CN110947405B - 一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种规则排列的g‑C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。其技术方案是:以30~80wt%的乙酸铵和20~70wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将混合料以2~6℃/min的速率升温至500~600℃,保温2~6h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在50~100℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g‑C3N4纳米管催化剂。所述乙酸铵的纯度为96~99.5%;含氮有机物为氰胺、硫脲、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种,所述含氮有机物纯度为96~99%。本发明具有工艺简单和生产成本低的特点;所制备的规则排列的g‑C3N4纳米管催化剂具有比表面积大、电荷转移性能良好和光催化分解水制氢性能优异的特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于有机聚合物光半导体光催化技术领域。具体涉及一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
太阳能作为最大的可再生能源,被认为是解决能源危机、实现可持续发展的有效解决方案。太阳能光解水制氢是实现太阳能制氢的重要反应之一,基于光半导体的光催化技术被认为是实现太阳能解水制氢的最直接和最绿色的技术,相对于传统的过渡金属氧化物(如TiO2、ZnO等),聚合物光半导体由于本身就能吸收可见光而被广泛关注。
近年来,以石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)为代表的聚合物光半导体直接作为光催化剂的研究报导急剧增长,在光催化领域,原始g-C3N4虽具有制备工艺简单、良好的稳定性和合适的导带价带位置等优点。但由于g-C3N4的比表面积低、电荷转移性能差等缺点,使其表现出的光催化分解水制氢性能较差。
目前,人们根据不同的理论研究开发了多种合成低维氮化碳材料的方法:模板法(Zheng Y,Lin L,Ye X,et al.Helical graphitic carbon nitrides withphotocatalytic and optical activities.Angewandte Chemie,2015,53(44):11926-11930.);分子自组装法(Fukasawa Y,Takanabe K,Shimojima A,et al.Synthesis ofordered porous graphitic-C3N4 and regularly arranged Ta3N5 nanoparticles byusing self-assembled silica nanospheres as a primary template.Chem Asian J,2011,6(1):103-109.);液相剥离法(Wang W,Yu J C,Shen Z,et al.g-C3N4 quantum dots:direct synthesis,upconversion properties and photocatalyticapplication.Chemical Communications,2014,50(70):10148-10150.)。上述方法虽各有优点,但都都存在一些缺点,如工艺过程复杂和生产成本高等。
在理论上,低维g-C3N4中纳米管被认为是理想的改善载流子迁移性能的形貌,然而易团聚是纳米管普遍存在的问题,制备规则排列的纳米管虽是解决这一问题的有效方法。但目前为止还没有关于制备规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的报导。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服现有技术缺陷,目的在于提供一种工艺简单和生产成本低的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的制备方法;用该方法制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂比表面积大、电荷转移性能良好和光催化分解水制氢性能优异。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:以30~80wt%的乙酸铵和20~70wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以2~6℃/min的速率升温至500~600℃,保温2~6h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在50~100℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
所述乙酸铵的纯度为96~99.5%。
所述含氮有机物为氰胺、硫脲、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种;所述含氮有机物纯度为96~99%。
由于采用上述技术方案,本发明与现有技术相比具有如下积极效果:
本发明以乙酸铵和含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,再于500~600℃保温,随炉冷却,出炉清洗,过滤,干燥,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。本发明一步原位合成,不需要第二次加工处理,工艺简单,且节约资源和环境友好。
本发明采用的原料是乙酸铵与氰胺、硫脲、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种,原料廉价易得,生产成本低。
本发明以乙酸铵为表面活性剂,表面活性剂在液相反应中常被用于构筑低维度材料(纳米片和纳米管等)和诱导分子有序排列。在含氮化合物和乙酸铵熔点较低,熔融形成的液相中乙酸铵辅助构筑g-C3N4纳米管的同时诱导纳米管发生规则排列。本发明制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂,有效地缓解了纳米管易团聚的问题,使其具有大的比表面积。此外,由于纳米管在纵向态密度能量远高于横向态密度能量,电荷能快速的沿纵向转移,从而有效的优化了电荷转移性能,所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有优异的光催化解水制氢性能。
本发明制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为65~75μmolh-1。
因此,本发明具有工艺简单和生产成本低的特点;所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有比表面积大、电荷转移性能良好和光催化分解水制氢性能优异的特点。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的SEM照片;
图2为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的XRD图谱;
图3为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的TEM照片;
图4为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的氮气吸-脱附曲线及孔径分布曲线;
图5为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的交流阻抗谱;
图6为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的光致发光光谱;
图7为本发明采用4中不同的含氮有机物合成的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的光催化分解水制氢效率图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步的描述,并非对本发明保护范围的限制。
本具体实施方式中:
所述乙酸铵的纯度为96~99.5%。
所述含氮有机物纯度为96~99%。
实施例中不再赘述。
实施例1
一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。本实施例所述制备方法是:
以30~50wt%的乙酸铵和50~70wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以2~4℃/min的速率升温至500~540℃,保温2~4h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在50~70℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
所述含氮有机物为氰胺。
本实施例制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为67~74μmolh-1。
实施例2
一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。本实施例所述制备方法是:
以40~60wt%的乙酸铵和40~60wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以3~5℃/min的速率升温至520~560℃,保温3~5h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在60~80℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
所述含氮有机物为硫脲。
本实施例制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为65~71μmolh-1。
实施例3
一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。本实施例所述制备方法是:
以50~70wt%的乙酸铵和30~50wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以3.5~5.5℃/min的速率升温至540~580℃,保温3.5~5.5h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在70~90℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
所述含氮有机物为尿素。
本实施例制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为69~75μmolh-1。
实施例4
一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂及其制备方法。本实施例所述制备方法是:
以60~80wt%的乙酸铵和20~40wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以4~6℃/min的速率升温至560~600℃,保温4~6h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在80~100℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
所述含氮有机物为三聚氰胺。
本实施例制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为68~74μmolh-1。
本具体实施方式与现有技术相比具有如下积极效果:
本具体实施方式以乙酸铵和含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,再于500~600℃保温,随炉冷却,出炉清洗,过滤,干燥,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。本发明一步原位合成,不需要第二次加工处理,工艺简单,且节约资源和环境友好。
本具体实施方式采用的原料是乙酸铵与氰胺、硫脲、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种,原料廉价易得,生产成本低。
本具体实施方式以乙酸铵为表面活性剂,表面活性剂在液相反应中常被用于构筑低维度材料(纳米片和纳米管等)和诱导分子有序排列。在含氮化合物和乙酸铵熔点较低,熔融形成的液相中乙酸铵辅助构筑g-C3N4纳米管的同时诱导纳米管发生规则排列。本具体实施方式制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂,有效地缓解了纳米管易团聚的问题,使其具有大的比表面积。此外,由于纳米管在纵向态密度能量远高于横向态密度能量,电荷能快速的沿纵向转移,从而有效的优化了电荷转移性能,所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有优异的光催化解水制氢性能。
本具体实施方式制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂如附图所示:图1为实施例1制备的一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的SEM照片;图2为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的XRD图谱;图3为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的TEM照片;图4为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的氮气吸-脱附曲线及孔径分布曲线;图5为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的交流阻抗谱;图6为图1所示的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的光致发光光谱。从图1、图2和图3可以看出:所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的纳米管直径为27~30nm,纳米管管壁厚度为6~7nm;从图4可以看出:制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有大的比表面积,比表面积为157.4m2·g-1;从图5和图6可以看出:制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有良好的电荷转移性能。
图7是实施例1、实施例2、实施例3和实施例4分别制备的一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的光催化分解水制氢效率图,从图7可以看出,所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的氢气产生率依次为70μmolh-1、69μmolh-1、71μmolh-1、70μmolh-1,而原始g-C3N4的氢气产生率依次为20μmolh-1。由此可知,所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有优异的光催化分解水制氢性。
本具体实施方式制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂经光催化分解水制氢测试:氢气产生率为65~75μmolh-1。
本具体实施方式所述光催化分解水制氢测试的方法是:
取30mg规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂分散于40mL体积比为3∶1的水和乙醇的混合溶液中,再滴加30μL氯铂酸水溶液(1g/50mL),然后通入30min N2以去除氧气。密封,用300W的汞灯照射3h,以10000rpm的转速离心5min;对得到的沉淀物进行冷冻干燥,冷冻干燥后的粉末即为负载了2wt%Pt的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
取25mg负载了2wt%Pt的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂分散于40mL体积比为3∶1的水和乙醇的混合溶液中,再通入N2 30min以去除氧气。密封,用配备有紫外线截止滤光器(λ≥420nm)的350W Xe灯照射3h,然后用取样针取容器中气体,手动注射至气相色谱中,即可检测到氢气的产生率。
因此,本具体实施方式具有工艺简单和生产成本低的特点;所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂具有比表面积大、电荷转移性能良好和光催化分解水制氢性能优异的特点。
Claims (4)
1.一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述制备方法是:以30~80wt%的乙酸铵和20~70wt%的含氮有机物为原料,混合均匀,得到混合料;再将所述混合料以2~6℃/min的速率升温至500~600℃,保温2~6h,随炉冷却至室温,得到烧成料;然后将所述烧成料用去离子水清洗,过滤,过滤后的滤渣在50~100℃条件下干燥20~24h,制得规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述乙酸铵的纯度为96~99.5%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述含氮有机物为氰胺、硫脲、尿素、三聚氰胺中的一种;所述含氮有机物纯度为96~99%。
4.一种规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂,其特征在于所述规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂是根据权利要求1~3项中任一项所述的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂的制备方法所制备的规则排列的g-C3N4纳米管催化剂。
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