CN110655422A

CN110655422A - Composting method for promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen and application of organic fertilizer

Info

Publication number: CN110655422A
Application number: CN201911118149.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 邱美珍; 周桑扬; 张星; 李晟; 谢菊兰; 朱静波; 王红兵
Original assignee: HUNAN PROV RESEARCH INST OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY
Current assignee: HUNAN PROV RESEARCH INST OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY
Priority date: 2019-11-15
Filing date: 2019-11-15
Publication date: 2020-01-07

Abstract

The invention provides a composting method of decomposition promoting and nitrogen conserving elements, which comprises the following steps: step one, pretreatment: feeding the excrement into a fermentation bin, adding carbon ingredients, uniformly stirring the materials after mixing, wherein the water content of the materials is 55-60%, and heating the materials; step two, primary fermentation: adding a microbial agent I into the pretreated material, uniformly mixing, naturally ventilating or introducing air for fermentation, heating the material pile to 45-55 ℃ after 2-3 days, and turning the pile for the first time; step three, secondary fermentation: and adding a microbial inoculum II into the materials after the first turning, uniformly mixing, introducing air, heating the material pile to 55-65 ℃ after 2-3 days, then turning the pile for the second time, and thoroughly decomposing the pile to obtain the organic fertilizer. The composting method can promote the fertilizer to be thoroughly decomposed, reduce the loss of nitrogen, reduce the odor generated by ammonia volatilization, increase the effective nutrient content of the compost finished product and facilitate the absorption of crops.

Description

Composting method for promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen and application of organic fertilizer

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fertilizer production, in particular to a composting method for promoting rotting, maturing and preserving nitrogen, an organic fertilizer prepared by the method and application of the organic fertilizer.

Background

With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the production of livestock and poultry manure is increasing day by day, and the treatment of the livestock and poultry manure by composting becomes an effective way for harmless treatment and resource utilization of the livestock and poultry manure, and is widely applied.

In order to increase the number of effective microorganisms in compost, accelerate the decomposition of compost materials and improve the compost quality and the operation efficiency, adding a microbial inoculum into the compost is a common measure. However, the microbial inoculum is added in one step, and the function of each microbial inoculum is difficult to be fully exerted.

Livestock and poultry manure is widely used as a composting raw material, and because the manure has different contents of organic matters, nutrients, moisture and the like, a fermentation process is not considered, simple composting cannot achieve a good effect, the defects of low decomposition degree, long fermentation period, leakage and the like exist, and the composting efficiency is greatly reduced. In addition, in the composting process, because of the action of high temperature and microorganisms, a large amount of ammonia gas is volatilized, so that not only is a lot of nitrogen loss caused, but also the nutrients and the quality of the compost are reduced, and the environment is seriously polluted. The content of nitrogen in the livestock and poultry manure is 2-3%, the fertilizer is a good fertilizer resource, and the loss of nitrogen in the fertilizer utilization is directly related to the quality of the fertilizer and the environmental safety.

Therefore, the development of a composting method which can improve composting efficiency and reduce nitrogen loss becomes a necessary guarantee for sustainable development of the current livestock and poultry waste composting utilization, and a novel technology of a composting method capable of promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen is urgently needed in the industry.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a composting method for promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art.

In order to realize the purpose, the invention provides a composting method of decomposition promoting and nitrogen retaining elements, which comprises the following steps:

step one, pretreatment: feeding the excrement into a fermentation bin, adding carbon ingredients, uniformly stirring the materials after mixing, wherein the water content of the materials is 55-60%, and heating the materials;

step two, adding a microbial inoculum for the first time for fermentation: adding a microbial agent I into the pretreated material, uniformly mixing, naturally ventilating or introducing air for fermentation, heating the material pile to 45-55 ℃ after 2-3 days, and turning the pile for the first time;

step three, adding a microbial inoculum for the second time for fermentation: adding a microbial inoculum II into the materials after the first turning, uniformly mixing, introducing air for fermentation, heating the material pile to 55-65 ℃ after 2-3 days, then turning for the second time, and thoroughly decomposing the pile to obtain an organic fertilizer;

the first microbial agent comprises lactic acid bacteria, saccharomycetes and spore bacteria.

Further, in the second step, the number ratio of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and spore bacteria in the first microbial agent is 1.5-2.5:1: 1-3.

Further, in the third step, the microbial agent II comprises actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria; and the number ratio of actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria in the microbial agent II is 2-4:1.5-2.5: 1.

Further, in the first step, the carbon ingredients comprise one or more of rice bran, straw powder and reed scraps; the dosage of the carbon ingredients is 25-35% of the weight of the excrement; in the first step, the mixed materials are heated to 60-65 ℃ and then are kept warm for 2-3 hours.

Further, in the second step, the content of viable bacteria in the first microbial inoculum is not lower than 8 hundred million/g, and 1.5-2.0kg of the first microbial inoculum is added into each ton of materials; in the third step, the content of viable bacteria in the microbial agent II is not lower than 10 hundred million/g, and 1.5-2.0kg of the microbial agent II is added into each ton of materials.

Furthermore, the microbial agent I and the microbial agent II are added by stepwise dilution.

Further, the process of fermentation by introducing air is as follows: the hollow pipeline is inserted into the pile body, holes are uniformly distributed on the pipeline, and the ventilation quantity is 0.01-0.2 VVM.

Furthermore, the process of introducing air for fermentation is intermittent aeration, and aeration is carried out for 15-25 minutes every 1-2 hours.

As the same inventive concept, the invention also provides an organic fertilizer, which is prepared according to the method.

The invention also provides application of the organic fertilizer prepared by the method, and the organic fertilizer is applied to crops.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. the invention provides a composting method of accelerating maturity and preserving nitrogen, which adopts a mode of adding bacteria step by step for fermentation, wherein a first microbial agent (diluted to 100 times step by step) is added in the early stage of composting, air is introduced, the fermentation process of the composting is rapidly started, organic substances (such as simple sugar, starch, soluble organic substances and the like) which are easy to decompose are decomposed under the action of microorganisms, a large amount of heat is generated, and the temperature of a compost body is continuously increased to 45-55 ℃; and (3) turning the compost, adding a second microbial agent (which is diluted to 100 times step by step) for the second time, introducing air, strongly decomposing complex organic substances (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, macromolecular organic substances and the like) in the compost under the aerobic condition, and increasing the temperature of the compost to 55-65 ℃ through heat accumulation. Wherein, the main product of the lactic acid bacteria in the first microbial agent is lactic acid, and the environment is acidic, so that the plant cells, fibers and cell contents (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) are dissolved or decomposed. The yeast added into the first microbial agent is fermented by using saccharides, the bacillus is fermented by using protein and saccharides to synthesize various enzymes, and organic matters which are difficult to degrade are decomposed under the action of the enzymes to form substances with fragrance. Three bacteria in the second microbial agent can grow at high temperature, so that a large amount of white hypha can be formed, the material is fluffy, the air permeability is good, the fermentation is facilitated, enzymes such as cellulase, protease and lipase can be generated, substances which are difficult to decompose in excrement can be quickly decomposed, micromolecular water-soluble carbon and nitrogen compounds are formed, and the fertilizer efficiency is improved. Thus, the step-by-step bacterium adding not only meets the requirements of microbial species in each stage of the compost, but also meets the metabolic process of the microbes.

2. The composting method of the corrosion-promoting mature nitrogen-preserving element provided by the invention has the advantages that the temperature of the materials is directly raised to 60-65 ℃ without stopping stirring in the pretreatment process, the holding time is 2-3 hours, the nutrient content of the materials is not damaged, and the pasteurization effect can be achieved. The pathogenic microorganisms such as escherichia coli, tubercle bacillus, dysentery bacillus, typhoid bacillus and the like can die by the pretreatment and the temperature rise, the total number of bacteria is reduced by 90-95%, and the roundworm egg killing rate is over 80%. But the nutrient components in the excrement such as protein, sugar and the like can not be damaged at the temperature of 60-65 ℃, and the materials are mixed more uniformly, so that the growth of the added bacteria can be effectively promoted.

3. According to the composting method for promoting decomposition and preserving nitrogen provided by the invention, the fermentation of microorganisms can be quickly started in the material pretreatment temperature rise process, harmful insect bacteria are eliminated, the fermentation time is shortened by 2-3 days, the microorganisms are added step by step in the composting process, the full utilization of the nutrient components of the materials is facilitated, the decomposition is promoted, the loss of nitrogen is reduced, the odor generated by ammonia volatilization is reduced, the effective nutrient content of the compost finished product is increased, and the absorption of crops is facilitated.

4. According to the composting method of the corrosion-promoting and nitrogen-retaining element, provided by the invention, air is introduced in the fermentation process, so that the metabolism of microbial cells, the growth of aerobic microbial thalli and the formation of products can be maintained, and the fermentation process is smoother.

5. The invention provides a composting method of accelerating rotting and conserving nitrogen, wherein a microbial agent I and a microbial agent II are added by stepwise dilution. Specifically, 1kg of the microbial agent or the microbial agent dual-purpose material is diluted to 10kg, then the material is further diluted to 100kg, and finally the material is added into 1 ton of the material. The adoption of the step-by-step dilution is beneficial to more uniform mixing of the microorganisms and the materials and the balanced growth of the microorganisms.

In addition to the objects, features and advantages described above, other objects, features and advantages of the present invention are also provided. The present invention will be described in further detail below.

Detailed Description

The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the invention, but the invention can be implemented in many different ways, as defined and covered by the claims.

Example 1:

a composting method for promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen concretely comprises the following steps:

step one, pretreatment: firstly, putting the excrement into a fermentation bin by using a conveyor belt, adding the mixture of the mixture and the chaff (or straw powder or reed scrap) into the fermentation bin, wherein the water content of the mixture is 55-60% in each ton of the excrement according to 25-30% of the weight of the excrement, uniformly stirring the mixture at 30 revolutions per minute, heating the mixture to 60-65 ℃, and keeping the constant temperature for 2 hours;

step two, adding a microbial inoculum for the first time for fermentation: adding a microbial inoculum I into the pretreated material, uniformly mixing, stacking for natural ventilation or introducing high-pressure air with ventilation amount of 0.1VVM, introducing air for 20 minutes at intervals of 1.5 hours, and performing intermittent ventilation at fermentation temperature of 45-55 ℃ for 2-3 days in summer and 3-4 days in winter. Wherein 1.5-2.0kg of a first microbial agent (comprising lactic acid bacteria, saccharomycetes and spore bacteria in a quantity ratio of 2:1:1) is added into each ton of the first microbial agent, the number of viable bacteria of each gram of microbial agent is not less than 8 hundred million, and the first microbial agent is diluted by 100 times by using an ingredient step by step.

Step three, adding a microbial inoculum for the second time for fermentation: during the first pile turning, adding 1.5-2.0kg of a second microbial inoculum (comprising bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in a quantity ratio of 2:1:1) into each ton of the material, wherein the number of viable bacteria of each gram of microbial inoculum is not less than 10 hundred million, and the two ingredients of the microbial inoculum are diluted by 100 times step by step; then introducing air with the ventilation amount of 0.1VVM, adopting an intermittent ventilation mode of ventilating for 20 minutes every 1.5 hours, fermenting for 7-10 days in summer and 10-15 days in winter, stacking, fermenting and turning over for 2 times, stacking and decomposing to obtain the organic fertilizer.

Example 2:

the main difference between example 2 and example 1 is that: in the second step, the number ratio of lactic acid bacteria, saccharomycetes and spore bacteria in the microbial agent I is 2:1: 2. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Example 3:

the main difference between example 2 and example 1 is that: in the second step, the number ratio of lactic acid bacteria, saccharomycetes and spore bacteria in the microbial agent I is added to be 2:1: 3. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 1:

the main difference between comparative example 1 and example 1 is that: and adding the microbial agent I and the microbial agent II into the pretreated material for fermentation at one time. The other parameters were the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 2:

the main difference between comparative example 2 and example 1 is that: and in the second step, when the microbial inoculum is added for the first time for fermentation, only saccharomycetes and spore bacteria are added into the added microbial inoculum one, and no lactic acid bacteria are added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 3:

the main difference between comparative example 3 and example 1 is that: and in the second step, when the microbial inoculum is added for the first time for fermentation, only lactobacillus and spore bacteria are added into the added microbial inoculum one, and yeast is not added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 4:

the main difference between comparative example 4 and example 1 is that: and in the second step, when the microbial inoculum is added for the first time for fermentation, only lactobacillus and saccharomycetes are added into the added microbial inoculum one, and no spore bacteria are added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 5:

the main difference between comparative example 5 and example 1 is that: in the pretreatment process of the first step, the temperature of the materials is not increased to 60-65 ℃, and the constant temperature is kept for 2 hours. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

Comparative example 6:

the main difference between comparative example 6 and example 1 is that: air is not introduced into the step two and the step three. The other steps are the same as in example 1.

The organic fertilizers prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 6 and the common fermented fertilizers sold in the market were used for the experiments, and the details are as follows:

1. test items: germination capacity of radish seeds, total nitrogen content, ammonia gas concentration and hydrogen sulfide concentration.

2. Test method

The experiment was divided into 7 groups, the organic fertilizers prepared in examples 1 to 3 were the experimental group, and the organic fertilizers prepared in comparative examples 1 to 6 and the common fermented fertilizers sold in the market were the control group.

Table 1 different fertilizer effect test results

As shown in table 1, the first addition of the first microbial agent is a mixture of lactic acid bacteria: yeast: the adding quantity ratio of the spore bacteria is 2:1:2, and the indexes of total nitrogen, seed germination index, ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide concentration are all optimal. From comparative examples 2-4, it can be seen that when only two of them are added, the germination index of the fermented seeds can not meet the requirement of organic fertilizer, the total nitrogen content is low, the ammonia gas escapes more, and more hydrogen sulfide is generated. The reasons are that yeast is lacked, sugar fermentation is less, and organic fertilizer fermentation is slower, so that nutrients are insufficient. Lack of lactic acid bacteria, difficult dissolution of organic matters in plant cells, rapid utilization of sugar by yeast spores, short fermentation duration and much escape of ammonia gas. Lack of spore bacteria, difficult decomposition of protein in the excrement, slow temperature rise and insufficient nutrients of organic fertilizers.

When the microbial agent I and the microbial agent II are added into the pretreated material for fermentation at one time, the germination index and the total nitrogen content of the radish seeds are obviously lower than those of the radish seeds obtained in examples 1-3. Because the composting process is a process in which organic matter is continuously decomposed and converted. The compost is limited by low temperature and organic matter types at the initial stage, and is suitable for the growth of yeast, lactic acid, spores and other bacteria. In the middle stage of composting, the temperature is increased, so that the fertilizer is suitable for the growth of high-temperature-resistant bacteria such as actinomycetes and fungi. The microbial agent I and the microbial agent II are added simultaneously, the microbial agent II can compete for partial nutrition of the microbial agent I, the growth of the microbial agent I is influenced, and the microbial agent II can slowly grow due to low temperature.

When the temperature of the materials is not raised to 60-65 ℃ in the pretreatment process and the constant temperature is kept for 2 hours, the composting time of the comparative example 5 is 23 days, while the composting time used by adopting the method is 17 days, the composting time adopting the method is shortened by 6 days compared with that of the comparative example 5, and the total nitrogen, the seed germination index, the ammonia gas and the hydrogen sulfide concentration indexes have obvious difference. Because the temperature of the materials is raised in the early stage, most harmful microorganisms in the excrement can be killed, the competition for nutrients is reduced, and the fermentation of the microbial preparation I can be started and accelerated. Calculated according to the composting time and the total nitrogen content, the method is more favorable for treating the excrement and has better economic benefit.

And when air is not introduced in the second step and the third step, the growth of aerobic microorganisms, the formation of products and the metabolism of cells are not favorably maintained, and in the composting process, most microorganisms belong to aerobic bacteria, are difficult to grow without oxygen and cannot achieve the composting effect. Some microorganisms can grow anaerobically, but the produced metabolites are organic acids, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, etc., which cannot be used as fertilizers and are harmful to the environment.

In conclusion, the composting method for promoting the rotting and preserving the nitrogen provided by the invention adopts a mode of adding bacteria and fermenting step by step, firstly adding a first microbial agent in the early stage of composting, introducing air, quickly starting the fermentation process of the composting, decomposing easily-decomposed organic substances (such as simple sugars, starch, soluble organic matters and the like) under the action of microorganisms, generating a large amount of heat, and continuously increasing the temperature of a compost body to 45-55 ℃; through turning over the compost, adding a second microbial agent and introducing air, the complex organic substances (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, macromolecular organic substances and the like) in the compost are strongly decomposed under the aerobic condition, and the temperature of the compost is increased to 55-65 ℃ through heat accumulation. Wherein, the main product of lactic acid bacteria in the first microbial agent is lactic acid, and the environment is acidic, so that the plant cells and fibers are decomposed, and the cell contents (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) are dissolved or decomposed. The saccharomycetes added into the microbial agent I for the first time are fermented by using saccharides, the bacillus is fermented by using proteins and saccharides, and a plurality of enzymes are synthesized, so that organic matters which are difficult to degrade are decomposed under the action of the enzymes, and substances with fragrance are formed. Three kinds of bacteria in the second microbial agent can grow at high temperature, so that a large amount of white hyphae can be formed, the material is fluffy, the air permeability is good, and the fermentation is facilitated; and can produce enzymes such as cellulase, protease, lipase and the like, quickly decompose substances which are difficult to decompose in excrement, form micromolecular water-soluble carbon and nitrogen compounds and improve the fertilizer efficiency. Thus, the step-by-step bacterium adding not only meets the requirements of microbial species in each stage of the compost, but also meets the metabolic process of the microbes.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A composting method for promoting rotting and preserving nitrogen is characterized by comprising the following steps:

2. The composting method of accelerating maturity and conserving nitrogen as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number ratio of lactic acid bacteria, yeast and spore bacteria in the first microbial agent in the second step is 1.5-2.5:1: 1-3.

3. A composting method as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step three the microbial inoculum two comprises actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria; and the number ratio of actinomycetes, fungi and bacteria in the microbial agent II is 2-4:1.5-2.5: 1.

4. The composting method of claim 1 wherein the carbon-based ingredients in step one include one or more of rice bran, straw powder, and reed dust; the dosage of the carbon ingredients is 25-35% of the weight of the excrement; in the first step, the mixed materials are heated to 60-65 ℃ and then are kept warm for 2-3 hours.

5. A composting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step two, the viable bacteria content of the first microbial inoculum is not less than 8 hundred million/g, and 1.5-2.0kg of the first microbial inoculum is added per ton of material; in the third step, the content of viable bacteria in the microbial agent II is not lower than 10 hundred million/g, and 1.5-2.0kg of the microbial agent II is added into each ton of materials.

6. The composting method of claim 1 wherein the first microbial agent and the second microbial agent are added by stepwise dilution.

7. A composting method as claimed in any of claims 1-6 wherein the fermentation is carried out by introducing air as follows: the hollow pipeline is inserted into the pile body, holes are uniformly distributed on the pipeline, and the ventilation quantity is 0.01-0.2 VVM.

8. A composting method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the fermentation is carried out by aeration intermittently, with aeration being carried out for 15-25 minutes at 1-2 hour intervals.

9. An organic fertilizer, characterized in that it is produced according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. Use of the organic fertilizer prepared by the process of any one of claims 1 to 8 or the organic fertilizer of claim 9 in crops.