CN110582423B - 电动卡车的驱动装置 - Google Patents

电动卡车的驱动装置 Download PDF

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CN110582423B
CN110582423B CN201880029971.5A CN201880029971A CN110582423B CN 110582423 B CN110582423 B CN 110582423B CN 201880029971 A CN201880029971 A CN 201880029971A CN 110582423 B CN110582423 B CN 110582423B
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drive
drive unit
motor
electric truck
pair
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CN110582423A (zh
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伊藤真树
松本浩
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Daimler Truck Holding AG
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Abstract

提供一种电动卡车的驱动装置，其通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好的燃料消耗性能，同时通过减轻簧下重量来获得良好的乘坐舒适性，并且能够提高电池的搭载性。电动卡车的驱动装置可以具有驱动单元，其可收容电机、变速箱及差动装置。驱动单元通过第一支撑装置支撑于梯形车架。与作动装置连接的驱动轴收容于中空部件中，该中空部件由第二支撑装置弹性地支撑于梯形车架。

Description

电动卡车的驱动装置
技术领域
本公开涉及一种能够通过将电机的驱动力传递给车轮而行驶的电动卡车的驱动装置。
背景技术
众所周知，电动车辆能够通过将从以电力驱动的电机(电动机)输出的驱动力传递给车轮而行驶。作为这种电动车辆，已知有仅使用电机作为动力源的电动汽车以及将电机和发动机并用的混合动力电动汽车，并以乘用车为中心正在普及。近年来，电动车辆在卡车之类的商用车辆中也正在普及。
例如在专利文献1中公开了一种卡车车辆，其采用具备发动机及电机作为行驶用动力源的混合动力方式。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本特开2012-111369号公报
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题
电动汽车以乘用车为中心正在普及，但近年来，包括卡车等在内的商用车辆也正在进行开发研究。在此参照图5，对具备作为行驶用动力源的电机的卡车车辆(电动卡车)1’的概略结构进行说明。图5是从上方示出典型的电动卡车1’的概略结构的示意图。
在电动卡车1’中，在包括沿车辆前后方向延伸的左右一对纵梁2和配设在纵梁2之间的多个横梁4的梯形车架3上，搭载着驾驶室5及货台(未图示)。一对纵梁2设置成在车宽方向上具有规定的间隔。横梁4沿着车宽方向延伸，两端连接在相应的纵梁2上。在车辆前后方向上以规定的间隔设置多个横梁4。
在这种梯形车架3上设置有作为动力源的电机6、与电机6连接的变速箱8、与变速箱8连接的传动轴10、与传动轴10连接的差动装置12以及与差动装置12连接的驱动轴14。电机6的输出通过变速箱8减速后通过传动轴10传递到差动装置12。差动装置12将从传动轴10传递来的动力通过驱动轴14以规定比率传递给左右的车轮16，从而实现电动卡车1’的行驶。此外，左右一对驱动轴14分别通过左右悬架装置20悬挂于梯形车架3。
在具有此结构的电动卡车1’中，电机6的输出通过变速箱8、传动轴10及差动装置12向车轮侧传递，因此在动力传递效率方面会产生某种程度的损耗。特别是，传动轴10具备万向接头，容易发生动力损耗。作为减轻此损耗的解决策略，例如，考虑采用排除了作为损耗产生主要原因的传动轴10的动力传动系结构。然而，在排除了传动轴10的结构中，由于电机6和变速箱8与差动装置12成为一体，因此簧下重量的增加导致乘坐舒适性恶化，而且从路面输入的振动容易传递到电机6和变速箱8，从而有可能降低耐久性。
另外，在电动卡车中，为了能够确保较长的续航距离，希望增加用于储存向电机6供给的电力的电池的容量。为了应对此要求，需要扩大电池的搭载空间，但在图5所示的框架构造中，存在因较长的传动轴10而使动力传动装置大型化的倾向，难以确保充分的设置空间。
此外，卡车与乘用车相比车辆重量较大，并且装载货物时其重量会更大。因此，由于对悬挂装置产生非常大的输入，从确保可靠性的观点出发，悬挂装置的重量也要增大。因此，与乘用车的悬架装置相比，簧下重量有可能增大。
本发明的至少一个实施方式是鉴于上述情况而完成的，其目的在于提供一种电动卡车的驱动装置，其能够通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好的燃料消耗性能，同时能够提高电池的搭载性并且能够防止簧下重量的增加。
用于解决技术问题的技术方案
(1)为了解决上述问题，本发明的至少一个实施方式所涉及的电动卡车的驱动装置是一种具备上方搭载驾驶室并沿前后方向延伸的梯形车架的电动卡车的驱动装置，其包括：驱动单元，其收容作为动力源的电机、与所述电机连接的变速箱以及与所述变速箱连接的差动装置；一对驱动轴，其通过挠性接头与所述驱动单元的所述差动装置连接，将由所述电机产生的动力传递至所述电动卡车的车轮；一对中空部件，其收容所述一对驱动轴；连接部件，其通过连接所述一对中空部件来支撑所述一对车轮；第一支撑装置，其将所述驱动单元支撑于所述梯形车架；以及第二支撑装置，其将所述中空部件弹性地支撑于所述梯形车架。
根据上述(1)的结构，电机、变速箱以及差动装置作为驱动单元一体地构成。因此，电机的输出在不经由传动轴那样的长形部件的情况下传递到差动装置，能够以较少的损耗进行动力传递。从而提高了动力传递效率，能够得到良好的燃料消耗性能。另外，由于驱动单元不包含传动轴那样的长形部件，因此动力传动系结构能够紧凑化，在车辆搭载时能够有效地确保用于搭载电池等其他构件的空间。
但是，在为了在通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好燃料消耗性能的同时提高电池的搭载性而采用电机、变速箱及差动装置一体构成的驱动单元时，特别是在卡车之类重量较大的车辆中，与乘用车不同，为了获得足够的电机转矩，需要经由变速箱将动力从电机传递至差动装置12，因此驱动单元自身的重量也增大，簧下重量有可能增加。另外，在卡车之类重量较大的车辆中，当采用具有壳体的刚性车轴时，簧下重量有可能进一步变大。
与此相对，根据本发明所涉及的电动卡车的驱动装置，驱动单元的差动装置经由挠性接头与驱动轴连接，并且驱动装置具备收容驱动轴的中空部件以及通过连接中空部件来连接支撑一对车轮的连接部件。另外，驱动装置还包括将驱动单元支撑于梯形车架的第一支撑装置，以及将中空部件弹性地支撑于梯形车架的第二支撑装置。
根据此结构，包括电机、变速箱以及差动装置的驱动单元由第一支撑装置支撑在梯形车架上，从而能够在弹簧上方进行支撑。另外，在差动装置的下游侧与车轮连接的驱动轴，以及收容驱动轴的一对中空部件即鞍架，通过轴管这样的连接部件相互连接，由此构成所谓的迪翁式刚性车轴。
因而，在本实施方式所涉及的电动卡车中，即使在电动卡车上采用有可能增加簧下重量的、将电机、变速箱及差动装置一体构成的驱动单元的情况下，也能够防止簧下重量的增加。
由此，能够提供一种电动卡车的驱动装置，其通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好的燃料消耗性能，同时能够通过减轻簧下重量来获得良好的乘坐舒适性，并且能够提高电池的搭载性。特别是，与乘用车相比，电动卡车需要保护所装载的载荷在行驶中免受振动。因而，通过在电动卡车中应用本发明，能够有效地降低簧下重量，保护所装载的载荷免受振动。
另外，通过此结构，可以减少来自车轮侧的路面输入，提高驱动单元的使用寿命和可靠性。而且，通过减少对驱动单元的路面输入，也能够简化驱动单元的壳体等结构，能够实现重量减轻。
(2)在几个实施方式中，在上述(1)的结构中，所述第一支撑部件也可以弹性地支撑所述驱动单元。
根据上述(2)的结构，驱动单元侧也由第一支撑部件弹性地支撑。由此，即使在从梯形车架侧施加振动输入的情况下，也能够确保电机的可靠性。
(3)在几个实施方式中，在上述(1)或(2)的结构中，所述第二支撑装置经由钢板弹簧将所述中空部件弹性地支撑于所述梯形车架。
根据上述(3)的结构，由第二支撑装置将中空部件弹性支撑到梯形车架是通过构成悬架装置的钢板弹簧来实现的。这样一来，可以利用卡车车辆现有结构中的悬架装置来构成第二支撑装置，因此能够在抑制车辆结构复杂化的同时实现上述结构。特别是，通过上述结构，不会增大簧下重量，可以得到良好的乘坐舒适性。
(4)在几个实施方式中，在上述从(1)到(3)任意一个结构中，所述差动装置具备与所述变速箱的最终齿轮啮合的斜齿轮。
根据上述(4)的结构，差动装置具备与变速箱的最终齿轮啮合的斜齿轮，由此能够实现在不使用长形部件的传动轴的情况下将差动装置直接连接到变速箱的结构。
发明效果
根据本发明的至少一个实施方式，能够提供一种电动卡车的驱动装置，其通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好的燃料消耗性能，同时能够提高电池的搭载性，并且能够防止簧下重量的增加。
附图说明
图1是从上方示出本发明的至少一个实施方式所涉及的电动卡车的概略结构的示意图。
图2是简略示出包括图1所示驱动单元的动力传递路径的示意图。
图3是从车辆后方侧示出图1所示驱动单元附近的立体图。
图4是通过图1所示驱动单元的驱动轴的平面剖视图。
图5是从上方示出典型的电动卡车的概略结构的示意图。
具体实施方式
以下将参考附图对本发明的某些实施方式进行说明。但是，作为实施方式记载的或附图所示的构成部件的尺寸、材质、形状以及其相对配置等，并非旨在限定本发明的范围，而仅仅是说明例。
例如，包括“在某个方向上”、“沿着某个方向”、“平行”、“正交”，“中心”、“同心”或“同轴”等表示相对或绝对配置的表述不仅表示严格地这样的配置，还表示具有公差或以能够实现相同功能的程度的角度或距离相对位移的状态。
另外，例如，包括四边形或圆筒形状等形状的表述不仅表示几何学上严格意义上的四边形或圆筒形状等形状，还表示包含凹凸部或倒角部等的形状，只要它们能够实现相同的效果即可。
另一方面，“具备”、“包括”、“设有”、“包含”或“具有”一个构件的表述，并不是排除其他构件的存在的排他性表述。
图1是从上方示出本发明的至少一个实施方式所涉及的电动卡车1的概略结构的示意图，图2是简略示出包含图1的驱动单元15的动力传递路径的示意图，图3是从车辆后方示出图1的驱动单元15附近的立体图。
电动卡车1具有包括沿车辆前后方向延伸的左右一对纵梁2和配设在纵梁2之间的多个横梁4的梯形车架3，在梯形车架3上搭载有驾驶室5及货台(未图示)。一对纵梁2设置成在车宽方向上具有规定的间隔。横梁4沿着车宽方向延伸，两端连接在相应的纵梁2上。在车辆前后方向上以规定的间隔设置有多个横梁4。
在梯形车架3上设有作为动力源的电机6、与电机6连接的变速箱8、与变速箱8连接的差动装置12以及与差动装置12通过万向接头30连接的驱动轴14。电机6的输出通过变速箱8减速，然后传递到差动装置12。差动装置12将从传动轴8传递来的动力经由驱动轴14以规定比率传递给左右的车轮16，从而实现电动卡车1的行驶。
另外，在本实施方式中，虽然以仅具有电机6作为用于驱动后轮的行驶用动力源的电动卡车1为例进行了说明，但是除非另有说明，也同样适用于例如能够通过消耗化石燃料而产生动力的发动机来使前轮驱动并且具备用于驱动后轮的电机6的混合动力方式的电动卡车1。
电机6由搭载在电动卡车1上的电池(未图示)供给的电力驱动来产生动力。电池中预先储存有直流电力，该直流电力由逆变器转换为具有规定频率的交流电力，该交流电力被供给到电机6。在图1中，省略了电池和逆变器。
电机6的旋转轴与变速箱8的输入侧连接。变速箱8是具备多个齿轮的减速机构，如图2所示，从输入侧到输出侧包括五个齿轮8a、8b、8c、8d及8e。其中，齿轮8b、8c以及齿轮8d、8e分别设置在同一轴上，齿轮8a、8b以及齿轮8c、8d相互啮合。各齿轮的直径被设定为能够实现变速箱8所要求的减速比。变速箱8构造成能够使从电机6侧输入的高转速低扭矩通过减速而转换为低转速高扭矩并输出。
通过变速箱8减速的输出被输入到设置在下游的差动装置12中。差动装置12的输入侧设置有与变速箱8的最终齿轮8e啮合的斜齿轮13。斜齿轮13接受来自变速箱8的最终齿轮8e的输入，经由差速小齿轮9a及侧齿轮(半轴齿轮)9b，将从左右一对输出轴传递来的动力以规定比率分配给左右的驱动轴14。由此，通过变速箱8减速后的电机6的输出不经由传动轴10(参照图5)而直接输入到差动装置12。因此，不存在传动轴10的传递损失，能够得到良好的动力传递效率。另外，由于驱动单元不包含传动轴10那样的长形部件，所以能够实现动力传动系结构的紧凑化，因此能够有效地确保诸如用于搭载例如储存向电机6供给的电力的电池之类的其他构件的空间。
另外，对于除斜齿轮13之外的差动装置12的结构，可参照公知例，在此省略详细说明。
差动装置12根据电动卡车1的行驶状态，将从变速箱8侧输入的动力传递给左右一对驱动轴14。驱动轴14的两端部具有被保护罩覆盖的挠性接头30。差动装置12经由一个挠性接头30可转动地连接在左右一对驱动轴14上。因此，除了能够将驱动单元15从弹簧下支撑分离之外，从车轮16侧输入的路面输入还能通过挠性接头30缓和，由此能够减轻向差动装置12传递的振动。然后，从差动装置12输入到驱动轴14的动力被传递到经由另外一个挠性接头30与驱动轴14连接的左右车轮16，从而实现电动卡车1的行驶。
这里，电机6、变速箱8以及差动装置12作为驱动单元15一体地构成。特别是，在卡车车辆这样的商用车辆中，由于需要对车轮16输出较大的行驶用动力，因此为了获得良好的可靠性，电机6、变速箱8及差动装置12变得大型化，其结果是，驱动单元15整体也有尺寸变大的倾向。另外，在乘用车中，由于比较小的驱动转矩便已足够，所以通常构成为将电机的输出不经由变速箱而直接输入到差动装置；但在商用车辆中，为了得到较大的驱动转矩而需要变速箱8，从该观点出发，驱动单元15也有大型化的倾向。此驱动单元15通过以下说明的支撑装置支撑于梯形车架3。
除了图1至3以外，这里还参考图4，对将驱动单元15支撑于梯形车架3的构造进行说明。图4是图1的驱动单元15中通过驱动轴14的平面剖视图。
在本实施方式中，如图1所示，驱动单元15到梯形车架3的支撑结构包括第一支撑装置22及第二支撑装置24。
第一支撑装置22将驱动单元15支撑于梯形车架3，第二支撑装置24弹性地将支撑驱动轴14的中空部件19弹性地支撑于梯形车架3(参照图3)。
第一支撑装置22的具体结构没有特别限定，只要能够将驱动单元15支撑于梯形车架3即可。例如，可以将驱动单元15与梯形车架3的框架连接起来，也可以将驱动单元15与梯形车架3的横梁连接起来。在本实施方式中，第一支撑装置将驱动单元15支撑于位于驱动单元15的前方附近的横梁4。
另外，第一支撑装置22也可以将驱动单元15的至少一部分弹性地支撑于梯形车架3。在此，第一支撑装置22的弹性例如由橡胶垫架构成。
第二支撑装置24将通过连接部件21相互连接的一对中空部件19弹性地支撑于梯形车架3。此第二支撑装置24的弹性支撑例如也可以通过在构成钢板弹簧式悬架装置20的钢板弹簧20a上安装中空部件19来构成。钢板弹簧20a以与一对车轮16对应的方式左右设置一对，分别安装通过连接部件21相互连接的一对中空部件19。
另外，在本实施方式中，示例了从上方将中空部件19安装于钢板弹簧的情况，但是也可以从下方将中空部件19安装于钢板弹簧。另外，在本实施方式中，示例了将钢板弹簧式悬架装置应用于车辆的示例，但也可以使用已知的各种悬架装置来代替。
如图2所示，驱动轴14的两端部具备被保护罩覆盖的挠性接头30。一个挠性接头30连接到差动装置12，同时另一个挠性接头30与连接到车轮16的驱动轴连接。由此，即使在支撑于弹簧上侧的驱动单元15与支撑于弹簧下侧的车轮16之间产生相对位移的情况下，也能够通过挠性接头30自如地旋转连接的驱动轴14，将来自驱动单元15的动力传递至车轮16。
另外，通过这样的驱动轴14，行驶时在车轮16侧产生的振动由挠性接头30吸收，由此能够防止其直接输入驱动单元15。其结果是能够降低驱动单元15的故障风险。
连接到差动装置12的输出侧的驱动轴14由配置成覆盖其外周侧的中空部件(鞍架)19收容。中空部件19在其内部具有能够供驱动轴14插入的空间，在该空间中利用轴承等可旋转及可摆动地支撑与对应的驱动轴14连接的车轮侧的驱动轴(未图示)。
此中空部件19通过钢板弹簧20a而弹性地支撑在纵梁2上。另外，中空部件19在车辆后方侧通过连接部件(轴管)21相互连接，构成所谓的迪翁式刚性车轴。
如上所述，根据本实施方式，电机6、变速箱8以及差动装置12作为驱动单元15一体地构成。因此，电机6的输出不通过传动轴那样的长形部件传递到差动装置，能够以较少的损耗传递动力。从而提高了动力传递效率，同时得到了良好的燃料消耗性能。另外，由于驱动单元15不包含传动轴那样的长形部件，因此能够使动力传动系结构紧凑化，从而在车辆搭载时，能够有效地确保用于搭载电池等其他构件的空间。
但是，当为了在通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好燃料消耗性能的同时提高电池的搭载性而采用电机6、变速箱8及差动装置12一体构成的驱动单元15时，尤其是在卡车之类重量较大的车辆中，与乘用车不同，为了获得足够的电机转矩，需要经由变速箱8将动力从电机6传递至差动装置12，因此驱动单元15自身的重量也增大，簧下重量有可能增加。另外，在像卡车之类重量较大的车辆中，当采用具有壳体的刚性车轴时，簧下重量有可能进一步变大。
与此相对，根据本发明所涉及的电动卡车的驱动装置，驱动单元15的差动装置12经由挠性接头30与驱动轴14连接，并且驱动装置包括收容驱动轴14的中空部件19以及通过连接中空部件19来连接支撑一对车轮16的连接部件21。另外，驱动装置还包括将驱动单元15支撑于梯形车架的第一支撑装置22以及将中空部件19弹性地支撑于梯形车架的第二支撑装置24。
根据此结构，包括电机6、变速箱8以及差动装置12的驱动单元15通过第一支撑装置22支撑在梯形车架3上，从而能够成为弹簧上支撑。另外，在差动装置12的下游侧与车轮16连接的驱动轴14和收容驱动轴的一对中空部件即鞍架19通过连接部件21即轴管相互连接，由此构成所谓的迪翁式刚性车轴。
因而，在本实施方式所涉及的电动卡车中，即使在电动卡车采用有可能增加簧下重量的将电机6、变速箱8及差动装置12一体构成的驱动单元15的情况下，也能够防止簧下重量的增加。
由此，能够提供一种电动卡车的驱动装置，其通过提高动力传递效率来实现良好的燃料消耗性能，并且能够通过减轻簧下重量来获得良好的乘坐舒适性，并且能够提高电池的搭载性。
另外，在本实施方式中，作为电动卡车1示例了具有一个后轴的车辆，但在具有两个后轴的车辆的情况下，作为悬架装置20，也可以使用耳轴式悬架(平衡悬架)、四后空气悬架或Reyco悬架。另外，在本实施方式中示例了具备单个差动装置12的所谓的单差速器式电动卡车1，但在如双差速器式电动卡车那样具备多个差动装置12的情况下，也能够应用与本申请相同的技术思想。
工业适用性
本公开可应用于通过将电机的驱动力传递至车轮而行驶的电动卡车的驱动装置。
符号说明
1 电动卡车
2 纵梁
3 梯形车架
4 横梁
5 驾驶室
6 发动机
8 变速箱
9a 差动齿轮
9b 侧齿轮
10 传动轴
12 差动装置
13 斜齿轮
14 驱动轴
15 驱动单元
16 车轮
19 中空部件
20 悬架装置
20a 钢板弹簧
21 连接部件(轴管)
22 第一支撑装置
24 第二支撑装置
30 挠性接头。

Claims (5)

1.一种电动卡车的驱动装置，所述电动卡车具备上方搭载驾驶室并沿前后方向延伸的梯形车架，所述驱动装置包括：
驱动单元，其收容作为动力源的电机、与所述电机连接的变速箱以及与所述变速箱连接的差动装置；
一对驱动轴，其通过挠性接头与所述驱动单元的所述差动装置连接，将由所述电机产生的动力传递至所述电动卡车的一对车轮；
一对中空部件，其收容所述一对驱动轴；
连接部件，其通过连接所述一对中空部件来支撑所述一对车轮；
第一支撑装置，其将所述驱动单元支撑于所述梯形车架；以及
第二支撑装置，其将所述中空部件弹性地支撑于所述梯形车架。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电动卡车的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述第一支撑装置以比所述第二支撑装置低的弹性支撑所述驱动单元。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电动卡车的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述第二支撑装置通过钢板弹簧将所述中空部件弹性地支撑于所述梯形车架。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的电动卡车的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述差动装置具备与所述变速箱的最终齿轮啮合的斜齿轮。
5.根据权利要求3所述的电动卡车的驱动装置，其特征在于，所述差动装置具备与所述变速箱的最终齿轮啮合的斜齿轮。
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