CN110818459B - Liquid peanut meal organic fertilizer and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Liquid peanut meal organic fertilizer and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110818459B CN110818459B CN201810909715.7A CN201810909715A CN110818459B CN 110818459 B CN110818459 B CN 110818459B CN 201810909715 A CN201810909715 A CN 201810909715A CN 110818459 B CN110818459 B CN 110818459B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
Abstract
The invention provides a liquid peanut meal organic fertilizer and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of organic fertilizers and microbial fermentation. Peanut meal is used as a sole substrate raw material, and a single strain aspergillus niger is used for microbial fermentation to degrade protein and polysaccharide so as to generate the water-soluble fertilizer. The main components only comprise peanut meal protein and polysaccharide degradation products and mineral elements of the peanut meal protein and polysaccharide degradation products, the organic fertilizer provided by the invention is soluble in liquid state, can improve photosynthesis, increase chlorophyll content, promote plant growth and improve crop yield after being applied to plant leaf surfaces, and is simple in use method and wide in application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of organic fertilizers and microbial fermentation, and particularly relates to a liquid organic fertilizer taking peanut meal as a raw material, and a preparation method and application of microbial fermentation of the liquid organic fertilizer.
Background
Chemical fertilizers are important substances in agricultural production, play an important role in the aspect of guaranteeing the yield and quality of crops, but after long-term large-scale use, not only soil acidification is accelerated, soil malnutrition is caused, but also the problems of food safety, environmental pollution and the like are caused, so that the research and development and use of green and safe biological organic fertilizers are urgently needed, the use of chemical fertilizers in production is reduced, and the yield and quality safety of crops are realized.
The peanut meal is a byproduct of the shelled peanuts after squeezing or leaching to extract oil, mainly consists of broken kernels, has a small amount of seed coats, is rich in nutrition, and is rich in protein, polysaccharide and various mineral elements such as Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and the like. The content of crude protein in the peanut meal is about 40-55%, and the content of polysaccharide is as high as 32.5%. China is an important peanut producing country, the yield is the first in the world and accounts for 40% of the total world yield, the annual yield of peanuts is over 1400 ten thousand tons, about 700 ten thousand tons of peanuts are used for producing edible oil, and the produced peanut meal is about 350 ten thousand tons. At present, the price of the peanut meal in China is 3000-3500 Yuan/ton. Belongs to a large amount of low-value resources in China.
Peanut meal is currently used for preparing various fertilizers, and most of the peanut meal is prepared by adopting a microbial fermentation method, for example, a water-retention controlled-release fertilizer for wheat prepared from 10 components such as waste mushroom dregs, shell powder, peanut meal and the like in a patent of 'a water-retention controlled-release fertilizer and a preparation method thereof' (CN201510833159.6), wherein the used fermentation strain is a mixed strain containing 7 strains such as yeast, enterococcus faecalis and the like. The Chinese patent application publication of invention "a microorganism water-soluble compound fertilizer" (CN201310621828.4) reports a compound fertilizer containing peanut meal, and the compound fertilizer is also a fermentation liquid of compound microorganisms. The Chinese patent application publication of the invention discloses that the compound fertilizer reported in the "special compound fertilizer for promoting the growth of crops" (201510486537.8) contains 21 components, peanut meal is also one of the components, and the used microorganism is EM bacteria, and is a mixed microbial inoculum comprising photosynthetic bacteria, saccharomycetes and lactic acid bacteria. The Chinese patent application publication of the invention discloses that "a special bio-organic fertilizer for pepper and its preparation method" (201610096913.7) also uses a composite microbial inoculum, which contains bacillus polymyxa, green raspberry and streptomyces lavendulae, and the fermentation substrate comprises 5 materials such as castor leaves and peanut meal.
Based on the patent reports, the application of the peanut meal in the field of fertilizers at present is basically one of multiple components in compound fertilizers, but the compound fertilizers generally have more components, complex mixture ratio, time-consuming manufacturing process and low overall utilization rate of the peanut meal in the compound fertilizers.
In addition, the strains for fermenting the peanut meal at present mainly comprise lactic acid bacteria, bacillus subtilis, mould and saccharomycetes. In the fermentation process, the mould is mainly used for solid state fermentation, while the bacillus subtilis is more used for liquid state fermentation, and at present, the peanut meal is fermented by adopting a multi-strain mixed solid state fermentation method due to the lack of high-yield strains. The method has the advantages that multiple microorganisms are fermented together, mutual antagonism exists among strains, fermentation components are complex, the fermentation process is basically solid state fermentation, the fermentation period is long, the fermentation process is difficult to control, and the method is also limited by the problems that the product quality stability is poor, the production amplification is not easy, and the like. The product is basically solid and is applied in a base fertilizer mode, so that the high-efficiency utilization of the peanut meal is limited.
In the field of food and feed research, peanut meal can be used as a main raw material to produce nutrient substances such as probiotic peptide and the like through single microbial fermentation, but the fermentation methods reported all belong to solid state fermentation. Peanut meal is swelled in aqueous solution, has high viscosity under the condition of low mass concentration of 5 percent, is difficult to realize liquid fermentation, and at present, a technical scheme for converting and utilizing the high-concentration peanut meal by liquid fermentation as a main raw material does not exist.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the invention aims to provide a liquid organic fertilizer for peanut meal and a preparation method for microbial fermentation of the liquid organic fertilizer. The fertilizer is a liquid organic fertilizer prepared by fermenting peanut meal serving as a unique substrate raw material by a single microorganism, the microorganism for fermenting the peanut meal is Aspergillus niger, the strain has extremely strong degradation and utilization capacity on the peanut meal, and the utilization and conversion can still be realized under the condition that the substrate concentration reaches 20% of mass concentration. The strain is obtained by separating the orange peel in 6 months in 2017, is preserved in the common microorganism center of China general microbiological culture Collection center in 5 months and 3 months in 2018, and has the preservation number of CGMCC No. 15670. By fully utilizing the waste peanut meal in agricultural production to develop the biological fertilizer, the environmental pollution problem of waste treatment is reduced, and reasonable reutilization of resources is realized. The fermentation strain only takes peanut meal as a raw material in the fermentation process, and utilizes an enzyme system secreted by the fermentation strain to degrade protein and polysaccharide in the peanut meal, so that the peanut meal is changed into amino acid, short peptide and low molecular sugar which are easy to absorb and have functionality. The enzyme production process and the enzymolysis are connected, so that the degradation efficiency is greatly improved, the utilization rate of the peanut meal is improved, the production cost of the peanut meal fertilizer is reduced, and the development of the foliar fertilizer of the peanut meal resource has a new breakthrough.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a peanut meal leavening is prepared by taking peanut meal as a sole substrate raw material and degrading the peanut meal by microorganisms, and the main components of the peanut meal leavening only contain degradation products of peanut meal protein and polysaccharide and mineral elements and micromolecular substances of the peanut meal.
Preferably, the fermentation product is in a liquid state.
As a preferred technical scheme, the mass concentration of the substrate raw material is 5-20%, preferably 10-15%.
The peanut meal fermented product is a liquid organic fertilizer prepared by single microbial fermentation. The fermentation microorganism is Aspergillus niger) with a deposit number of: CGMCC No. 15670.
The invention also provides a method for preparing the peanut meal leavening by fermenting the peanut meal with the microorganism, which comprises the following steps:
(1) homogenizing and crushing the peanut meal raw material at low temperature;
(2) adding 4-19 times of water to obtain mixed solution of peanut meal, and maintaining natural pH;
(3) inoculating the microorganism into the peanut meal mixed liquor, wherein the inoculation amount is 0.5-2%;
(4) the fermentation temperature is 30-45 ℃, and the fermentation time is 24-96 h;
(5) collecting the fermented product, centrifuging, and collecting the supernatant as the fermented product of peanut meal;
in the fermentation method, the volume of water is preferably 9 times of that of the peanut meal, the preferred inoculation amount is 1%, the preferred fermentation condition is 37 ℃, and the fermentation time is 48 hours.
The invention also provides application of the peanut meal leavening, which is to apply the peanut meal leavening as a plant fertilizer.
The plant fertilizer is liquid fertilizer.
Preferably, the plant fertilizer is applied to plant crops as a foliar fertilizer, wherein the plant crops comprise vegetable plants such as rape, cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, tomato and the like, wheat and tea trees.
Preferably, the plant fertilizer is used for drought resistance, cold resistance and growth promotion of plants.
Preferably, the product of the fermented peanut meal is diluted by 500-1000 times, and the plant is treated by foliage spraying or root irrigation.
The technical advantages of the invention are embodied in that:
1. the organic fertilizer for the peanut meal provided by the invention is prepared by taking the peanut meal as the only substrate raw material and fermenting by using a single strain, the preparation method is simple, the defects of complex composition and complicated preparation in the prior art are overcome, the liquid fermentation and conversion of the peanut meal with high substrate concentration (the mass concentration can reach 20%) are broken through, and the efficient utilization of the peanut meal is realized.
2. The peanut meal fertilizer is a liquid fertilizer, is convenient to use, can be applied to plants in various modes such as spraying, root irrigation and the like, is more flexible in actual operation, and has remarkable effects of promoting growth and enhancing photosynthesis for the plants.
3. The peanut meal fertilizer also has the function of enhancing the resistance of crops to diseases and adversities.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of peanut meal fertilizer on drought resistance of oilseed rape (8 days of drought treatment), wherein a is a drought control group (the third group), and b is a peanut meal foliar fertilizer treatment group (the second group);
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of peanut meal fertilizer on the freeze injury resistance of tea leaves, wherein a is a control group and b is a treatment group.
Detailed Description
Example 1 preparation of peanut meal fertilizer
Aspergillus niger is activated after seed culture, and a seed activation culture medium is a PDA culture medium: cutting potato (peeled) 200g, boiling in 800mL water for 30min, filtering with gauze, adding glucose 20g, agar 20g, adding water to 1000mL, and autoclaving at 121 deg.C for 20 min. And (3) performing activation culture at the temperature of 33-37 ℃ for 3-5 days until the aspergillus niger spores are paved on the whole culture dish, and washing the spores with sterilized water for later use.
Inoculating the mixture to a 250mL triangular flask containing 100mL of corresponding liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1 percent, and culturing for 48h to obtain seed liquid for fermentation.
500g of peanut meal is taken, is subjected to superfine grinding and is sieved by a 100-mesh sieve, and the obtained peanut meal powder is subjected to homogenization treatment under the condition of low temperature (preferably 4 ℃), and is homogenized for 5 times at 1200bar by using a high-pressure homogenizer. Charging 300g of the homogenized peanut meal into a 5L fermentation tank, adding water to supplement the volume of 3L, and stirring uniformly to obtain a viscous paste. The inoculation amount of the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is 1 percent, and the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is cultured for 48 hours at 37 ℃. And (3) after the fermentation is finished, the fermentation product is a nearly transparent liquid containing a small amount of solid small particles (aspergillus niger bacteria), centrifuging at 4000r, and obtaining the supernatant which is the peanut meal liquid fertilizer.
Example 2 preparation of peanut meal fertilizer
Aspergillus niger is activated after seed culture, and a seed activation culture medium is a PDA culture medium: cutting potato (peeled) 200g, boiling in 800mL water for 30min, filtering with gauze, adding glucose 20g, agar 20g, adding water to 1000mL, and autoclaving at 121 deg.C for 20 min. And (3) performing activation culture at the temperature of 33-37 ℃ for 3-5 days until the aspergillus niger spores are paved on the whole culture dish, and washing the spores with sterilized water for later use.
Inoculating the mixture to a 250mL triangular flask containing 100mL of corresponding liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1 percent, and culturing for 48h to obtain seed liquid for fermentation.
500g of peanut meal is taken, is subjected to superfine grinding and is sieved by a 100-mesh sieve, and the obtained peanut meal powder is subjected to homogenization treatment under the condition of low temperature (preferably 4 ℃), and is homogenized for 5 times at 1200bar by using a high-pressure homogenizer. Charging 450g of the homogenized peanut meal into a 5L fermentation tank, adding water to supplement the volume to 3L, and uniformly stirring to obtain a viscous paste. The inoculation amount of the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is 1.5%, and the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is cultured for 48h at 37 ℃. And (3) after the fermentation is finished, the fermentation product is a nearly transparent liquid containing a small amount of solid small particles (aspergillus niger bacteria), centrifuging at 4000r, and obtaining the supernatant which is the peanut meal liquid fertilizer.
Example 3 preparation of peanut meal fertilizer
Aspergillus niger is activated after seed culture, and a seed activation culture medium is a PDA culture medium: cutting potato (peeled) 200g, boiling in 800mL water for 30min, filtering with gauze, adding glucose 20g, agar 20g, adding water to 1000mL, and autoclaving at 121 deg.C for 20 min. And (3) culturing at the activation culture temperature of 33 ゲ 37 ℃ for 3-5 days until the aspergillus niger spores are paved on the whole culture dish, and washing the spores with sterilized water for later use.
Inoculating the mixture to a 250mL triangular flask containing 100mL of corresponding liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 1 percent, and culturing for 48h to obtain seed liquid for fermentation.
Taking 1000g of peanut meal, carrying out superfine grinding, sieving by a 100-mesh sieve, and carrying out homogenization treatment on the obtained peanut meal powder under the condition of low temperature (4 ℃), and carrying out homogenization for 5 times by using a high-pressure homogenizer at 1200 bar. 600g of the homogenized peanut meal is filled into a 5L fermentation tank, water is added to supplement the volume of 3L, and the mixture is stirred uniformly to be in a viscous paste state. The inoculation amount of the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is 2%, and the Aspergillus niger fermentation seed liquid is cultured for 72 hours at 37 ℃. And (3) after the fermentation is finished, the fermentation product is turbid liquid containing partial solid small particles (aspergillus niger bacteria and undegraded peanut meal), and the supernatant is the peanut meal liquid fertilizer after the centrifugation at 4000 r.
Example 4 growth promoting action of foliar fertilizer of peanut meal on cucumber seedlings
In a greenhouse, cucumber seedlings are respectively planted in plastic pots with the same size and the same soil quality. Day and night temperature: 10 to 22 ℃; relative humidity of air: 65 to 82 percent. Cucumber seedlings were divided into 2 groups of 20 plants. The control group is sprayed with clear water, and the treatment group is sprayed with the foliar fertilizer (diluted by 500 times) for the peanut meal as described in example 1. When the leaves grow to two leaves and one core, the spraying treatment is carried out on the leaves, the total treatment is carried out for 2 times, and the interval time between the two times is 10 days. And measuring the growth indexes, chlorophyll content and functional leaf photosynthetic parameters of the plants on the 21 st day after treatment.
TABLE 1 influence of foliar fertilizer on cucumber growth
TABLE 2 Effect of foliar fertilizers on cucumber photosynthesis
The experimental results show that the peanut meal foliar fertilizer can promote the growth of cucumber seedlings, has obvious promotion effects on four growth and development indexes of plant height, stem thickness, functional leaf area and root length, and is increased by 30.15%, 4.73%, 17.58% and 19.33% in sequence compared with a control group. The photosynthetic parameters of the functional leaves are further determined, and experimental results show that the chlorophyll a content of the peanut meal fertilizer treatment group is obviously increased, the net photosynthetic rate, the transpiration rate, the stomatal conductance and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration are all improved to different degrees, which indicates that the practicability of the peanut meal fertilizer can enhance the utilization of the cucumber seedlings on the light energy, thereby promoting the growth of plants.
Example 5 Effect of peanut meal Fertilizer on photosynthesis and drought resistance of oilseed rape
Rape seedlings are respectively planted in pots with the same size and the same soil quality, and the pots are divided into 3 groups after being watered with sufficient water, and each group has 27 pots. The first group was treated without any stress control; and spraying peanut meal foliar fertilizer to the second group, specifically diluting the peanut meal fermentation liquor by 500 times in the embodiment 1, spraying for 3 times, spraying for 1 time every 1 day, and then cutting off water for the rape seedlings to simulate drought treatment (the water content of the soil is 3.2-6.0%). Treatment temperature: 16-27 ℃, relative humidity: 30 to 80 percent. And the third group is a drought control group, water spraying treatment is carried out at the same time when the second group is sprayed with the peanut meal foliar fertilizer, and then the same simulated drought treatment is carried out with the second group. Starting wilting at 3d of the drought control seedlings after water cut off; the 8d drought control group seedlings wither severely (a graph in figure 1), and the peanut meal foliar fertilizer treated seedlings wilting moderately (b graph in figure 1); the seedlings in the drought control group in the 12 th day are dead due to drought, and the seedlings treated by the foliar fertilizer of the peanut meal are withered seriously; and (4) carrying out foliar fertilizer treatment on the peanut meal seedlings to realize drought death. The experimental results show that the drought resistance of crops can be improved by spraying the foliar fertilizer of the peanut meal on the leaf surfaces.
And taking 3 rd and 4 th pieces of spread leaves at 3 rd, 6 th and 9 th days after the drought treatment for measuring the content of the free proline. The method finds that the content of proline in crops under drought stress is obviously increased, and the content of free proline in rape seedlings after drought stress is obviously increased along with non-drought stress. Under drought stress, the proline content of rape seedlings treated by the peanut meal fertilizer is increased to different degrees compared with that of a drought stress control, and the free proline content of the rape seedlings treated by the peanut meal fertilizer is obviously increased to 1.4 times of that of the drought control at the 6 th day after treatment.
TABLE 3 Effect of foliar treatment of peanut meal on proline content of oilseed rape
Example 6 foliar fertilizer for peanut meal to improve wheat yield
The foliar fertilizer for the peanut meal in the example 1 is diluted by 500 times, and the wheat is sprayed in the turning green and jointing stage, and 30L of water aqua is used per mu. The yield index of the mature wheat is measured, and experiments show that the foliar fertilizer for the peanut meal can improve the spike number by 8.0 percent, increase the spike grain number by 0.73 percent and improve the yield by 6.2 percent compared with the clear water control treatment.
TABLE 4 influence of peanut meal fertilizer sprayed on wheat yield
Example 7 Effect of peanut meal Fertilizer on greenhouse tomatoes
The foliar fertilizer for peanut meal in example 3 is diluted 750 times, and is sprayed with tomatoes on leaf surfaces in a seedling stage, a flowering stage and a fruiting stage for 3 times, so that the foliar fertilizer for peanut meal has a remarkable prevention effect on greenhouse tomato chlorosis virus diseases and gray mold. The tomato chlorosis virus disease incidence rate of the treatment area is 12.4%, and the gray mold incidence rate is 2.0%, while the tomato chlorosis virus disease incidence rate of the conventional control area is 37.5%, and the gray mold incidence rate is 8.7%. And the tomatoes in the treatment area grow strongly, the fruit setting rate is high, the fruit bearing amount is increased by 25.3% compared with that in the conventional planting area, and the taste of the tomatoes is obviously better than that in the conventional planting area.
TABLE 5 Effect of peanut meal treatment on tomato yield and major disease development
| Treatment of | Incidence of chlorotic virus disease | Incidence of gray mold | Cell output Kg (30 plants) |
| Control group | 37.5％ | 8.7％ | 137.5 |
| Experimental group 1 | 12.4％ | 2.0％ | 172.3 |
| Prevention effect | 67.8％ | 65.5％ |
Example 8 Cold resistance of peanut meal fertilizers to tea Tree
The peanut meal foliar fertilizer in the embodiment 3 is diluted 750 times, and is sprayed on the leaf surface at the beginning of the tea leaf germination period for 3 times, and the interval is 7-10 days each time. In 2018, in 4 months, after freezing injury, the number of buds of the tea trees in the peanut meal foliar fertilizer treatment group is 2-3, the buds are plump, the leaves are green and fertile (see a picture b in figure 2), while the number of buds in the blank control group is averagely 1, the buds are small, the leaves are dark green, and the leaves are thin (see a picture a in figure 2).
Claims (9)
1. Microbial fermentation peanut mealThe method for preparing the peanut meal leavening is characterized in that the peanut meal is used as the only substrate raw material and is prepared by single microorganism liquid fermentation, and the microorganism is Aspergillus nigerAspergillus niger1805 under accession number: CGMCC No. 15670; the mass concentration of the peanut meal is 10-20%.
2. The method of claim 1,
(1) homogenizing and crushing the peanut meal raw material at low temperature;
(2) adding 4-9 times of water to obtain mixed solution of peanut meal, and maintaining natural pH;
(3) inoculating the microorganism into the peanut meal mixed liquor, wherein the inoculation amount is 0.5-2%;
(4) the fermentation temperature is 30-45 ℃, and the fermentation time is 24-96 h;
(5) and collecting the fermented product, centrifuging, and obtaining the supernatant as the peanut meal fermented product.
3. The method of claim 2,
the volume of the water in the step (2) is 9 times of the volume of the peanut meal;
the inoculation amount in the step (3) is 1 percent;
the fermentation condition in the step (4) is 37 ℃, and the fermentation time is 48 h.
4. The peanut meal leavening, which is characterized in that the leavening is prepared by the method of claim 1, and the main components of the leavening only contain the degradation products of peanut meal protein and polysaccharide, and the mineral elements and small molecular substances of the peanut meal.
5. Use of the peanut meal fermentate of claim 4 as a plant fertilizer.
6. The application of the plant fertilizer as claimed in claim 5, wherein the plant fertilizer is applied to plant crops as foliar fertilizer for promoting plant growth and enhancing drought resistance and cold resistance of plants.
7. Use according to claim 5, wherein the plant crops comprise rape, cabbage, lettuce, cucumber, tomato, wheat and tea plants.
8. The application as claimed in claim 5, wherein the fermentation product of peanut meal is diluted by 500-fold and the plant is treated by foliage spraying or root irrigation.
9. The use as claimed in claim 5, wherein the peanut meal ferment is used for controlling greenhouse tomato chlorosis and gray mold.
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