CN110583890A - 一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料 - Google Patents
一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110583890A CN110583890A CN201911035742.7A CN201911035742A CN110583890A CN 110583890 A CN110583890 A CN 110583890A CN 201911035742 A CN201911035742 A CN 201911035742A CN 110583890 A CN110583890 A CN 110583890A
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- feed
- semi
- suckling pig
- acid
- pig feed
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- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料,包含不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料、复合防霉剂、复合酸化剂以及水;其中,不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料与水的重量比为1:0.15‑0.35;无抗半湿乳猪饲料的pH值控制在4.6≦pH≦5.5之间;所采用的复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸和一种以上其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质,并采用真空包装。与传统的乳猪料相比,本发明的乳猪饲料,可提高断奶仔猪的饲料采食量,减少断奶应激,降低饲料的pH,有效提高仔猪胃肠道健康,减少仔猪腹泻发生,提高仔猪的成活率和生长性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料及其制备方法;更具体地讲,本发明涉及一种涉及采用复合酸化剂的无抗半湿乳猪饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着规模化养殖技术的发展,为提高母猪的繁殖效率,仔猪早期断奶(18到21日龄)已经被越来越多的规模猪场采用。但是由于早期断奶,仔猪的胃肠道发育尚未成熟,断奶仔猪要从吃母乳转到吃完全固体饲料(粉状或颗粒状饲料,水分通常低于14%),仔猪会出现极大的应激反应,主要表现在:仔猪采食量低(饥饿)、肠粘膜萎缩,抵抗力下降,细菌和病毒大量繁殖,进而导致拉稀、生长性能下降,死亡率增加,养殖效益大大降低。
目前,一些规模养猪场使用人工乳(配方奶粉加水)作为营养补充,结合固体饲料一起饲喂断奶仔猪,以弥补饲喂单纯固体饲料导致的仔猪采食量不足,提高仔猪的断奶成活率。但人工乳需要猪场现配现用,保质期短,容易腐败变质,人工劳力效率低下,给实际生产带来很大的不便,再加上人工乳价格昂贵,人工乳的使用很难大规模推广。鉴于目前普通仔猪断奶固体饲料无法有效减少猪的断奶应激和疾病情况下给断奶仔猪只提供足够的营养,饲喂高水分饲料(>20%水分)能有效提高猪采食量,是一种有效方案来解决仔猪的断奶应激,提高成活率。
此外,抗生素在饲料中的广泛使用容易产生耐药菌的形成,同时抗生素在环境中的排出和药物残留已经引起社会的很大关注。从2020年7月份开始,农村农业部将禁止抗生素在饲料中作为饲料添加剂使用,饲料中不加抗生素后,仔猪的健康将受到很大影响如猪腹泻增加,生长速度降低,死亡率增加等。如何提高在禁抗以后的维护仔猪的肠道健康,这也是一个仔猪营养的挑战。
中国专利200710025863.4公开了一种猪半湿性乳猪饲料的生产方法,该专利以通常的断奶仔猪料:干性粉状饲料或固体颗粒饲料为原料,经粉碎、过筛、称量加防霉剂、加定量水混匀至含水量为25%~55%、挤压制粒、冷却、包装得成品半湿性乳猪饲料。挤压方法生产时采用挤压机捏合区机筒温度80~150℃,挤压机蒸煮区机筒温度50~100℃和螺杆转速200~1000r/min的挤压条件能够生产得到淀粉糊化度达75%~90%的半湿性乳猪饲料。饲料配方中加入一定浓度的防腐剂,可使半湿性乳猪饲料在六个月内不霉变。但该专利的缺陷是这种含水量高的颗粒饲料,生产加工成颗粒工艺复杂,需要专门的制粒设备和技术,限制了饲料企业的生产。
中国专利CN201010001211.9公开了一种仔猪用的高水分饲料,是在通常的猪饲料中添加一定数量的增稠剂如明胶,海藻酸盐而制成的粉状物,再与一定量水混合,通过增稠剂能快速吸水溶胀,最后加入助凝物如磷酸氢钙,有机酸等,形成胶体状饲料,可用于仔猪补饲,或协助仔猪断奶,减少断奶应激,或用于长途运输的仔猪补充水分。该专利生产的是一种高水分的胶状饲料,其缺陷是这种增稠剂价格昂贵,本身不能被动物消化利用,对提高饲料品质没有帮助,该专利配方使用了抗生素来调节仔猪胃肠道的健康,不符合当前的禁抗政策。
中国专利申请201910667194.3公开了一种无抗乳猪浓缩饲料及其制备方法,该无抗乳猪浓缩饲料,由如下重量百分比的各组分制成:豆粕58-65%,膨化全脂大豆10-20%,鱼粉3-8%,豆油1-6%,有机酸化剂0.1-0.8%,半成品功能性添加剂0.1-0.8%,石粉0.5-2.5%,磷酸二氢钙1.5-4%,预混合饲料6-11%。
因此,如何提供一种生产简便,不需特殊制粒,不需增稠剂,不含抗生素,保质期长并有效解决乳猪断奶应激的半湿饲料成为业界需要解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料及其制备方法,该半湿乳猪饲料不需特殊制粒,不需增稠剂,不含抗生素,保质期长,并能有效解决乳猪断奶应激。
为了实现上述的发明目的,一方面,本发明提供了一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料,该半湿乳猪饲料包含不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料、复合防霉剂、复合酸化剂以及水;其中,所采用的不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料与水的重量比为1:0.15-0.35,优选为1:0.15-0.25;通过使用复合酸化剂,控制本发明的半湿乳猪饲料的pH值在4.6≦pH≦5.5之间,优选在4.8≦pH≦5.2之间;所采用的复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸和一种以上其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质。
本发明的发明人发现,加强酸化剂的应用是提高仔猪消化道健康的一种重要方式,通过强化酸化剂的应用可以降低了胃肠道pH值,抑制有害胃肠道微生物的生长,调节肠道菌群平衡,减少乳猪腹泻发生。因此,本发明中,半湿乳猪饲料pH值范围的控制是关键技术特征之一:pH值过高,不能很好地抑制有害胃肠道微生物的生长,而pH值过低,会带来适口性等问题。现有技术中,乳猪料的pH通常为5.8-6.5,而本发明中,半湿乳猪饲料pH值范围的控制在4.6≦pH≦5.5,优选控制在4.8≦pH≦5.2,更优选控制在4.8≦pH≦5.0,这样可以很好地抑制有害胃肠道微生物的生长。
本发明中,另一关键技术特征是复合酸化剂的选择。复合酸化剂中必须以乳酸为主,即复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸,其它的酸性物质可为一种或一种以上的其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质,例如,这些酸性物质包括不限于:富马酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、盐酸、磷酸、二甲酸钾等。乳酸是一种具有强抗菌作用的有机酸,肠道内的一些有益菌就能乳酸,一些发酵饲料原料也含有乳酸,乳酸仔体内吸收后,可以通过糖异生作用转变为葡萄糖,作为能量使用。和甲酸和丙酸比较,乳酸没有这两种酸的抗菌谱广,但是能更有效的降低胃的pH和抑制肠道大肠杆菌的繁殖,并促进肠道有益菌的增殖,显著减少乳猪的断奶拉稀。乳酸的适口性好,使用高剂量2.8%的乳酸在饲料中也不会降低乳猪的日采食量。
优选地,本发明的复合酸化剂包括乳酸和如下一组酸性物质的一种以上:富马酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸。
为防止半湿乳猪饲料的变质,本发明中采用复合防霉剂。所谓的复合防霉剂是指包含两种或两种以上的防霉剂,以延长其有效期,并对霉菌广谱。复合防霉剂的优点在于增加抗菌谱,强化防霉抗菌做作用。例如,丙酸及盐类有良好的防霉效果,但是对细菌抑制作用较小,对酵母无抑制作用,山梨酸及其钾盐能有效抑制霉菌、酵母菌和好气性细菌的作用,两者复合后,防霉防腐功能得到加强。
优选地,本发明的复合防霉剂包括以下一组物质中的两种以上:丙酸钙、丙酸、苯甲酸及其盐、山梨酸及其盐、富马酸二甲酯、脱氢乙酸或其盐、反丁烯二酸和双乙酸钠。更优选地,本发明的复合防霉剂包括丙酸或其钙盐以及如下以下一组物质中的一种以上:苯甲酸及其盐、山梨酸及其盐、富马酸二甲酯、脱氢乙酸或其盐、反丁烯二酸和双乙酸钠
在本发明的半湿乳猪饲料中,采用了不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料作为原料。所谓的全价料是指由蛋白质饲料(如鱼粉、豆类及其饼粕...等)、能量饲料(如玉米、麦麸等)、粗饲料(仅在低标准配合料中使用)和添加剂(除去粮食及其付产品以外的添加物叫添加剂)四部分组成的配合料。
优选地,在本发明的半湿乳猪饲料中,所采用的不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料包括但不限于:玉米、膨化玉米、豆粕、膨化大豆、发酵豆粕、鱼粉、喷雾血浆蛋白粉、乳清粉、氯化胆碱、磷酸氢钙、石粉、食盐、氨基酸、多种维生素、微量元素添加剂、植酸酶、氧化锌。
优选地,在本发明的半湿乳猪饲料中,复合防霉剂的添加量为半湿乳猪饲料的0.05-0.5wt%。
优选地,本发明的半湿乳猪饲料的成品采用真空包装的形式,这样做的优点是可以延长保质期,保质期可以达到半年或以上。
另一方面,为了实现本发明的目的,本发明还提供了一种制备上述半湿乳猪饲料的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将生产不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料的原料粉碎,例如用0.8-1.2mm筛片粉碎机粉碎,并按配方混合制成基础乳猪全价粉料;
(2)在步骤(1)所得的基础乳猪全价粉料中加入0.05-0.5wt%的复合防霉剂,得到干粉料A;
(3)将步骤(2)所得的干粉料A与水按1:0.15-0.35的重量比例混合均匀,得到半湿料B;
(4)在步骤(3)所得的半湿料B中加入复合酸化剂,并测定其pH值,使得最终所得的无抗半湿乳猪饲料的pH值控制在4.6≦pH≦5.5之间,优选控制在4.8≦pH≦5.2之间;
其中,所用的复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸和一种以上其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质。
进一步地,上述方法,其进一步还可包括如下的步骤:
(5)将步骤(4)所得到的无抗半湿乳猪饲料进行真空包装。采用真空包装后的产品,在常温下密封条件下,可以储存半年不变质,无霉变现象。
本发明的技术方案具有以下优点:
A、本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料,由于水分含量高,比普通饲料更接近母乳,增加饲料适口性,能大大提高断奶猪的采食量,减少断奶应激,减少拉稀和死亡,提高仔猪的成活率和生长性能,从而提高了养猪的经济效益;
B、本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料强化了乳酸为主的复合酸化剂的使用,具有代替抗生素的功能,且具有很好的适口性,同时可有效降低饲料的pH,抑制饲料大多数微生物生长,霉菌也不能繁殖,防止饲料腐败变质。乳猪采食后,可以降低了猪胃肠道pH值,抑制有害胃肠道微生物的生长,调节肠道健康,起到替代抗生素的促生长作用,在无抗生素情况下,有效提高仔猪胃肠道健康,减少仔猪腹泻发生;
C、现有技术中,通常乳猪料也有含有酸化剂的,但其pH的值为5.8-6.5,这个pH值不能有效抑制各种菌的生长,而在本发明控制的pH值范围内,大多数微生物被抑制,霉菌也不能繁殖;
D、本发明的成品饲料采用真空包装,造成饲料的缺氧环境,可以减少饲料氧化发生,保证饲料的新鲜度不变,同时,缺氧环境也进一步抑制饲料霉菌和病原菌的生长,延长饲料的保质期;在储存时间达到180天,没有发霉和氧化变质现象。
下面,结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的说明,但这些具体实施方式只是针对本发明某些特定的具体实施方式的说明而已,并非是对本发明的限定。
具体实施方式
制备实施例1
按以下步骤和配方制备本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料:
a.无抗生素的基础乳猪全价粉料配方采用以下重量百分比的配方方案,饲料配方组成如下:
玉米30%、膨化玉米26%、豆粕6.0%、膨化大豆10%、发酵豆粕5.0%、鱼粉4.5%、喷雾血浆蛋白粉2.5%、低蛋白乳清粉12.5%、氯化胆碱0.1%、磷酸氢钙0.5%、石粉1.0%、食盐0.3%、赖氨酸0.43%、蛋氨酸0.15%、苏氨酸0.2%、色氨酸0.04%、多种维生素0.03%、复合微量元素添加剂0.12%、植酸酶0.05%、酸化剂0.4%、氧化锌0.2%。上述原料的重量百分比之和为100%。饲料的营养指标为:消化能3558kcal/kg,粗蛋白19.0%,粗脂肪5.2%,赖氨酸1.4%,钙0.7%,磷0.6%;
b.将上述配方中的原料玉米、膨化玉米、豆粕、膨化大豆、发酵豆粕、鱼粉用1.0mm筛片粉碎机粉碎,再和配方中其它原料在双轴桨叶式混合机混合均匀,做成不含抗生素的基础乳猪粉料;
c.在上面的基础乳猪全价粉料中添加0.5wt%复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为:丙酸钙、双乙酸钠和山梨酸钾;
d.将上面得到的添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.2的重量比混合,搅拌均匀,形成半湿乳猪料;
e.经测定上面的半湿乳猪料的pH=6.0,添加2.0wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括50wt%乳酸和50wt%甲酸;搅拌均匀,测加了酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=4.9。这样就生产出了无抗半湿乳猪饲料;
f.将上面的无抗半湿乳猪饲料用真空包装机包装在PAPE(聚乙烯尼龙(PEPA)复合膜材料的40公斤每袋的包装中。在室温下贮存160天,测定该饲料,未发现发霉变质;
g.用上述制备好的无抗半湿乳猪饲料进行饲喂试验。
制备实施例2
制备步骤和配方基本同制备实施例1,但进行如下的调整:添加0.2wt%复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为丙酸钙、山梨酸钾和富马酸二甲酯;添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.25的重量比混合;添加1.5wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括60wt%乳酸和40wt%苯甲酸;搅拌均匀,测定添加了复合酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=5.0。
制备实施例3
制备步骤和配方基本同制备实施例1,但进行如下的调整:可适当调整基础乳猪全价粉料配方;添加0.1wt%添加复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为丙酸钙、脱氢乙酸、反丁烯二酸;添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.15的重量比混合;添加1.0wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括70wt%乳酸和30wt%磷酸;搅拌均匀,测定添加了复合酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=4.8。
制备实施例4
制备步骤和配方基本同制备实施例1,但进行如下的调整:可适当调整基础乳猪全价粉料配方;添加0.05wt%添加复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为苯甲酸和山梨酸;添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.30的重量比混合;添加1.2wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括80wt%乳酸和20wt%甲酸;搅拌均匀,测定添加了复合酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=5.3。
制备实施例5
制备步骤和配方基本同制备实施例1,但进行如下的调整:添加0.15wt%添加复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为丙酸钙和双乙酸钠;添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.35的重量比混合;添加1.8wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括65wt%乳酸和35wt%盐酸;搅拌均匀,测定添加了复合酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=4.6。
制备实施例6
制备步骤和配方基本同制备实施例1,但进行如下的调整:添加0.35wt%添加复合防霉剂;所用的复合防霉剂为丙酸钙、山梨酸钾和脱氢乙酸钠;添加了复合防霉剂的乳猪粉料与水按1:0.18的重量比混合;添加1.6wt%复合酸化剂,该复合酸化剂包括68wt%乳酸和32wt%磷酸;搅拌均匀,测定添加了复合酸化剂之后的半湿乳猪饲料的pH=4.7。
饲养试验
2018年7月4日,在广东省惠州博罗一种猪场试验,选用120头22-25天断奶的仔猪,平均体重6.8公斤,分配仔猪入保育舍内,每栏10头,共12栏。随机选取6栏饲喂。试验组饲喂本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料,任意采食;对照组只饲喂现有商品配方的颗粒饲料(含土霉素钙),任意采食。本试验的时间为20天。
试验结果见表1,饲喂本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料在断奶后20天的日增重和日采食量都明显优于饲喂现有商品配方的颗粒断奶过渡饲料的仔猪。饲喂本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料的仔猪的日增重比颗粒饲料组高11.0%,日采食量提高15.6%(饲料本身基础)。由于本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料含有较多的水,能量比商品颗粒料低,饲料效率减低。另外,从腹泻头数的纪录来看,饲喂商品颗粒料组在断奶后头7天的腹泻率为10.5%,本发明无抗半湿乳猪饲料组为3.6%,明显低于颗粒断奶过渡饲料组。从这个结果可以看出,与饲喂颗粒饲料相比,断奶仔猪饲喂本发明的无抗半湿乳猪饲料能显著地提高仔猪的生长性能,降低仔猪腹泻率。
表1:饲喂饲喂半湿无抗生素乳猪料和颗粒乳猪料在仔猪断奶后20天的生长性能
日增重(克) | 日采食量(克) | 料肉比 | |
颗粒乳猪渡饲料 | 320.4 | 450.3<sup>a</sup> | 1.41 |
半湿无抗生素乳猪料 | 355.6<sup>b</sup> | 520.5<sup>b</sup> | 1.46 |
备注:a.b同一栏里,符号不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Claims (9)
1.一种无抗生素的半湿乳猪饲料,该半湿乳猪饲料包含不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料、复合防霉剂、复合酸化剂以及水;
其中,所述不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料与水的重量比为1:0.15-0.35,优选为1:0.15-0.25;
其中,通过所述的复合酸化剂,控制所述半湿乳猪饲料的pH值在4.6≦pH≦5.5之间,优选在4.8≦pH≦5.2之间;
其中,所述的复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸和一种以上其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质。
2.如权利要求1所述的半湿乳猪饲料,其中,所述的复合酸化剂包括乳酸和如下一组酸性物质的一种以上:富马酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、盐酸、磷酸和二甲酸钾。
3.如权利要求1所述的半湿乳猪饲料,其中,所述的复合酸化剂的添加量为所述半湿乳猪饲料的1.0-2.0wt%。
4.所述的复合防霉剂包括以下一组物质中的两种以上:丙酸钙、丙酸、苯甲酸及其盐、山梨酸及其盐、富马酸二甲酯、脱氢乙酸或其盐、反丁烯二酸和双乙酸钠。
5.如权利要求1所述的半湿乳猪饲料,其中,所述的不含抗乳猪全价粉料的原料包括:玉米、膨化玉米、豆粕、膨化大豆、发酵豆粕、鱼粉、喷雾血浆蛋白粉、乳清粉、氯化胆碱、磷酸氢钙、石粉、食盐、氨基酸、多种维生素、微量元素添加剂、植酸酶、氧化锌。
6.如权利要求1所述的半湿乳猪饲料,其中,所述的复合防霉剂的添加量为所述半湿乳猪饲料的0.05-0.5wt%。
7.如权利要求1所述的半湿乳猪饲料,其中,所述的半湿乳猪饲料的成品采用真空包装的形式。
8.一种制备如权利要求1-7之一所述的半湿乳猪饲料的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将生产不含抗生素的乳猪全价粉料的原料粉碎,并按配方混合制成基础乳猪全价粉料;
(2)在步骤(1)所得的基础乳猪全价粉料中加入0.05-0.5wt%的复合防霉剂,得到干粉料A;
(3)将步骤(2)所得的干粉料A与水按1:0.15-0.35的重量比例混合均匀,得到半湿料B;
(4)在步骤(3)所得的半湿料B中加入复合酸化剂,并测定其pH值,使得最终所得的无抗半湿乳猪饲料的pH值控制在4.6≦pH≦5.5之间,优选控制在4.8≦pH≦5.2之间;
其中,所述的复合酸化剂中含有50wt%以上的乳酸和一种以上其它可用于乳猪饲料的酸性物质。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其进一步包括如下的步骤:
(5)将步骤(4)所得到的无抗半湿乳猪饲料进行真空包装。
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