CN110730696B - 制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法 - Google Patents

制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法 Download PDF

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CN110730696B
CN110730696B CN201880036688.5A CN201880036688A CN110730696B CN 110730696 B CN110730696 B CN 110730696B CN 201880036688 A CN201880036688 A CN 201880036688A CN 110730696 B CN110730696 B CN 110730696B
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阿图库马尔·拉加夫吉布海·萨拉德瓦
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Abstract

一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法使用合适等级的不锈钢(SS)圆棒/片/原钢作为原材料。SS圆棒/片/原钢经历切割操作,以切割成SS钢坯。钢坯依次经历加热工艺和热锻工艺,以形成所需形状的扇形件。此后,对扇形件经历热处理,即,依次经历应力消除工艺、淬火工艺和回火工艺,以获得一致且均匀的晶粒结构、机械性能和物理性能的扇形件,这在降低维护成本和降低处理工作方面具有成本效益。在热处理后,扇形件经历表面精加工,即,依次经历磨削、精磨和抛光,以获得镜状表面精加工,从而获得更大的耐磨性和更低的摩擦系数。根据本发明的制造方法产生了晶粒结构一致并且微观结构细化、致密且均匀的扇形件,从而赋予了最佳的强度、延展性、韧性以及耐冲击和疲劳性。

Description

制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,更具体地涉及一种减少从原材料制造扇形件的时间并改善碳推力轴承的扇形件的机械和物理性能(即强度、硬度、延展性、韧性和均匀晶粒结构)的制造方法。
背景技术
碳推力轴承作为普通轴承的替代品,在潜水电机、泵和其他机械设备中起着至关重要的作用。碳推力轴承在全球范围内都用于潜水电机和泵中,以确保向建筑物的最高层提供适当的水,并确保电机和泵在干转状态下的安全。碳推力轴承包括部件,即,推力板、碳垫、扇形件和扇形件载体。在碳推力轴承中,扇形件对于承受潜水电机和泵在运行条件下的波动负载起着至关重要的作用。
在当前时代,碳推力轴承的扇形件通过常规制造方法来制造,其包括用于制造扇形件的更多数量的处理步骤。常规制造方法包括以下步骤:注蜡、成簇组装、浆料涂覆、粉刷、脱蜡、背衬、熔融金属制备、所需等级的光谱测试、铸造、脱模、切断、浇口磨削、喷丸、热处理,以制造碳推力轴承的扇形件。这种常规制造方法从蜡注入工艺到浇口磨削工艺消耗更多的时间,并且需要熟练的技术人员来按照所需等级制备熔融金属并对所述熔融金属进行光谱测试。此外,常规制造工艺的加工步骤是昂贵的,因为它需要更多的基础设施、昂贵的机械、消耗品和能量,这最终导致碳推力轴承的成品扇形件的高成本。
已经开发了制造碳推力轴承及其相关零件的各种方法。US3831241已经公开了一种这样的制造碳推力轴承的方法,其中,所制造的轴承及其零件具有不期望的淬火应力和较小的延展性。此外,需要更大的力来启动并完成轴承零件的变形。此外,轴承零件的淬火应力降低了轴承和轴承零件的强度。
在常规制造方法中,由于这些扇形件是由熔融金属制造的,碳推力轴承的扇形件中的缺陷(即,气孔、表面杂质、弯曲和针孔)的可能性倾向于增加(拒收约为20%~30%)。此外,通过常规制造方法制造的扇形件的物理和机械性能(即,强度、硬度、延展性、韧性和均匀的晶粒结构)差。此外,常规制造方法至少需要4~5周才能由原材料制造碳推力轴承的扇形件。
因此,可以看出,仍然需要一种经济、省时且有效的制造方法,该方法不需要现有的制造扇形件的繁琐且昂贵的方法,并且具有优异的强度、硬度、延展性、韧性和均匀的晶粒结构的碳推力轴承的扇形件。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的是提供一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其为扇形件提供了优异的强度、硬度、韧性、延展性和均匀的晶粒结构。
本发明的再一个目的是提供一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其降低了扇形件的制造方法的时间并且还降低了扇形件的成本。
本发明的又一个目的是提供一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其降低了缺陷(即,扇形件中的气孔、表面杂质、弯曲和针孔)的可能性。
附图说明
图1示出了通过根据现有技术的通过常规精铸方法获得的扇形件的微观结构的照片代表图,其示出了碳推力轴承的扇形件缺乏一致的晶粒结构和晶粒流动。
图2示出了通过根据本发明的制造方法获得的扇形件的微观结构的照片代表图,其示出了碳推力轴承的扇形件的一致的晶粒结构和晶粒流动。
图3示出了通过根据现有技术的常规精铸方法获得的扇形件的微观结构的照片代表图,其示出了碳推力轴承的扇形件的不精致且不均匀的微观结构。
图4示出了通过根据本发明的制造方法获得的扇形件的微观结构的照片代表图,其示出了碳推力轴承的扇形件的更加精致、致密且均匀的微观结构。
具体实施方式
发明概述
本发明的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法使用合适等级的不锈钢(SS)(圆棒)/片/原钢(log)作为原材料。SS(圆棒)/片/原钢经历切割操作,以切割成预定尺寸的SS钢坯。在感应炉中将钢坯在900℃~1000℃下加热。此后,钢坯经历开模热锻或闭模热锻,以获得所需形状的扇形件。在开模热锻之后,对扇形件依次进行连续修边-磨削工艺,以去除在扇形件的边缘上形成的飞边。对于闭模热锻,不需要修边-磨削工艺。此后,扇形件经历热处理,即,依次经历应力消除工艺、淬火工艺和回火工艺,以获得扇形件的预定的机械性能和物理性能,这在降低维护成本和降低处理工作方面具有成本效益。在热处理后,扇形件经历表面精加工工艺(即,表面磨削)以获得最终的精加工表面,其后依次进行精磨和抛光工艺以获得扇形件的最佳的平整度和镜状表面精加工,从而获得更大的耐磨性能和较低的摩擦系数。
发明详述
临时说明书清楚地描述了本发明的性质及其工作方式。本发明具有各种实施方式,并且在临时说明书的以下各页中对它们进行了清楚的描述。在解释本发明之前,应当理解,本文采用的措词和术语是出于描述的目的,而不是限制的目的。
本发明涉及一种制造方法,其消除了制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的常规方法中的多余处理步骤,并且使碳推力轴承的扇形件获得了优异的强度、硬度、延展性、韧性和均匀的晶粒结构。
在解释本发明之前,应理解,术语“再结晶温度”是指金属的变形晶粒被一组新的无缺陷(无应力)晶粒替代以降低强度和硬度并同时增加延展性的温度。钢的重结晶温度通常为400℃~700℃。
根据本发明,制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法使用不锈钢(以下称为SS)圆棒/片/原钢作为原材料或原料。该SS圆棒/片/原钢在切割压力机中经历切割操作,以切割成预定尺寸的SS钢坯。此后,在感应炉中将钢坯在高于其再结晶温度的900℃~1000℃的温度下加热,以减少残余应力并使其易于加工。感应加热可快速、有效且均匀地加热钢坯。加热的SS钢坯优选在具有锻模的机械压力机、液压压力机或摩擦螺旋压力机中经历热锻工艺,以形成所需形状的碳推力轴承的扇形件。在热锻工艺中,SS钢坯位于锻模之间,并通过机械压力机、液压压力机或摩擦螺杆的柱塞/活塞而经受(单个或)多个冲程,以形成所需形状的扇形件。在液压压力机中,通过液压流体压力对柱塞/活塞施加(单个或)多个冲程。在机械压力机和摩擦螺旋压力机中,通过电动机对柱塞/活塞施加(单个或)多个冲程。在热锻工艺之后,钢坯根据模具的形状获得所需形状的扇形件。
如果在热锻过程中使用开模,则它被称为开模热锻工艺;如果在热锻过程中使用闭模,则它被称为闭模热锻工艺。
在开模热锻工艺中,挤压金属的薄层形成在所述扇形件的边缘和模具的分型线上,所述挤压金属的薄层被称为“飞边”。因此,在开模热锻工艺之后,优选分别在动力压力机和台式研磨机中需要使扇形件连续进行修边和磨削工艺,以去除在开模热锻期间在扇形件的边缘上形成的飞边并获得扇形件的精密表面精加工。如果在热锻工艺中使用闭模,则在闭模热锻工艺期间在扇形件的边缘上形成的飞边可以忽略不计,因此省去了修边和磨削工艺。闭模热锻也被称为压模锻造工艺。
此后,为了使所得扇形件获得期望的机械和物理性能,依次进行热处理工艺(即,消除应力、淬火和回火),以使扇形件获得细致且均匀的晶粒结构并增加碳推力轴承的扇形件的强度、硬度、延展性和韧性。在应力消除工艺中,在烤箱或熔炉中将扇形件加热至545℃~555℃的温度并在该温度下保持足够长的时间,以实现所需的内部残余应力的减小,然后以足够慢的速率将扇形件冷却,以避免形成过多的热应力。扇形件内部残余应力的减少取决于钢的组成、温度的选择、时间和冷却速率。
应当理解,术语“临界温度”是钢变成固溶体(其中钢中的金属原子和碳中的原子自由混合并最终结合在一起)的转变温度。该工艺开始的温度被称为钢的下临界温度。钢的临界温度通常为1335℉~1525℉(724℃~830℃)。钢的最低临界温度通常为600℃~724℃。
在应力消除工艺之后,对扇形件进行淬火工艺,以增加扇形件的硬度和韧性并使扇形件获得均匀的晶粒结构。在淬火工艺中,在炉中将扇形件在高于其临界温度的1040℃下加热,并在此温度下将扇形件保持约80~120分钟的一定时间,然后在油或空气的淬火介质中淬火直至它达到室温,以得到所需硬度的扇形件。时间通常取决于扇形件的材料特性、尺寸和厚度,并且所得到的扇形件的硬度取决于淬火速率。要注意的是,突然的淬火大大增加了扇形件的硬度。
在淬火后,进行回火工艺以消除淬火应力,减少脆性和过高的硬度,增加韧性,并且使扇形件获得预定的机械和物理性能。在回火工艺中,淬火扇形件在低于其下临界温度的245℃~255℃的温度下重新加热,并在室温下以所需的冷却速率逐渐冷却,以消除淬火应力并获得所需值的机械性能,即,强度、硬度、延展性、韧性。回火后获得的扇形件具有更好的机械和物理性能。扇形件的机械性能还取决于回火温度、回火时间和冷却速率。热处理工艺提高了机械性能,即耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。在热处理后,对扇形件进行表面精加工工艺(即,表面磨削)以获得最终的精加工表面,其后依次进行精磨和抛光工艺以使扇形件获得最佳的平整度和镜状表面精加工,从而获得更大的耐磨性能和较低的摩擦系数。此外,分别在研磨机、精磨机和抛光机上进行所述表面的精加工工艺,即,表面研磨、精磨和抛光。
此外,本发明制造方法产生了如图2所示的扇形件的一致晶粒结构;赋予扇形件以如图4所示的精细、致密且均匀的微观结构;并且赋予最佳的强度、延展性、韧性以及耐冲击和疲劳性。这种致密且均匀的微观结构改善了扇形件的物理和机械性能。
在以下实施例中,更详细地说明本发明。该实施例描述并说明了本发明范围内的实施方式。该实施例仅出于说明的目的而给出,并且不应被解释为对本发明的限制,因为在不脱离其精神和范围的情况下可以有许多变型。
实施例1:
(a)选择AISI 420B(SS 420B)级不锈钢圆棒作为原料或原材料,并使其在切割机中经历切割操作以形成钢坯;
(b)使所述钢坯在感应炉中在900℃~1000℃的温度下经历加热工艺;
(c)在机械压力机中使用封闭式锻模使步骤(b)中获得的钢坯经历热锻工艺,以形成所需形状的扇形件;
(d)使步骤(c)中获得的扇形件在545℃至555℃的温度下经历应力消除工艺,以降低内部残余应力并防止形成过多的热应力;
(e)使步骤(d)中获得的扇形件在1040℃的温度下经历淬火工艺,以增加硬度和韧性并获得均匀的晶粒结构的扇形件;
(f)使步骤(e)中获得的扇形件在245℃~255℃的温度下经历回火工艺,以降低脆性和过高的硬度;
(g)使步骤(f)中获得的扇形件在研磨机中经历磨削工艺,以得到精加工表面的扇形件;
(h)使步骤(g)中获得的扇形件分别在精磨机和抛光机中依次经历精磨工艺和抛光工艺,以获得最佳的表面光洁度和平坦度,从而获得镜状表面的扇形件。
下表1中给出了:与通过常规精铸方法获得的扇形件的机械性能相比,通过所述制造方法步骤(a~g)获得的扇形件的改进的机械性能:
表:1
Figure BDA0002299397760000061
此外,选作原料或原材料的SS 420B级不锈钢条/原钢由下表2中给出的成分组成:
表:2
Figure BDA0002299397760000062
优点:
根据本发明的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的新颖方法是有效、经济且省时的,其消除了碳推力轴承的扇形件的常规制造方法的繁琐且昂贵的处理步骤。此外,本发明制造方法产生了一致晶粒结构的扇形件(如图2所示);赋予扇形件精细、致密且均匀的微观结构(如图4所示),从而获得最佳的强度、延展性、韧性以及耐冲击和疲劳性。致密且均匀的微观结构改善了碳推力轴承的扇形件的物理和机械性能。如果以实际为基础计算改进,那么生产每个扇形件的时间、基础设施、设备和机械的节省将体现在使制造方法在降低维护成本、减少电力消耗和降低处理工作方面具有成本效益。因此,本发明的制造方法相对于当前技术水平具有经济意义。

Claims (8)

1.一种制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)切割选自AISI 420、AISI 420A、AISI 420B、AISI 420C或AISI 410的不锈钢圆棒或不锈钢条,以形成钢坯;
(b)在感应炉中,将步骤(a)中获得的钢坯在900℃~1000℃下加热;
(c)使用锻模对步骤(b)中获得的钢坯进行热锻工艺,以形成所需形状的扇形件,其中所述热锻工艺是在机械压力机或液压压力机中进行的;
(d)在545℃~555℃的温度下对步骤(c)中获得的扇形件进行应力消除工艺,以降低内部残余应力并防止形成过多的热应力;
(e)在应力消除工艺之后,在1040℃的温度下对步骤(d)中获得的扇形件进行淬火工艺,以增加硬度和韧性并获得扇形件;
(f)在淬火工艺之后,在245℃~255℃的温度下对步骤(e)中获得的扇形件进行回火工艺,以降低脆性和硬度;
(g)在回火工艺之后,对步骤(e)中获得的所得扇形件进行磨削工艺,以获得精加工表面的扇形件;
(h)对步骤(g)中获得的扇形件依次进行精磨工艺和抛光工艺,以获得表面光洁度和平坦度,从而获得扇形件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,在步骤(c)中,所述热锻工艺是在摩擦螺旋压力机中进行的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,步骤(c)中的热锻工艺是使用开式模锻或闭式模锻进行的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,如果使用开式模锻作为锻造工艺,则对步骤(c)中获得的扇形件依次进行修边工艺和磨削工艺。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,步骤(g)中的磨削工艺是在台式研磨机、垂直式旋转研磨机或水平表面研磨机中进行的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,步骤(e)中的淬火工艺是感应淬火。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,步骤(h)中的精磨工艺和抛光工艺分别是在精磨机和抛光机中依次进行的。
8.根据权利要求4所述的制造碳推力轴承的扇形件的方法,其中,所述修边工艺是在动力压力机中进行的。
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