CN111154166A - 一种油页岩半焦基多功能地膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种油页岩半焦基多功能地膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111154166A CN111154166A CN202010106216.1A CN202010106216A CN111154166A CN 111154166 A CN111154166 A CN 111154166A CN 202010106216 A CN202010106216 A CN 202010106216A CN 111154166 A CN111154166 A CN 111154166A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,该油页岩半焦基多功能地膜包括:具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂组成的第一层膜。与现有渗水地膜相比,本发明的地膜具有良好的调温性,特别是低温下的保温性能显著提高,可以很好地减缓昼夜温差巨变对植物带来的影响,其所具有的超黑特性还能获得良好的除杂草效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农用地膜领域,具体涉及一种油页岩半焦多功能地膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
在农业生产上使用塑料地膜,可以提高地温,降低土壤水分的无效蒸发,大幅度提高农作物产量,但是塑料地膜也存在一些缺点:
1. 不渗水性的缺点。普通聚乙烯地膜在防止土壤水分蒸发的同时,也会阻挡雨水向土壤中渗透,降低雨水的利用率;低温阴雨天气下,揭膜后易产生黄叶;平铺覆盖时雨水容易积压,造成秧苗倾倒甚至折断。
2. 容易使土壤持续高温。在高温季节,地膜下面的温度可以达到60~70℃,会灼伤农作物的幼苗。
3. 耐候性差。普通地膜的耐候性非常差,干旱地区的紫外线非常强,会破坏普通地膜的完整性,不仅使得地膜的重复使用性降低,而且使得回收时的难度加大,容易将大量的地膜碎片滞留在土壤中,造成土壤耕种条件的恶化。
4. 透气性差。普通地膜几乎是不透气的,容易造成苗秧根部腐烂,茎叶发黄。
为了克服普通地膜的这些不足,近年来科研工作者对传统地膜进行了大量的改性研究。山西省农科院综合考察研究所研制成功了“渗水地膜”。这种地膜跟普通地膜的不同点在于:它具有微通透结构,但它不是打孔地膜。“渗水地膜”跟普通地膜一样,具有保水、增温的功能;跟普通地膜不同的是:它具有微通透结构,能渗水、通气,还可以调节温度,为农作物的根系创造更好的生长环境。该成果也申请了中国发明专利(公布号CN 1211496A),虽然该专利中地膜解决了积水问题,也能有效利用雨水,但其30℃以下只具有与普通地膜一样的增温效应,对昼夜温差的调温性仍有待提高,而且其渗水性是双向的,在高温、空气干燥时,土壤中的水分容易通过地膜的微米级小孔向外界扩散蒸发,且其生产过程中需要利用收卷机的光面对辊对坯膜中的渗水助剂挤压破碎来获得微米级通道,该过程对光面对辊的损害较大,破碎后的渗水助剂不可避免容易从地膜中脱落产生掉粉的问题。
油页岩半焦是在油页岩提炼页岩油过程中产生的废渣。若长期堆放,不仅污染环境而且占用土地资源,开展油页岩废渣资源化利用技术的研发具有较大价值与发展前景。油页岩半焦主要由无机氧化物(如高岭土)和残余碳组分组成。油页岩半焦目前有一个主要的应用领域为制备生物质土壤改良剂,经过大量研究人员的实验及检测,油页岩半焦在农业中适量使用,对土壤具有修复作用,而且对种植的作物无害。但油页岩半焦在地膜中的应用未见有报道。
发明内容
基于上述现有渗水地膜调温性能的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种良好调温性的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特点在于,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜包括:具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂组成的第一层膜;
微孔结构作为地膜的渗水通道,添加的油页岩半焦可显著提高地膜的温度调节性能,且添加油页岩半焦后可以使地膜获得超黑特性,从而能够很好地阻断杂草的光合作用。油页岩半焦含量过高会导致地膜强度降低,含量过低又会导致地膜调温性下降,优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为5~40wt%;
更优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为15~35wt%;
最优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为25~30wt%。
作为改进的技术方案,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜还包括具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦、保水剂和地膜用树脂组成的第二层膜;
优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为5~50wt%,保水剂的含量为0.1~10wt%;
更优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为15~40wt%,保水剂的含量为1~5wt%;
最优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为30~35wt%,保水剂的含量为2~3wt%。
在所述的第一层膜的基础上增设所述的第二层膜,利用第二层膜中存在的保水剂诱导作用加速第一层膜外表面的水分子进入地膜内表面,反过来,第二层膜中的保水剂能够很好地阻止地膜覆盖下的水分通过微孔向外界扩散蒸发,从而达到地膜单向渗水性的效果。
优选地,所述第二层膜的孔隙率小于第一层膜的孔隙率,这种设计能够更进一步地阻止土壤中的水分向大气蒸发。
优选地,所述保水剂为聚丙烯酰胺。
优选地,所述第二层膜中还含有0.5~2wt%的除草剂。所述除草剂的沸点高于地膜用树脂的熔点,由于现有常用的地膜用树脂如聚乙烯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)的熔点在170℃以下,优选地,所述除草剂为沸点在170℃以上的除草剂,更优选地,所述除草剂为莠去津。
作为改进的技术方案,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜还包括具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦、防紫外线抗老化剂和地膜用树脂组成的第三层膜,所述第一层膜设置在所述第二层膜与所述第三层膜之间;
优选地,所述第三层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为10~60wt%,防紫外线抗老化剂的含量为0.5~20wt%;
更优选地,所述第三层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为30~40wt%,防紫外线抗老化剂的含量为2~10wt%;
优选地,所述防紫外线抗老化剂主要由紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂组成;
更优选地,所述紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂的质量比为8:1:1。
增设具有防紫外线抗老化作用的第三层膜,使得地膜的耐候性大大增加,使得地膜在多次使用后仍然能够较完整的回收。优选地,所述第三层膜的孔隙率约大于或等于第一层膜的孔隙率。
优选地,所述地膜用树脂包括聚乙烯和/或乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物;
更优选地,所述第一层膜中的地膜用树脂为聚乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物的质量比为3~4:1的组合,第二层膜中的地膜用树脂为聚乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物的质量比为3~4:1的组合。
优选地,所述微孔的孔径为10~200微米;微孔的个数为500~10000个/cm2;
优选地,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的厚度为0.01~0.02mm,第一层膜与第二层膜、第三层膜的厚度为1:0.3~0.4:0.5~0.6。
上述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的制备方法,包括:
第一层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到的粒料与具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第一层膜用料;
和/或第二层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦、保水剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料1,将油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料2,将得到的粒料1、粒料2和具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,即得到第二层膜用料;
和/或第三层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦、防紫外线抗老化剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到的粒料与具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第三层膜用料;
将第一层膜用料、第二层膜用料和/或第三层膜用料共挤出成膜,三层共挤出时,以第一层膜用料为中间层。
优选地,第二层膜用料的配制过程还包括将油页岩半焦、除草剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料3,将得到的粒料3与粒料1、粒料2、具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第二层膜用料;
优选地,在配制第一层膜用料时,油页岩半焦先与马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯混合后,再与地膜用树脂混合造粒,其中,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯的用量为油页岩半焦质量的1~5wt%;用马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯改性油页岩半焦后,可提高油页岩半焦与地膜用树脂的相容性和作用力,从而提高地膜的强度。
优选地,所述致孔剂为碳酸氢胺,所述碳酸氢胺的百分比用量为1~5wt%,优选地,第二层膜用料中致孔剂的百分比用量低于第一层膜用料中致孔剂的百分比用量。
有益效果
1. 本发明的地膜具有良好的温度调节性,在低温段的保温效果显著优于普通地膜,能使植物根部的温度不随外界温度的变化而发生较大波动,可以很好地减缓昼夜温差巨变对植物带来的影响。
2. 本发明的地膜具有一定的透气性:在昼夜温差下,微孔的存在能够使地膜内外空气流通。
3. 地膜增加一层含保水剂的内层,使地膜具有良好的单向透水性:地膜具有大量的微米级小孔,在表面有雨水重力的作用下,能较好地使水分子通过;内层中存在的保水剂也能够诱导外表面的水分子进入地膜内表面,使水分子通过更加迅速;在高温时,内层中的保水剂能够很好地阻止地膜覆盖下的水分通过微孔向外界扩散蒸发;本发明中,内层薄膜的孔隙率小于中间层和最外层,这种设计能够很好地阻止土壤中的水分向大气蒸发。
4. 本发明的地膜具有超黑的特性,能够很好地除去地膜覆盖的杂草;在内层中进一步加入负载除草剂的油页岩半焦,在高温或者雨季时,利用油页岩半焦的吸附性达到缓释出除草剂的效果。
5. 可降解的理念是符合目前的环保要求,但是真正降解成水和二氧化碳后,会造成大气中的二氧化碳含量增加,增加温室效应;其次目前市售的降解地膜大部分是部分降解性,产生的碎片对环境更加有害;最后,国家现在提倡地膜的循环利用,最好能用三到五年,之后回收再利用,可降解地膜则不符合这种政策。本发明在地膜上增设一层防紫外线抗老化层,使得地膜的耐候性大大增加,使得地膜在多次使用后仍然能够较完整的回收。
6. 本发明地膜中的微孔结构是通过在共挤出成膜的过程中致孔剂受热分解,分解后产生的气体逸出地膜本体所形成,可有效避免现有通过挤压破碎所产生的掉粉问题。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明做进一步详细说明。
实施例1
第一步:制备第三层用防紫外线抗老化功能粒料。本实施例中防紫外线抗老化剂由紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂复配,紫外线吸收剂选用2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮(即市售UV-531),抗氧化剂选择市售1010抗氧化剂,光稳定剂选择市售光稳定剂119(CAS号:106990-43-6)和光稳定剂622(CAS号:65447-77-0)。该功能粒料的配方:油页岩半焦含量为35wt%,低密度聚乙烯为55wt%,UV-531为8wt%,1010抗氧化剂为1wt%,光稳定剂119为0.5wt%,光稳定剂622为0.5wt%。
将油页岩半焦原矿超细粉碎至1200目,加入防紫外线抗老化剂和低密度聚乙烯高速搅拌共混,130℃下用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,该粒料代号为DM-A-0。
第二步:制备第一层用粒料。将油页岩半焦原矿超细粉碎至1800目,按其质量的3%加入马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯,高速搅拌改性1小时,之后按改性油页岩半焦与聚乙烯-EVA混合物的质量比为3:7加入聚乙烯-EVA混合物(该混合物中聚乙烯80wt%,EVA20wt%),高速搅拌共混,130℃下用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,该粒料代号为DM-B-0。
第三步:制备第二层用除草剂功能母粒料。将油页岩半焦原矿粉碎至1200目,按其质量的10%添加除草剂2-氯-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基-1, 3, 5-三嗪(通用名为莠去津)(除草剂也可以选用目前市售其他药品,本实施选择莠去津的原因是地膜用于种植玉米较多,该除草剂也具有通用性),高速搅拌共混得到负载了除草剂的油页岩半焦粉体。将以上粉体和EVA树脂高速搅拌共混,粉体与EVA质量比为7:3,130℃下用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,该粒料代号为DM-C-1。
第四步:制备第二层用保水功能母粒料。将油页岩半焦原矿粉碎至1500目,按其质量的3%加入马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯,高速搅拌1小时,之后按油页岩半焦质量的20%加入聚丙烯酰胺粉体(该粉体粒径为1800目),高速搅拌15分钟后得到混合物DM-P。将DM-P与EVA树脂混合,质量比为7:3,高速搅拌共混10分钟,130℃下用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,该粒料代号为DM-C-2。
第五步:制备第二层用油页岩半焦/聚乙烯通用粒料。将油页岩半焦原矿超细粉碎至1800目,按其质量的3%加入马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯,高速搅拌1小时,之后加入聚乙烯(改性油页岩半焦与聚乙烯质量比为2:8),高速搅拌共混,130℃下用双螺杆挤出机挤出造粒,该粒料代码为DM-C-3。
第六步:混料。
第三层(外层)用料:将DM-A-0与致孔剂碳酸氢胺混合,质量分数分别为95%及5%。将以上原料混合均匀后备用,记做DM-A。
第一层(中间层)用料:将DM-B-0与致孔剂碳酸氢胺混合,质量分数分别为96%及4%。将以上原料混合均匀后备用,记做DM-B。
第二层(内层)用料:将DM-C-1,DM-C-2,DM- C-3和致孔剂碳酸氢胺混合,其中DM-C-1质量分数为15%,DM-C-2质量分数为25%,DM-C-3质量分数为57%,碳酸氢胺质量分数为3%。将以上各原料混合均匀后备用,记做DM-C。
第七步:制备三层共挤出地膜。
(1)挤出:将上述外层、中间层和内层用料分别送至三层共挤吹膜机组的挤出机中,共挤出;
(2)吹膜:由多层共挤吹膜机组的挤出机一次吹胀制得地膜,各层原料熔体流动速率为1.0g/10min,三层膜共厚0.015毫米,其中外层膜厚控制在0.004毫米,中间层控制在0.008毫米,内层膜厚控制在0.003毫米;
(3)冷却:冷却时间为60秒;
(4)牵引;
(5)卷取包装。
地膜性能测试:
1. 地膜各项性能按照国家标准《GB 13735-2017 聚乙烯吹塑农用地面覆盖薄膜》各项指标测试。
拉升负荷:纵向2.1N,横向3.2N。
断裂标称应变:纵向315%,横向291%。
直角撕裂负荷:纵向1.25N,横向1.81N。
耐候性:断裂标称应变:纵向209%。
2. 单向透水性能按照以下方法测试:将本发明地膜平铺在自制的不锈钢盒子上,盒子里面盛低于盒高20毫米的黄土,土面平整,之后模拟干旱地区的降雨量在地膜上方喷洒自来水,喷洒时间为1小时,之后让地膜表面的积水自由放置一定时间,记录积水渗漏完时间。共测试20组实验,计算平均值。
积水完全渗漏完时间:3小时21分。
自制不锈钢盒规格:长宽各为200毫米,高400毫米,带封底。
3. 保水性测试:在单向透水性能测试完之后,保留10组实验(不揭去地膜),分别放置于45摄氏度的气候箱中15天时间,之后称量不锈钢盒子(含黄土,水和地膜)重量,计算保水率,取平均值。
保水率:94.5%。
4. 调温性能测试:不锈钢盒子里面盛低于盒高20毫米的黄土,在土面以下150毫米处放置线测温装置,土面平整,将本发明地膜平铺在不锈钢盒子上,盒子侧面和底部粘贴60毫米厚市售高分子保温层,防止热量在盒子底部和侧面交换。记录最初室温(22℃),将实验装置放置于-80℃~80℃可调的控温箱中,在55℃~-25℃~55℃之间缓慢降升温度24小时,在55℃和-25℃各恒温6小时,记录测温装置位置温度的变化。
对比试验中,将本发明地膜置换成市售普通黑色PE地膜,膜厚为0.015毫米。
本发明地膜温度变化:14.3℃~31.1℃。
市售普通黑色地膜温度变化:-24.7℃~55.0℃。
5. 除草性试验:将普通黑色PE地膜及本发明地膜同时进行玉米种植除草效果试验,分别覆盖栽培60 天,记录不同地膜对单、双子叶的鲜防效果。
本发明地膜除草率:97%。
市售普通黑色地膜除草率:11%。
6. 微孔表征:取2平方毫米的本发明地膜,在扫描电镜下观察其表面,统计出其微孔个数及微孔大小。取10块样品测试,取平均值。
经过换算,每平方厘米中,有微孔8812个,孔径在55~180微米之间。
该地膜应用方法:V字形行铺,可人工或机械铺设。
实施例2
与实施例1的不同只在于,制备第一层用粒料时,按改性油页岩半焦与聚乙烯-EVA混合物的质量比为2:8加入聚乙烯-EVA混合物。
实施例3
与实施例1的不同只在于,制备第一层用粒料时,按改性油页岩半焦与聚乙烯-EVA混合物的质量比为4:6加入聚乙烯-EVA混合物。
实施例4
与实施例1的不同只在于,第二层用料的配方为:DM-C-1质量分数为15%,DM-C-2质量分数为30%,DM-C-3质量分数为52%,碳酸氢胺质量分数为3%。
在本发明的描述中,术语“第一层”、“第二层”、“第三层”仅用于描述目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的相对位置、顺序或数量。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜包括:具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂组成的第一层膜;
优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为5~40wt%;
更优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为15~35wt%;
最优选地,所述第一层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为25~30wt%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜还包括具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦、保水剂和地膜用树脂组成的第二层膜;
优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为5~50wt%,保水剂的含量为0.1~10wt%;
更优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为15~40wt%,保水剂的含量为1~5wt%;
最优选地,所述第二层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为30~35wt%,保水剂的含量为2~3wt%;
优选地,所述第二层膜的孔隙率小于第一层膜的孔隙率。
3.根据权利要求2所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述保水剂为聚丙烯酰胺。
4.根据权利要求2所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述第二层膜中还含有0.5~2wt%的除草剂;
优选地,所述除草剂的沸点高于地膜用树脂的熔点;
更优选地,所述除草剂为莠去津。
5.根据权利要求1~4任一所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜还包括具有微孔结构的主要由油页岩半焦、防紫外线抗老化剂和地膜用树脂组成的第三层膜,所述第一层膜设置在所述第二层膜与所述第三层膜之间;
优选地,所述第三层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为10~60wt%,防紫外线抗老化剂的含量为0.5~20wt%;
更优选地,所述第三层膜中,油页岩半焦的含量为30~40wt%,防紫外线抗老化剂的含量为2~10wt%;
优选地,所述防紫外线抗老化剂主要由紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂组成;
更优选地,所述紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂的质量比为8:1:1。
6.根据权利要求5所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述地膜用树脂包括聚乙烯和/或乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物;
优选地,所述第一层膜中的地膜用树脂为聚乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物的质量比为3~4:1的组合,第二层膜中的地膜用树脂为聚乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物的质量比为3~4:1的组合。
7.根据权利要求1~6任一所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜,其特征在于,所述微孔的孔径为10~200微米;
优选地,微孔的个数为500~10000个/cm2;
优选地,所述油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的厚度为0.01~0.02mm,第一层膜与第二层膜、第三层膜的厚度为1:0.3~0.4:0.5~0.6。
8.权利要求1所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
第一层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到的粒料与具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第一层膜用料;
将第一层膜用料挤出成膜,得到所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜;
优选地,油页岩半焦先与马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯混合后,再与地膜用树脂混合造粒,其中,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯的用量为油页岩半焦质量的1~5wt%;
优选地,所述致孔剂为碳酸氢胺,所述碳酸氢胺的百分比用量为1~5wt%。
9.根据权利要求8所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法还包括第二层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦、保水剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料1,将油页岩半焦和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料2,将得到的粒料1、粒料2和具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,即得到第二层膜用料,再将第二层膜用料与第一层膜用料共挤出成膜,得到所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜;
优选地,第二层膜用料的配制过程还包括将油页岩半焦、除草剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到粒料3,将得到的粒料3与粒料1、粒料2、具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第二层膜用料;
优选地,所述致孔剂为碳酸氢胺,所述碳酸氢胺的百分比用量为1~5wt%,优选地,第二层膜用料中致孔剂的百分比用量低于第一层膜用料中致孔剂的百分比用量。
10.根据权利要求9所述的油页岩半焦基多功能地膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法还包括第三层膜用料的配制:将油页岩半焦、防紫外线抗老化剂和地膜用树脂混合后造粒,得到的粒料与具有热分解性的致孔剂混合,得到第三层膜用料,再以第一层膜为中间层将第三层膜用料与第一层膜用料、第二层膜用料共挤出成膜;
优选地,所述致孔剂为碳酸氢胺,所述碳酸氢胺的百分比用量为1~5wt%。
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