CN111134264A - 一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,以壳聚糖为载体,负载生物酶后制成复合酶微球;将复合酶微球填充至层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,从而完成刺梨汁的澄清脱涩。本发明具有处理时间短,刺梨汁褐变程度低,安全风险小,营养损失少,设备利用率高,可连续化生产,且脱涩效果好,酶制剂易回收,成本低的特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种刺梨汁加工方法,特别是一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法。
背景技术
刺梨(Rosaroxbunghii)为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)多年生落叶灌木缫丝花的营养珍果,是我国贵州、云南、四川等西部山区特有的野生植物,其中以贵州最多,全省除威宁县尚未发现有刺梨外,其它各区县均有分布,刺梨已成为贵州省重点发展的特色产业之一。刺梨是集食用、药用、保健、观赏为一体的绿色特新水果,刺梨果汁中富含大量维生素、植物多糖、单宁类、三萜皂苷类、黄酮类、生物碱类、有机酸类、蛋白质、矿物质等活性成分,而且刺梨无急性、慢性毒性,可长期安全食用。
目前,市场主要的刺梨产品有刺梨汁、刺梨饮料、刺梨果干、果脯、果酒等等。其中刺梨汁因其具有抗氧化、解酒护肝、降血糖血脂等功效,备受人们青昧。但刺梨汁在贮藏过程中极易褐变和絮状浑浊物等现象,影响商品性状,严重限制了刺梨产业的发展。目前刺梨汁加工的澄清脱涩方法主采用明胶单宁法或壳聚糖单宁法,此法操作简单,既能脱涩,还具有很好的澄清脱涩效果。但加入澄清脱涩剂后,需要静置20h以上,在此过程中存在刺梨汁褐变严重、安全风险增加、营养损失大、设备利用率低、不可连续化生产等缺点;另外,直接使用游离酶制剂对刺梨汁进行澄清脱涩处理,存在成本高和回收难等问题。迄今为止,尚无时间短、安全、可连续化生产的刺梨汁澄清脱涩脱涩的方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法。本发明具有处理时间短,刺梨汁褐变程度低,安全风险小,营养损失少,设备利用率高,可连续化生产,且脱涩效果好,酶制剂易回收,成本低的特点。
本发明的技术方案:一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,以壳聚糖为载体,负载生物酶后制成复合酶微球;将复合酶微球填充至层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,从而完成刺梨汁的澄清脱涩。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述生物酶为果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的混合物。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的质量比为3:1.5-2.5:0.5-1.5。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的质量比为3:2:1。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述复合酶微球的制备方法如下:
1)取壳聚糖10g,先用浓度为1%的乙酸溶液400-600ml溶解,静置1-3h;然后取5ml加入浓度为1%的乙酸溶液20000-30000ml中,经磁力搅拌器充分搅拌,溶解后静置到气泡消失,得A品;
2)取5mlA品加入到1000-1500mlNaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的混合液中,并在3-5℃条件下放置10-15h后,再加入总质量2-6%的戊二醛溶液,搅拌后静置4-8h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,吸干表面水分,加入生物酶,3-5℃摇床振荡固定化4-8h后,用蒸馏水洗去未固定的酶,再抽干即得复合酶微球,于3-5℃冰箱保存备用。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述乙酸溶液的浓度为1%,戊二醛溶液的浓度为5%,NaOH溶液的浓度为10%,乙醇溶液的浓度为95%。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述NaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的体积比为4∶1。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述层析柱长1.2m,直径5cm,刺梨汁流经层析柱时,流速180-220ml/min,柱温50-60℃。
前述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,所述流速220ml/min,柱温55℃。
本发明的有益效果
1、本发明通过以壳聚糖作为载体,负载生物酶后,加入层析柱,通过层析方法处理刺梨汁,与加入生物酶静置处理的传统方法相比,本发明的方法可以快速的实现刺梨汁的澄清和脱涩,具有处理时间短的优点,大大减轻了刺梨汁褐变的程度,降低了食品的安全风险,减少了营养的损失;并且,层析柱可以实现连续加工,提高了设备的利用率。
2、本发明通过以纤维素酶、果胶酶和单宁酶复合形成复合酶,脱涩过程中,果胶酶和纤维素酶先对刺梨汁体系破坏,然后单宁酶再进行分解,从而提高了脱涩的效果。
3、本发明通过将复合酶制成微球,并作为层析柱的填充,澄清脱涩过程中,微球固定不动,澄清和脱涩完成后,微球可以直接更换或者回收,从而实现了酶制剂的回收并重复利用,降低了加工成本。
申请人实验过程如下
实验一:复合酶比例酶解效果的比较
如图1所示,当m(果胶酶):m(单宁酶):m(纤维素酶)增加时,其透光率先增加后减少,其中m(果胶酶):m(单宁酶):m(纤维素酶)=3:2:1时透光率显著(P<0.05)高于其它几组;当其质量比为4:2:1和5:2:1时透光率减小。这是因为当果胶酶质量浓度增加时,使得酶活性降低,导致透光率降低。所以选m(果胶酶):m(单宁酶):m(纤维素酶)=3:2:1。
实验二:正交实验优化
在单因素试验基础上,选取3个因素(流速、复合酶填充量和酶解温度),见表1,通过L9(33)的正交试验评价优化了固定化复合酶不同因素作用下澄清脱涩刺梨汁的工艺条件,结果见表2。由表2可知,各因素对固定化复合酶澄清脱涩刺梨汁影响的主次序均为C>A>B,其最优水平均为A2B2C2。
表1因素水平表
表2正交试验表及结果
实验三:最优澄清脱涩工艺验证
由正交试验得出其最佳工艺参数:m(果胶酶):m(单宁酶):m(纤维素酶)=3:2:1,流速200ml/min,复合酶填充量1200g,酶解温度55℃,在此工艺条件下进行20次验证实验,刺梨汁透光率平均值为86.45%;刺梨果汁单宁含量由处理前1.75%降下到1.23%,下降了29.67%。
实验四:处理前后刺梨汁功能性成分分析
处理前后刺梨汁功能性成分如表3。由表3可知,壳聚糖固定化复合酶澄清脱涩刺梨汁对其主要营养物质的影响各有差异,导致刺梨汁混浊的总酚、水溶性蛋白质的显著(P<0.05)下降率分别为14.32%和11.57%,可能是多数水溶性蛋白质和少数酚类物质会随着壳聚糖的絮凝性能和果胶酶以及纤维素酶的分化功能而沉降。刺梨汁中VC、SOD和总黄酮含量有下降趋势,但不显著(P>0.05),分别下降了5.01%、6.13%和7.23%;刺梨果汁中单宁含量由处理前的1.82%下降到1.28%,下降了29.67%。说明壳聚糖固定化复合酶具有很好的澄清脱涩作用,并能能良好地保存刺梨汁中的主要功能性物质。
表3处理前后刺梨汁功能性成分分析
实验五稳定性试验
壳聚糖固定化果胶酶和纤维素酶澄清脱涩刺梨汁稳定性试验如图2。由图2可知,随着重复次数的增加,刺梨汁的透光率逐渐下降,是因为壳聚糖固定化酶失活。连续使用10h后,刺梨汁的透光率仍能达到70.44%;单宁减少率23.78%,说明该固定化酶具有很好的操作稳定性。
附图说明
附图1为复合酶比例酶解效果的比较;
附图2为壳聚糖固定化复合酶稳定性试验。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但并不作为对本发明限制的依据。
本发明的实施例
实施例1:一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,步骤如下:
1)复合酶微球的制备:取壳聚糖10g,先用浓度为1%的乙酸溶液500ml溶解,静置2h;然后取5ml加入浓度为1%的乙酸溶液25000ml中,经磁力搅拌器充分搅拌,溶解后静置到气泡消失,得A品;取5mlA品加入到1250ml浓度为10%的NaOH溶液与浓度为95%的乙醇溶液的混合液中,NaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的体积比为4∶1,并在4℃条件下放置12h后,再加入总质量4%的浓度为5%的戊二醛溶液,搅拌后静置6h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,吸干表面水分,加入果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶按质量比3:2:1混合的复合酶,4℃摇床振荡固定化6h后,用蒸馏水洗去未固定的酶,再抽干即得复合酶微球,于4℃冰箱保存备用;
2)澄清脱涩处理:取复合酶微球填入长1.2m、直径5cm的层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,流速200ml/min,柱温55℃,即可对刺梨汁进行澄清脱涩处理。
实施例2:一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,步骤如下:
1)复合酶微球的制备:取壳聚糖10g,先用浓度为1%的乙酸溶液400ml溶解,静置1h;然后取5ml加入浓度为1%的乙酸溶液20000ml中,经磁力搅拌器充分搅拌,溶解后静置到气泡消失,得A品;取5mlA品加入到1000ml浓度为10%的NaOH溶液与浓度为95%的乙醇溶液的混合液中,NaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的体积比为4∶1,并在3℃条件下放置10h后,再加入总质量2%的浓度为5%的戊二醛溶液,搅拌后静置4h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,吸干表面水分,加入果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶按质量比3:1.5:0.5混合的复合酶,3℃摇床振荡固定化4h后,用蒸馏水洗去未固定的酶,再抽干即得复合酶微球,于3℃冰箱保存备用;
2)澄清脱涩处理:取复合酶微球填入长1.2m、直径5cm的层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,流速180ml/min,柱温50℃,即可对刺梨汁进行澄清脱涩处理。
实施例3:一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,步骤如下:
1)复合酶微球的制备:取壳聚糖10g,先用浓度为1%的乙酸溶液600ml溶解,静置3h;然后取5ml加入浓度为1%的乙酸溶液30000ml中,经磁力搅拌器充分搅拌,溶解后静置到气泡消失,得A品;取5mlA品加入到1500ml浓度为10%的NaOH溶液与浓度为95%的乙醇溶液的混合液中,NaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的体积比为4∶1,并在5℃条件下放置15h后,再加入总质量6%的浓度为5%的戊二醛溶液,搅拌后静置8h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,吸干表面水分,加入果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶按质量比3:2.5:1.5混合的复合酶,5℃摇床振荡固定化8h后,用蒸馏水洗去未固定的酶,再抽干即得复合酶微球,于5℃冰箱保存备用;
2)澄清脱涩处理:取复合酶微球填入长1.2m、直径5cm的层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,流速220ml/min,柱温60℃,即可对刺梨汁进行澄清脱涩处理。
以上所述,仅为本发明创造较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明创造的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明创造揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明创造的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明创造的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:以壳聚糖为载体,负载生物酶后制成复合酶微球;将复合酶微球填充至层析柱中,使刺梨汁流经层析柱,从而完成刺梨汁的澄清脱涩。
2.根据权利要求1所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述生物酶为果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的混合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的质量比为3:1.5-2.5:0.5-1.5。
4.根据权利要求3所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述果胶酶、纤维素酶和单宁酶的质量比为3:2:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述复合酶微球的制备方法如下:
1)取壳聚糖10g,先用乙酸溶液400-600ml溶解,静置1-3h;然后取5ml加入乙酸溶液20000-30000ml中,经磁力搅拌器充分搅拌,溶解后静置到气泡消失,得A品;
2)取5mlA品加入到1000-1500mlNaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的混合液中,并在3-5℃条件下放置10-15h后,再加入总质量2-6%的戊二醛溶液,搅拌后静置4-8h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤至中性,吸干表面水分,加入生物酶,3-5℃摇床振荡固定化4-8h后,用蒸馏水洗去未固定的酶,再抽干即得复合酶微球,于3-5℃冰箱保存备用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述乙酸溶液的浓度为1%,戊二醛溶液的浓度为5%,NaOH溶液的浓度为10%,乙醇溶液的浓度为95%。
7.根据权利要求5所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述NaOH溶液与乙醇溶液的体积比为4∶1。
8.根据权利要求1所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述层析柱长1.2m,直径5cm,刺梨汁流经层析柱时,流速180-220ml/min,柱温50-60℃。
9.根据权利要求8所述的刺梨汁澄清脱涩的方法,其特征在于:所述流速220ml/min,柱温55℃。
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