28…就绪开关、29…模式选择开关。

Claims (3)

1.一种四轮驱动车的控制装置，所述控制装置能够设定将从驱动力源输出的扭矩传递给前方和后方中的任一方的两个车轮来进行行驶的两轮驱动模式、以及将从驱动力源输出的扭矩传递给前方的两个车轮和后方的两个车轮来进行行驶的四轮驱动模式，所述控制装置具有通过手动操作来选择所述两轮驱动模式和所述四轮驱动模式的模式选择开关，其特征在于，
所述四轮驱动模式包括低模式和高模式，所述低模式是增大所述驱动力源输出的扭矩并传递给所述前方的两个车轮和所述后方的两个车轮的模式，所述高模式是以比所述低模式中的增大率小的转换率增减所述驱动力源输出的扭矩、或者不增减所述驱动力源输出的扭矩并传递给所述前方的两个车轮和所述后方的两个车轮的模式，
所述模式选择开关构成为能够选择所述高模式和所述低模式，
所述控制装置具有进行将驱动模式切换成所述两轮驱动模式和所述四轮驱动模式的控制的控制器，
所述控制器，
在所述驱动力源的运转控制被停止之后再次开始所述驱动力源的运转控制的情况下，检测在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式，
所述控制器，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述两轮驱动模式的情况以及为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述高模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述两轮驱动模式，并且，在所述运转控制再次开始之前由所述模式选择开关选择的所述驱动模式为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述低模式的情况下，将所述运转控制再次开始时的所述驱动模式设定为所述四轮驱动模式之中的所述低模式。
2.如权利要求1所述的四轮驱动车的控制装置，其特征在于，
所述驱动力源包括向所述后方的两个车轮输出驱动力的发动机和向所述前方的两个车轮输出驱动力的马达，
所述四轮驱动车还具有将所述发动机输出的扭矩传递给所述后方的两个车轮的第一传动系统、以及将所述马达输出的扭矩传递给所述前方的两个车轮的第二传动系统，
所述第一传动系统包括第一切换机构，所述第一切换机构切换将输入的扭矩以规定的增大率增大并输出的减速状态和将输入的扭矩以比所述增大率小的转换率进行转换并输出的非减速状态，
所述第二传动系统包括第二切换机构，所述第二切换机构切换将输入的扭矩以规定的增大率增大并输出的减速状态和将输入的扭矩以比所述增大率小的转换率进行转换并输出的非减速状态。
3.如权利要求2所述的四轮驱动车的控制装置，其特征在于，
所述第二切换机构具有卡合机构，所述卡合机构具有相互选择性地啮合的驱动侧部件和从动侧部件，通过所述驱动侧部件与所述从动侧部件啮合来设定所述减速状态，通过所述驱动侧部件与所述从动侧部件的啮合脱开，设定所述非减速状态。
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