CN110846618B - 一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层 - Google Patents
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层,其技术方案要点是包括依次沉积于铝合金压铸模具表面的Ti打底层、CrAlN阻挡层、梯度结构的CrAlNbN‑CrAlSiN支撑层以及CrAlNbSiON功能层;所述梯度结构的CrAlNbN‑CrAlSiN支撑层是以CrAlNb层到CrAlSi层为一个循环周期的多周期涂层,所述梯度结构CrAlNbN‑CrAlSiN支撑层中Nb元素的含量从CrAlN阻挡层到CrAlNbSiON功能层逐渐增加,Si元素含量逐渐减小,本发明中的高熵合金复合涂层组织致密,界面结合良好,涂层不易开裂并剥落,抗裂纹效果较好;Nb高了涂层的硬度外,利于涂层的致密化,进一步提高其韧性、耐高温腐蚀、抗氧化性等性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及压铸模具表面防护领域,更具体的说是涉及一种应用于铝合金压铸模具表面的高熵合金复合涂层。
背景技术
在汽车工业的铝合金压铸成形工艺中,铝压铸模具面临着液态合金的腐蚀、高温磨损、热疲劳、氧化等的共同作用。造成高温金属液污染,材料开裂和表面粘连等一系列问题。
高熵氧化物涂层由于具有热力学上的高熵效应以及结晶学上的迟缓扩散效应,在抗高温氧化和耐磨等方面具有突出的优势。
将高熵氧化物涂层应用铝压铸模的表面防护有良好的应用前景。如果将高熵氧化物直接涂敷在铝压铸模,由于涂层于基材弹性模量,膨胀系数以及金属基材与高熵合金氧化物缺乏化学亲合力,会导致膜基结合力差,限制了高熵合金氧化物的防护效果。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层,该高熵合金复合涂层组织致密,界面结合良好。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下技术方案:一种应用于铝合金压铸模具表面的高熵合金复合涂层,包括依次沉积于铝合金压铸模具表面的Ti打底层、CrAlN阻挡层、梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层以及CrAlNbSiON功能层;所述梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层是以CrAlNb层到CrAlSi层为一个循环周期的多周期涂层。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述Ti打底层、CrAlN阻挡层、梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层以及CrAlNbSiON功能层的厚度分别为50~100nm、100~300nm、400~800nm以及1000~2000nm。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述梯度结构CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层中Nb元素的含量从CrAlN阻挡层到CrAlNbSiON功能层逐渐增加,Si元素含量逐渐减小。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层中Nb原子百分比含量为4~10%,所述Si原子百分比为6~12%。
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,经过喷砂、打磨、抛光、清洗、干燥后待用;
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至440~460℃,充入氮气至真空度为280~320Pa,开启偏压电源400~800V,功率密度为5~10W/cm2,氮化时间为1~3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节氩气流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压50~200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为0.5~2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续5~15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续220~260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压15~40V,电弧电流70~120A,控制氮气通入,真空度为0.8~1.8Pa,负偏压60~120V,占空比40~70%,温度300~480℃,基片转速4~6rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流从40A递增至100A,CrAlSi靶的电流从120A递减至60A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间60~110min,调制周期6~24S;
步骤七:开启CrAlNb合金靶,控制电弧电压20~40V,电弧电流60~90A,占空比30~80%;开启双极脉冲磁控溅射Si,控制电压在300~500V,电流8~12A,占空比60~80%,控制氮气和氧气通入,氮气和氧气的总流量为60~100ml/min,氮气与氧气的流量比为1:4,真空度控制在1.2~2Pa,负偏压-40~-120V,温度250~450℃,制备纳米复合CrAlNbSiON功能层,沉积时间80~120min。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤一中喷砂磨料选为刚玉砂,砂砾大小为320~400目,喷砂气压为2~4Bar。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤一中打磨具体过程为依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤一中抛光的具体过程为用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度0.5~1μm。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤一中抛光的清洗的方式为选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗10~20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于80~86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗5~10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于30~5℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗5~10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
本发明的有益效果:本发明中的高熵合金复合涂层组织致密,界面结合良好。Ti打底层可以降低减小残余应力,增大涂层与铝合金压铸模具之间的结合强度;CrAlN阻挡层与Ti打底层亲和力好,且充当了氧元素扩散的阻挡层;梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层与未形成纳米梯度结构的CrAlNbSiN涂层相比,该涂层缓解了涂层内部应力,阻止裂纹扩展,虽然晶体结构上存在一些空位,但这些空位给后续高温氧化的氧化体积膨胀提供了缓冲空间,涂层不会因为高温氧化而出现裂纹,腐蚀介质不会沿裂纹侵入基体,起到保护基体的目的;
优选地,Nb元素在梯度涂层中沿涂层的厚度方向由内向外递增,实现了Nb元素在CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层的梯度分布,改善结构和性能上的匹配性,增大涂层之间的结合力,同时,Nb高温时形成硬度较高的NNb,使得支撑层的整个硬度较高,且涂层沿横切面的硬度变化小;
CrAlNbSiON功能层中,Al具有抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性能,Cr可以提高抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性;Si有良好的高温性能;Al与Cr、Si合用,可显著提高耐高温腐蚀的能力,Nb提高了功能层的硬度外,在与Al、Cr、Si的协同作用下,在冷热交替的过程中,涂层不易开裂并剥落,抗裂纹效果较好;其次,Nb入射原子能量高,加了成膜时对膜层表面轰击的力度,使得表面原子的迁移率、扩散增加,利于涂层的致密化,进一步提高其韧性、耐高温腐蚀、抗氧化性等性能。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为320目的刚玉砂,在2Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度0.5μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗10min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于80℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗5min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于30℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗5min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至440℃,充入氮气至真空度为280Pa,开启偏压电源400V,功率密度为5W/cm2,氮化时间为1h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压50V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为0.5h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续5min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续220min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压15V,电弧电流70A,控制氮气通入,真空度为0.8Pa,负偏压60V,占空比40%,温度300℃,基片转速4rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流从40A递增至100A,CrAlSi靶的电流从120A递减至60A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间60min,调制周期24s;
步骤七:开启CrAlNb合金靶,控制电弧电压20V,电弧电流60A,占空比30%;开启双极脉冲磁控溅射Si,控制电压在300V,电流8A,占空比60%,控制氮气和氧气通入,氮气和氧气的总流量为60ml/min,氮气与氧气的流量比为1:4,真空度控制在1.2Pa,负偏压-40V,温度250℃,制备纳米复合CrAlNbSiON功能层,沉积时间80~120min。
实施例2
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为400目的刚玉砂,在4Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度1μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至460℃,充入氮气至真空度为320Pa,开启偏压电源800V,功率密度为10W/cm2,氮化时间为3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压40V,电弧电流120A,控制氮气通入,真空度为1Pa,负偏压120V,占空比70%,温度480℃,基片转速4rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流从40A递增至100A,CrAlSi靶的电流从120A递减至60A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间100min,调制周期6s;
步骤七:开启CrAlNb合金靶,控制电弧电压40V,电弧电流90A,占空比80%;开启双极脉冲磁控溅射Si,控制电压在500V,电流12A,占空比80%,控制氮气和氧气通入,氮气和氧气的总流量为100ml/min,氮气与氧气的流量比为1:4,真空度控制在2Pa,负偏压-120V,温度450℃,制备纳米复合CrAlNbSiON功能层,沉积时间120min。
对比例1
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为400目的刚玉砂,在4Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度1μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至460℃,充入氮气至真空度为320Pa,开启偏压电源800V,功率密度为10W/cm2,氮化时间为3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
对比例2
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为400目的刚玉砂,在4Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度1μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至460℃,充入氮气至真空度为320Pa,开启偏压电源800V,功率密度为10W/cm2,氮化时间为3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压40V,电弧电流120A,控制氮气通入,真空度为1Pa,负偏压120V,占空比70%,温度480℃,基片转速4rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流从40A递增至100A,CrAlSi靶的电流从120A递减至60A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间100min,调制周期6s。
对比例3
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为400目的刚玉砂,在4Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度1μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至460℃,充入氮气至真空度为320Pa,开启偏压电源800V,功率密度为10W/cm2,氮化时间为3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整偏压到-200V,持续15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将偏压调整为-80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压40V,电弧电流120A,控制氮气通入,真空度为1Pa,负偏压120V,占空比70%,温度480℃,基片转速4rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流为40A,CrAlSi靶的电流为120A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间100min,调制周期6s;
步骤七:开启CrAlNb合金靶,控制电弧电压40V,电弧电流90A,占空比80%;开启双极脉冲磁控溅射Si,控制电压在500V,电流12A,占空比80%,控制氮气和氧气通入,氮气和氧气的总流量为100ml/min,氮气与氧气的流量比为1:4,真空度控制在2Pa,负偏压-120V,温度450℃,制备纳米复合CrAlNbSiON功能层,沉积时间120min。
对比例4
一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,选择砂砾大小为400目的刚玉砂,在4Bar的气压下对铝合金压铸模具进行喷砂处理,以除去表面的钝化层;再依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨;再用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度1μm;选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至至460℃,充入氮气至真空度为320Pa,开启偏压电源800V,功率密度为10W/cm2,氮化时间为3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节Ar流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A.偏压200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为2h。
(一)硬度测试
采用HXD-1000Knoop显微硬度仪测试实施例1-2和对比例1-4所制的样品的涂层硬度,载荷25g,加载停留15s,测试10个点,求平均值。
硬度(HV<sub>0.025</sub>) | |
实施例1 | 3540 |
实施例2 | 3563 |
对比例1 | 3300 |
对比例2 | 3445 |
对比例3 | 3485 |
对比例4 | 3358 |
(二)高温氧化性测试
将实施例1-2和对比例1-4所制的样品放入箱式电阻炉中在900℃下进行高温氧化试验。分别在20小时、40小时、60小时、80小时和100小时取出测试样品,空冷,然后使用分析天平称重,计算单位面积、单位时间的氧化增重量,每次试验同一测试对象放置5个件,取每种试样的氧化增重量值的平均值作为测试结果。
氧化增重量(10<sup>-8</sup>g/cm<sup>2</sup>·h) | |
实施例1 | 0.75 |
实施例2 | 0.73 |
对比例1 | 3.45 |
对比例2 | 1.9 |
对比例3 | 1.12 |
对比例4 | 4.37 |
(三)耐腐蚀性测试
选择摩尔浓度为1mol/L的硫酸溶液,摩尔浓度为1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液,质量百分含量为3.5wt.%的氯化钠溶液作为测试溶液,将试样浸泡100h,利用排水法测量计算样品的密度,根据公式(1)来计算金属的腐蚀速率v。
其中,K=8.76×104(mm/y),W为腐蚀前后的质量损失(g),A为金属浸蚀的面积(cm2),T为浸入时间(h),D为金属的密度(g/cm3)。
(四)抗裂痕测试
将实施例1-2和对比例1-4所制的样品加热至1000℃,保温0.5h,迅速放入20℃的冷水中,对涂层进行热震冲击,重复试验直至开始出现肉眼可见的裂纹则停止实验,记录次数。
次数 | |
实施例1 | 157 |
实施例2 | 160 |
对比例1 | 85 |
对比例2 | 113 |
对比例3 | 136 |
对比例4 | 60 |
通过上述工艺制备的高熵合金复合涂层组织致密,界面结合良好。Ti打底层可以降低减小残余应力,增大涂层与铝合金压铸模具之间的结合强度;CrAlN阻挡层与Ti打底层亲和力好,且充当了氧元素扩散的阻挡层;梯度结构的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层与未形成纳米梯度结构的CrAlNbSiN涂层相比,该涂层缓解了涂层内部应力,阻止裂纹扩展,虽然晶体结构上存在一些空位,但这些空位给后续高温氧化的氧化体积膨胀提供了缓冲空间,涂层不会因为高温氧化而出现裂纹,腐蚀介质不会沿裂纹侵入基体,起到保护基体的目的;
优选地,Nb元素在梯度涂层中沿涂层的厚度方向由内向外递增,实现了Nb元素在CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层的梯度分布,改善结构和性能上的匹配性,增大涂层之间的结合力,同时,Nb高温时形成硬度较高的NNb,使得支撑层的整个硬度较高,且涂层沿横切面的硬度变化小;
CrAlNbSiON功能层中,Al具有抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性能,Cr可以提高抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性;Si有良好的高温性能;Al与Cr、Si合用,可显著提高耐高温腐蚀的能力,Nb提高了功能层的硬度外,在与Al、Cr、Si的协同作用下,在冷热交替的过程中,涂层不易开裂并剥落,抗裂纹效果较好;其次,Nb入射原子能量高,加了成膜时对膜层表面轰击的力度,使得表面原子的迁移率、扩散增加,利于涂层的致密化,进一步提高其韧性、耐高温腐蚀、抗氧化性等性能。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,本发明的保护范围并不仅局限于上述实施例,凡属于本发明思路下的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理前提下的若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下制备步骤:
步骤一:选择铝合金压铸模具作为基体材料,经过喷砂、打磨、抛光、清洗、干燥后待用;
步骤二:采用气体离子源的方法对铝合金压铸模具进行氮化,将上述的铝合金压铸模具挂在镀膜室内,关上镀膜室;打开抽真空系统,抽真空至0.01Pa,同时打开加热电源,将基体预热至440~460℃,充入氮气至真空度为280~320Pa,开启偏压电源400~800V,功率密度为5~10W/cm2,氮化时间为1~3h;
步骤三:关闭氮气,从离子源中充入氩气至真空度为0.2Pa,调节氩气流量到20ml/min,开启离子源电流为200A,偏压50~200V,对铝合金压铸模具的表面进行氩离子刻蚀,刻蚀时间为0.5~2h;
步骤四:铝合金压铸模具刻蚀完成后,调节氩气流量到30ml/min,将抽真空至0.3Pa,打开Ti靶电弧电源,弧电流为100A,调整负偏压到200V,持续5~15min,在样品表面制备得到Ti打底层;
步骤五:打底层制备完成后,将负偏压调整为80V,关闭氩气,充入氮气,调整氮气流量使真空室气压为0.8Pa,将Ti靶关闭,将CrAl靶打开,电流为80A,持续220~260min,在Ti底层表面沉积形成CrAlN涂层;
步骤六:开启CrAlNb和CrAlSi合金靶,控制电弧电压15~40V,电弧电流70~120A,控制氮气通入,真空度为0.8~1.8Pa,负偏压60~120V,占空比40~70%,温度300~480℃,基片转速4~6rpm,采用电弧靶在沉积时间的电流渐变模式,CrAlNb靶电流从40A递增至100A,CrAlSi靶的电流从120A递减至60A,制备梯度结构纳米的CrAlNbN-CrAlSiN支撑层,沉积时间60~110min,调制周期6~24s;
步骤七:开启CrAlNb合金靶,控制电弧电压20~40V,电弧电流60~90A,占空比30~80%;开启双极脉冲磁控溅射Si,控制电压在300~500V,电流8~12A,占空比60~80%,控制氮气和氧气通入,氮气和氧气的总流量为60~100ml/min,氮气与氧气的流量比为1:4,真空度控制在1.2~2Pa,负偏压40~-120V,温度250~450℃,制备纳米复合CrAlNbSiON功能层,沉积时间80~120min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中喷砂磨料选为刚玉砂,砂砾大小为320~400目,喷砂气压为2~4Bar。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中打磨具体过程为依次选用号数为300、400、600、800的砂纸对铝合金压铸模具进行打磨。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中抛光的具体过程为用抛光布轮混合钻石研磨粉和研钻石粉橄榄油进行研磨精抛,所述钻石粉为粒度0.5~1μm。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种用于铝压铸模表面防护的高熵合金复合涂层的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中抛光的清洗的方式为选用自动超声波清洗,具体过程为将碱液对铝合金压铸模具进行喷淋清洗10~20min,淋洗时的压力为3kg/cm2,再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于80~86℃的碱液中并进行超声波清洗5~10min;取出铝合金压铸模具并用纯水冲洗;再将淋洗后的铝合金压铸模具置于30~35℃的纯水中并进行超声波清洗5~10min;再将漂洗后的铝合金压铸模具进行烘干。
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