CN110743613A - 一种负载型金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种负载型金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110743613A CN110743613A CN201910940485.5A CN201910940485A CN110743613A CN 110743613 A CN110743613 A CN 110743613A CN 201910940485 A CN201910940485 A CN 201910940485A CN 110743613 A CN110743613 A CN 110743613A
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- ionic liquid
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- metal
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- RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Cu+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RAOSIAYCXKBGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- VNXUIRXHRSJUNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound CCBr.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 VNXUIRXHRSJUNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg]Cl LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0292—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature immobilised on a substrate
- B01J31/0295—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature immobilised on a substrate by covalent attachment to the substrate, e.g. silica
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- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0279—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the cationic portion being acyclic or nitrogen being a substituent on a ring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
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- B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
- B01J31/0282—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member of an aliphatic ring, e.g. morpholinium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
- B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
- B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
- B01J31/0284—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member of an aromatic ring, e.g. pyridinium
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种负载型金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用;所述催化剂中,金属通过与离子液体配位的形式,稳定在催化剂的外表层,减少了传质的影响,同时提高了金属的分散度;离子液体是通过硅羟基稳定在载体表面,具有更高的稳定性,不易于从载体表面流失;本发明首次将外加静态电场引入到负载离子液体的金属基催化剂制备中,促进了金属活性中心在离子液体表层的富集;由于本发明催化剂金属活性中心分布在离子液体表层,减少了底物扩散的影响,在所评价的反应条件下,催化剂的诱导期消失;本发明从根本上解决负载离子液体催化剂体系中气体金属分散性不高、传质低的缺点。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种负载型金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用。
(二)背景技术
氯乙烯是世界五大合成树脂之一聚氯乙烯(PVC)的单体,主要由电石乙炔法和石油乙烯法工艺生产。中国富煤、贫油、少气的能源赋存决定了将在未来相当长时间内,电石乙炔法将继续是我国氯乙烯生产的主要工艺,即氯化汞催化乙炔和氯化氢反应生成氯乙烯。但是,高毒性氯化汞催化剂严重地污染了环境和危害人体健康。因此,非汞催化剂的开发对于电石乙炔法合成氯乙烯工业可持续发展十分必要。
金、钌、铑、铜催化剂被认为是电石法制备氯乙烯产业中非汞催化剂的潜在替代者。负载离子液体的金属基催化剂被广泛的应用在乙炔氢氯化法制备氯乙烯工艺中。如中国专利CN104703953A公开了一种固体负载离子液体和金属并应用于乙炔氢氯化反应的方法,所选用的固体载体为比表面积大于0.1m2/g、孔容大于0.02mL/g的固体,所选择离子液体的阳离子为咪唑鎓阳离子、吡啶鎓阳离子或吡咯烷鎓阳离子,阴离子可以选择任意阴离子,所选择的金属主要是以Au、Pd为代表的贵金属等。该专利申请中,金属分散在离子液体层中,尽管催化活性较高,但是评价结果显示反应500h后乙炔转化率只有60%左右。中国专利CN104936933A公开了一种催化剂的制备方法。该专利申请中,金属首先锚定在碳载体表面,随后再在金属表面覆盖了一层离子液体层。但是该催化剂催化寿命较短,尚无工业化应用实例。
综上所述,在负载离子液体的金属基催化剂体系中将金属分散在离子液体层中(图1a)所引发的金属团聚以及将金属锚定在碳载体表面再负载离子液体层(图1b)所引发的金属分散及传质的影响可能是导致上述两种负载离子液体的金属基催化剂体系中催化寿命不佳的重要原因。中国专利CN104936933A强调了金属分散在离子液体层中(图1a)或者载体表面(图1b)主要是因为离子液体层和金属两者以物理吸附的方式限制在载体上,没有任何化学键联。
本专利申请中,提出一种新的负载离子液体催化剂体系制备策略。将金属活性中心在外加静态电场的作用下以化学键的形式富集到催化剂外表面即离子液体外表层(图2),显著的降低了底物传质对催化性能的影响,同时,通过金属活性中心与表层离子液体化学配位的形式提高了金属在离子液体层中的分散度。在电石法生产氯乙烯工艺中可能具有潜在的应用价值。
(三)发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种负载型金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用,本发明从根本上解决负载离子液体催化剂体系中气体金属分散性不高、传质低的缺点。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种负载型金属催化剂,按如下方法制备得到:
(1)将碳基载体分散在溶剂中,然后加入二甲基二氯硅烷、三乙胺,在惰性气体(例如氮气)保护、50~70℃的条件下搅拌3~5h,之后过滤、洗涤(用溶剂和乙醇)、烘干(180℃),得到固体产物;
所述碳基载体优选为石墨烯、多孔氮化石墨烯、掺氮石墨炔、活性炭、活性炭纤维、碳化硼中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物;
所述碳基载体与二甲基二氯硅烷、三乙胺的质量比为100:1~6:2~10;
所述溶剂的体积用量以碳基载体的质量计为4~20mL/g;
所述溶剂为甲苯、氮氮二甲基甲酰胺、氮烷基吡咯烷酮、二氯亚砜、丙酮中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合溶剂;
(2)将离子液体溶于溶剂中,搅拌均匀,然后加入步骤(1)所得固体产物,浸渍2~10h,之后烘干(180℃),得到离子液体负载的固体产物;
所述离子液体与碳基载体的质量比为1~20:100,该步操作下,离子液体可认为是全部负载;
该步所用的溶剂与步骤(1)中的溶剂相同,该步溶剂的体积用量以离子液体的质量计为5~100mL/g;
所述离子液体选自如下式(I)~式(V)中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物;
式(I)中,
R1为H、CH3或C2H5;
R2为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤14;
R3为CkH2k+1,k为整数且1≤k≤4;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(II)中,
R1、R2、R3、R4各自独立为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(III)中,
R1、R2、R3、R4各自独立为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(IV)中,
R1、R2各自独立为CnH2n+1,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
R3为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(V)中,
R1、R2各自独立为CnH2n+1,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
R3为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
优选的,所述离子液体选自如下之一:
1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-丙基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐质量比1:4的混合物;
1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和氮甲基吡咯烷酮盐酸盐质量比3:7的混合物;
1-丁基-2,3-二甲基咪唑四氟磷酸盐和三苯基乙基溴化膦质量比1:1的混合物;
三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和三苯基乙基溴化膦质量比2:1的混合物;
三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和N-戊基-乙基哌啶氯盐质量比1:1的混合物;
1-丙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和1-己基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐质量比1:1的混合物;
(3)将金属盐溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀,然后加入步骤(2)所得离子液体负载的固体产物,在外加静态电场中浸渍2~4h,之后烘干(180℃),备用;
所述金属盐所含金属元素与碳基载体的质量比为0.05~20:100,该步操作下,金属元素可认为是全部负载;
该步所用的溶剂与步骤(1)中的溶剂相同,该步溶剂的体积用量以金属盐的质量计为0.5~10mL/g;
所述金属盐可记作MX,其中M为金属阳离子,选自金、钌、铑、铜中的一种或多种混合,X为非金属阴离子,选自硝酸根、硫酸根、氯、溴、双氰胺根、硫代硫酸根、亚硫酸根、吡咯烷酮根、吡啶烷酮根、铵根、磷酸根、焦磷酸根、三苯基膦、聚酞菁根、苯硫酚、酞菁、二氯(1,10-菲咯啉)根、乙酰丙酮酸中的一种或多种混合;
所述外加静态电场电压为0.2~4kV;
(4)将步骤(3)所得产物分散于溶剂和二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中,然后置于旋转混合仪上40~60℃旋转处理10~14h,随后在外加静态电场中浸渍2~4h,并在特定气氛下烘干(烘干温度为180℃),得到所述负载型金属催化剂;
所述溶剂和二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中,所用的溶剂与步骤(1)中的溶剂相同,该处溶剂与二甲基二氯硅烷的比例为50~100:1(mL:g);
所述溶剂和二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液的体积用量以步骤(3)所得产物的质量计为0.3~1mL/g;
所述特定气氛可选自氮气、氩气、空气、氧气、氢气、乙炔、氯化氢、甲烷、氧气、氯气中的一种或几种混合;
所述外加静态电场电压为0.2~4kV。
本发明制得的负载型金属催化剂可应用于电石法合成氯乙烯的反应中。
具体的,所述应用的方法为:
在固定床反应器内,装入制备好的催化剂,反应温度为100~200℃,反应压力0.1~0.5MPa,通入原料气体HCl、C2H2,即可反应获得氯乙烯;
进一步,所述原料气体HCl、C2H2物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=0.9~1.2/1;乙炔体积空速10~100h-1。
本发明所述的催化剂在上述合成氯乙烯反应中具有很高的稳定性,长时间运行2000h后,未表现出催化剂失活现象。
与现有技术相比,本发明存在以下优势:
1、载体的特殊性。本发明所提供的制备方法在所述的碳基载体中金属的分散效果更好,催化活性更高,稳定性更好。
2、载体表面离子液体的稳定机制不同。本申请中的离子液体是通过硅羟基(Si-OH)稳定在载体表面,采用本申请中的制备方法,离子液体具有更高的稳定性,不易于从载体表面流失。
3、金属活性中心存在的位置不同。在公开报道的文献和专利中金属分散在离子液体中心(图1a)或者锚定。而本申请中的金属通过与离子液体配位的形式,稳定在催化剂的外表层(图2),减少了传质的影响,同时提高了金属的分散度。
4、首次将外加静态电场引入到负载离子液体的金属基催化剂制备中,促进了金属活性中心在离子液体表层的富集。
5、消除诱导期。由于本发明所述的催化剂金属活性中心分布在离子液体表层,减少了底物扩散的影响,在所评价的反应条件下,催化剂的诱导期消失。而公开报道的文献和专利中催化剂的诱导期为2-10h。
(四)附图说明
图1:公开报道的专利中负载离子液体的金属基催化剂体系示意图:a)金属分散在离子液体层中间;b)金属分散在催化剂载体的表面;
图2:本发明中负载离子液体的金属基催化剂体系示意图。
(五)具体实施方式
下面用具体实施例来说明本发明。有必要指出的是,实施例只用于对本发明进行的进一步说明,但不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,本发明不以任何方式局限于此。该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据上述发明的内容做出一些非本质的改进和调整。
以下实施例中,石墨烯购自南京先丰纳米,比表面积500~1000m2 g-1;多孔氮化石墨烯购自南京吉仓纳米科技有限公司,比表面积500~100m2 g-1;掺氮石墨炔购自南京先丰纳米,比表面积200~800m2 g-1;活性炭购自上海极荣,比表面积500~1000m2 g-1;活性炭纤维购自沈阳宇恒,比表面积500~1000m2 g-1;碳化硼购自南京吉仓纳米科技有限公司,比表面积500~100m2 g-1。
旋转仪生产厂家为新芝生物,DH-II。
实施例1
催化剂的制备:
1)选取多孔氮化石墨烯为载体10g,将其溶解在40mL甲苯中,搅拌30min后加入0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷,0.2g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,50℃条件下热处理3小时。之后过滤,滤饼用甲苯和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.02g1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和0.08g 1-丙基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体溶于10mL甲苯中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍2h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为1%。
3)将0.009g氯金酸溶于0.09mL甲苯中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加0.2kV静态电场中浸渍2h后,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中金元素的质量负载量为0.05%。
4)上述得到的固体样品10.41g重新在10mL甲苯和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上50℃旋转处理12h。随后在外加4kV静态电场中浸渍3h后,180℃条件下在氮气气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂3.0g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度100℃,压力0.1MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.0/1,乙炔体积空速100h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为94%,氯乙烯选择性为99.5%。
实施例2
催化剂的制备:
1)选取石墨烯为载体10g,将其溶解在100mL氮氮二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌30min后加入0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷,1.0g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,70℃条件下热处理5小时。之后过滤,滤饼用氮氮二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.6g1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1.4g氮甲基吡咯烷酮盐酸盐离子液体溶于10mL氮氮二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍10h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为20%。
3)将0.103g氯化钌溶于0.52mL氮氮二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加0.8kV静态电场中浸渍4h后,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中钌元素的质量负载量为0.5%。
4)上述得到的固体样品13.21g重新在5mL氮氮二甲基甲酰胺和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上40℃旋转处理14h。随后在外加2.9kV静态电场中浸渍4h后,180℃条件下在氩气气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂4.5g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度200℃,压力0.5MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.0/1,乙炔体积空速10h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为92%,氯乙烯选择性为99.3%。
实施例3
催化剂的制备:
1)选取掺氮石墨炔为载体10g,将其溶解在200mL氮甲基吡咯烷酮中,搅拌30min后加入0.6g二甲基二氯硅烷,0.2g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,60℃条件下热处理4小时。之后过滤,滤饼用氮甲基吡咯烷酮和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.5g 1-丁基-2,3-二甲基咪唑四氟磷酸盐和0.5g三苯基乙基溴化膦离子液体溶于10mL氮甲基吡咯烷酮中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍6h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为10%。
3)将4.23g氯化铜溶于2.12mL氮甲基吡咯烷酮中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加1.2kV静态电场中浸渍3h后,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中铜元素的质量负载量为20%。
4)上述得到的固体样品16.03g重新在8mL氮甲基吡咯烷酮和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上60℃旋转处理10h。随后过在外加3.6kV静态电场中浸渍2h后,180℃条件下在空气气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂1.5g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度140℃,压力0.3MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.2/1,乙炔体积空速50h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为96%,氯乙烯选择性为99.2%。
实施例4
催化剂的制备:
1)选取活性炭为载体10g,将其溶解在80mL二氯亚砜中,搅拌30min后加入0.6g二甲基二氯硅烷,1.0g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,55℃条件下热处理3小时。之后过滤,滤饼用二氯亚砜和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.4g三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和0.2g三苯基乙基溴化膦离子液体溶于10mL二氯亚砜中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍8h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为6%。
3)将2.00g磷酸铜溶于2mL二氯亚砜中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加0.2kV静态电场中浸渍2h后,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中铜元素的质量负载量为10%。
4)上述得到的固体样品14.2g重新在7mL二氯亚砜和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上50℃旋转处理11h。随后在外加4kV静态电场中浸渍3h后,180℃条件下在氢气气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂1.6g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度180℃,压力0.2MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.1/1,乙炔体积空速80h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为97%,氯乙烯选择性为99.5%。
实施例5
催化剂的制备:
1)选取活性炭纤维为载体10g,将其溶解在150mL丙酮中,搅拌30min后加入0.4g二甲基二氯硅烷,0.4g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,65℃条件下热处理5小时。之后过滤,滤饼用丙酮和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.6g三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和0.6g N-戊基-乙基哌啶氯盐离子液体溶于12mL丙酮中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍5h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为12%。
3)将4.53g酞菁铜溶于9.1mL丙酮中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加2kV静态电场中浸渍4h后,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中铜元素的质量负载量为5%。
4)上述得到的固体样品16.53g重新在9mL丙酮和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上45℃旋转处理13h。随后在外加2.8kV静态电场中浸渍4h后,180℃条件下在乙炔气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂4.50g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度100℃,压力0.1MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.1/1,乙炔体积空速10h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为90%,氯乙烯选择性为99.2%。
实施例6
催化剂的制备:
1)选取碳化硼为载体10g,将其溶解在120mL丙酮中,搅拌30min后加入0.4g二甲基二氯硅烷,0.4g三乙胺。上述混合物在氮气,60℃条件下热处理4小时。之后过滤,滤饼用丙酮和乙醇洗涤,在180℃条件下烘干,得到的固体样品备用。
2)取0.4g 1-丙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和0.4g 1-己基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐离子液体溶于20mL丙酮中,搅拌均匀后,加入步骤1)中所得的固体样品,浸渍4h,并在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中离子液体的质量负载量为8%。
3)将0.02g氯化铑溶于0.16mL丙酮中,搅拌均匀后加入步骤2)所得到的样品,在外加1kV静态电场中浸渍3h后,在180℃条件下烘干备用。其中铑元素的质量负载量为0.1%。
4)上述得到的固体样品11.62g重新在6mL丙酮和0.1g二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中再次分散。并将上述得到的混合物在旋转仪上55℃旋转处理12h。随后在外加3.8kV静态电场中浸渍2h后,180℃条件下在氯化氢气氛下烘干即得所需要的固体催化剂。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂1.50g应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度120℃,压力0.1MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=0.9/1,乙炔体积空速30h-1的条件下,诱导期为0h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为94%,氯乙烯选择性为99.4%。
对比例1
本对比例通过与实施例1对比,研究金属分散在离子液体层中对催化性能的影响。
催化剂的制备:
取0.02g1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和0.08g 1-丙基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体溶于10mL去离子水溶液中,加入10g多孔氮化石墨烯,搅拌均匀后,加入一定含量的氯金酸溶液。浸渍3h后,并在110℃条件下烘干备用。其中金元素和离子液体的质量负载量分别为0.05%及1%。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度140℃,压力0.3MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.2/1,乙炔体积空速50h-1的条件下,诱导期为3h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为79%,氯乙烯选择性为99.1%。
对比例2
本对比例通过与实施例1对比,研究金属锚定在载体表面后再覆盖离子液体层对催化性能的影响。
取10g多孔氮化石墨烯,加入一定含量的氯金酸溶液。浸渍3h后,并在110℃条件下烘干备用。其中金元素的质量负载量为0.05%。向上述烘干好的备用用品中,加入0.02g1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,0.08g 1-丙基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体和10mL去离子水。搅拌均匀后,110℃条件下烘干备用。其中金元素和离子液体的质量负载量分别为0.05%及1%。
催化剂性能评价:
此催化剂应用于固定床反应器内的乙炔氢氯化反应中,在反应条件为:温度140℃,压力0.3MPa,原料气体物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=1.2/1,乙炔体积空速50h-1的条件下,诱导期为10h,反应2000h后,乙炔转化率为59%,氯乙烯选择性为99.3%。
Claims (8)
1.一种负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,按如下方法制备得到:
(1)将碳基载体分散在溶剂中,然后加入二甲基二氯硅烷、三乙胺,在惰性气体保护、50~70℃的条件下搅拌3~5h,之后过滤、洗涤、烘干,得到固体产物;
所述碳基载体与二甲基二氯硅烷、三乙胺的质量比为100:1~6:2~10;
(2)将离子液体溶于溶剂中,搅拌均匀,然后加入步骤(1)所得固体产物,浸渍2~10h,之后烘干,得到离子液体负载的固体产物;
所述离子液体与碳基载体的质量比为1~20:100;
所述离子液体选自如下式(I)~式(V)中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物;
式(I)中,
R1为H、CH3或C2H5;
R2为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤14;
R3为CkH2k+1,k为整数且1≤k≤4;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(II)中,
R1、R2、R3、R4各自独立为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(III)中,
R1、R2、R3、R4各自独立为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(IV)中,
R1、R2各自独立为CnH2n+1,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
R3为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
式(V)中,
R1、R2各自独立为CnH2n+1,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
R3为CnH2n+1、硫、氧或氮原子,n为整数且1≤n≤6;
X-为氯离子、溴离子、六氟磷酸根、四氟磷酸根、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根、四氟硼酸根或亚胺根;
(3)将金属盐溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀,然后加入步骤(2)所得离子液体负载的固体产物,在外加静态电场中浸渍2~4h,之后烘干,备用;
所述金属盐所含金属元素与碳基载体的质量比为0.05~20:100;
所述金属盐可记作MX,其中M为金属阳离子,选自金、钌、铑、铜中的一种或多种混合,X为非金属阴离子,选自硝酸根、硫酸根、氯、溴、双氰胺根、硫代硫酸根、亚硫酸根、吡咯烷酮根、吡啶烷酮根、铵根、磷酸根、焦磷酸根、三苯基膦、聚酞菁根、苯硫酚、酞菁、二氯(1,10-菲咯啉)根、乙酰丙酮酸中的一种或多种混合;
(4)将步骤(3)所得产物分散于溶剂和二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中,然后置于旋转混合仪上40~60℃旋转处理10~14h,随后在外加静态电场中浸渍2~4h,并在特定气氛下烘干,得到所述负载型金属催化剂;
所述特定气氛选自氮气、氩气、空气、氧气、氢气、乙炔、氯化氢、甲烷、氧气、氯气中的一种或几种混合。
2.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述碳基载体为石墨烯、多孔氮化石墨烯、掺氮石墨炔、活性炭、活性炭纤维、碳化硼中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述离子液体选自如下之一:
1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和1-丙基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐质量比1:4的混合物;
1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和氮甲基吡咯烷酮盐酸盐质量比3:7的混合物;
1-丁基-2,3-二甲基咪唑四氟磷酸盐和三苯基乙基溴化膦质量比1:1的混合物;
三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和三苯基乙基溴化膦质量比2:1的混合物;
三苯基甲基膦双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和N-戊基-乙基哌啶氯盐质量比1:1的混合物;
1-丙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐和1-己基-2,3-二甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐质量比1:1的混合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,所述溶剂和二甲基二氯硅烷的混合溶液中,溶剂与二甲基二氯硅烷的比例为50~100:1。
5.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述溶剂为甲苯、氮氮二甲基甲酰胺、氮烷基吡咯烷酮、二氯亚砜、丙酮中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合溶剂,步骤(2)、(3)、(4)中用到的溶剂与步骤(1)中的相同。
6.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(3)或(4)中,所述外加静态电场电压为0.2~4kV。
7.如权利要求1所述的负载型金属催化剂在电石法合成氯乙烯的反应中的应用。
8.如权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述应用的方法为:
在固定床反应器内,装入制备好的催化剂,反应温度为100~200℃,反应压力0.1~0.5MPa,通入原料气体HCl、C2H2,即可反应获得氯乙烯;
所述原料气体HCl、C2H2物质的量之比n(HCl)/n(C2H2)=0.9~1.2/1;乙炔体积空速10~100h-1。
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