CN110325508B - 雄激素受体的n-末端结构域的抑制剂 - Google Patents
雄激素受体的n-末端结构域的抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开提供用于抑制或降解雄激素受体的N‑末端结构域的化合物和方法,以及用于治疗诸如前列腺癌的癌症的方法。
Description
相关申请
本专利申请要求2017年1月20日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/448,729和2017年9月22日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/562,217的权益。这些专利申请中的每一者的内容据此以引用的方式整体并入本文。
关于联邦政府资助研究的声明
本发明受政府支持在美国国家卫生研究院颁发的CA164331和CA12861下进行。本研究受到美国退伍军人事务部的支持。美国政府享有本发明的某些权利。
背景技术
前列腺癌在西方男性中是最常见的癌症,并且是导致癌症死亡的第二大原因。当癌症局部受限时,该疾病通常可以通过外科手术或放射来治疗。然而,30%的以此方式治疗的前列腺癌会因远处转移性疾病而复发,并且某些患者在诊断时患有晚期疾病。晚期疾病通过去势和/或施用抗雄激素(所谓的雄激素剥夺疗法)来治疗。去势降低了雄激素的循环水平,并且降低了雄激素受体(AR)的活性。抗雄激素的施用通过竞争掉(competing away)雄激素结合而阻断AR功能,从而降低AR活性。尽管这些治疗最初是有效的,但是它们会迅速失效,并且癌症变成激素难治性的或去势抵抗性的。
去势抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC)的典型表现为雄激素受体(AR)的持续表达和转录活性。在过去十年中,临床前模型、涉及患者材料的相关研究、以及临床研究已经提供了支持以下观念的证据:对AR进行抑制代表了有效治疗CRPC的可行方法。因此,需要改善的AR抑制剂。
发明内容
在某些方面,本发明提供具有式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII、式VIII的结构,或其药学上可接受的盐的化合物:
其中:
A1为芳基或杂芳基;
A2为芳基或杂芳基;
A3为芳基或杂芳基;
A4为芳基或杂芳基;
R1选自H、N(R1aR1b)、N-连接的杂环基或N-连接的杂芳基;
R1a和R1b独立地选自烷基、芳基和芳烷基;
R2a和R2b独立地选自H、烷基或芳基;
R3选自H、烷基或卤基;
R4a和R4b独立地选自H、烷基或卤基;
R5a选自H、烷基或卤基;
R12为羟基、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷基氨基、烷基酰基、酰氨基、氨基或杂环基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代;
R7为H、烷基或卤基;
每个R8独立地为卤基、羟基、羟烷基、烯基、酰氨基、硫醚、环氧乙烷基、芳基或芳烷基;任选地被一个或多个R9取代;
每个R9为羟基、烷基或烯基;并且
X为CH2或氧。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了具有式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va或式VIa的结构的化合物:
其中:
A1为芳基或杂芳基;
A2为芳基或杂芳基;
R1选自H、N(R1aR1b)、N-连接的杂环基或N-连接的杂芳基;
R1a和R1b独立地选自烷基、芳基和芳烷基;
R2a和R2b独立地选自H、烷基或芳基;
R3选自H、烷基或卤基;
R4a和R4b独立地选自H、烷基或卤基;并且
R5a选自H、烷基或卤基。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供了具有式VIIa或式VIIIa的结构的化合物:
其中:
A3为芳基或杂芳基;
A4为芳基或杂芳基;
R12为羟基、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷基氨基、烷基酰基、酰氨基或杂环基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代;
R7为H、烷基或卤基;
每个R8独立地为卤基、羟基、羟烷基、酰氨基、硫醚、环氧乙烷基、芳基或芳烷基;任选地被一个或多个R9取代;
每个R9为羟基、烷基或烯基;并且
X为CH2或氧。
在式VIIa的某些优选的实施方案中,R12包含能够在生理条件下与亲核物质(诸如胺或硫醇)形成共价键的部分。在某些此类实施方案中,R12包含环氧乙烷基烷基基团(例如,该环氧乙烷基烷基基团可以直接连接至羰基以形成酮,或通过氧原子或(优选)氮原子间接连接,从而形成酯或酰胺),例如环氧乙烷基甲基或环氧乙烷基乙基。在其他此类实施方案中,R12包含卤代烷基基团(例如,该卤代烷基基团可以直接连接至羰基以形成酮,或通过氧原子或(优选)氮原子间接连接,从而形成酯或酰胺),例如氯乙基基团或氯丙基基团,其可以被一个或多个羟基基团进一步取代。在另外其他此类实施方案中,R12包含烯酮,诸如丙烯酰胺取代基或甲基丙烯酰胺取代基(例如,经由酰胺的氮原子附接)。
在式VIIIa的某些优选的实施方案中,R12包含能够在生理条件下与亲核物质(诸如胺或硫醇)形成共价键的部分。在某些此类实施方案中,R12包含环氧乙烷基烷基基团(例如,该环氧乙烷基烷基基团可以直接连接至X,或通过羰基连接(从而形成酯或酮)),例如环氧乙烷基甲基或环氧乙烷基乙基。在其他此类实施方案中,R12包含卤代烷基基团(例如,该卤代烷基基团可以直接连接至X,或通过羰基间接连接(从而形成酯或酮),并且可以被一个或多个羟基基团进一步取代),例如氯乙基或氯丙基基团。在另外其他此类实施方案中,R12包含烯酮,诸如丙烯酰胺取代基或甲基丙烯酰胺取代基(例如,经由酰胺的氮原子附接)。
式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII和式VIII的示例性化合物包括表I中描绘的化合物。
本发明还涉及主题化合物的药物组合物,以及使用这些化合物或组合物来治疗癌症(诸如前列腺癌)的方法。
附图说明
图1.示出了本发明的示例性化合物对JUN-TAD(对于每种化合物为左条柱)、AR-TAD(对于每种化合物为中间条柱)和CREB-TAD(对于每种化合物为右条柱)的抑制作用。
图2.示出了在5天暴露之后JN018对AR阳性PCa细胞(LNCaP,对于每种浓度为第一条柱;LNCaP-AR,对于每种浓度为第二条柱:CWR22,对于每种浓度为第三条柱;和22Rv1,对于每种浓度为第四条柱)和AR缺失的PCa细胞(DU145,对于每种浓度为第五条柱;PC3,对于每种浓度为第六条柱)的生物活性。结果为一式四份实验的平均值±标准偏差。上图:CellTiter GLO发光生物测定(竖轴上的任意单位)。下图:经典MTT测定([蓝色/黄色]=[活细胞/非活细胞])。
图3.示出了展示JN018对AR调控的基因ARFL、AR-V7、TMPRSS和NDRG的表达的作用的蛋白质印迹。22Rv1和CWR22细胞以指定浓度(单位为μM)暴露于JN018达24小时,然后进行蛋白质提取以执行蛋白质印迹法。
图4.示出了展示JN018对AR/AR-V7降解的作用的蛋白质印迹。A)在存在环己酰亚胺的情况下,使LNCaP-AR细胞暴露于指定的化合物或媒介物(DMSO)达指定的时间。对指定的蛋白质执行蛋白质印迹法。B)与A相同,但是在22Rv1细胞中进行。
图5.是涉及AR信号传导和治疗性靶向的细胞过程的示意图。A)雄激素合成的生理学调控。LHRH的脉冲式分泌诱导垂体前叶分泌促黄体生成激素(LH),这继而驱动睾丸的睾酮(T)合成和分泌,90%-95%的雄激素源自睾酮。LHRH类似物通过在垂体前叶上提供连续不间断的LHRH受体接合来抑制LH分泌。肾上腺是雄激素的次要来源;肾上腺雄激素(例如DHEA)在外周组织中被转化成T或二氢睾酮(DHT)。B)AR工作机制。在配体结合时,AR二聚化、易位至细胞核并诱导基因转录。新型AR靶向剂(以红色表示)抑制瘤内类固醇生成(例如,阿比特龙(abiraterone)(17α-羟化酶)抑制剂)或作为纯AR拮抗剂(例如,MDV3100)来发挥功能。C)可以作为高通量筛选测定的基础的全长AR(ARFL)、组成型活性ARΔLBD和Y1H系统的示意图。当非配体依赖性ARΔLBD在我们的经遗传修饰的药物可渗透的酵母菌株中表达时,其结合ARE的串联拷贝,这诱导报告基因的表达。⊥抑制;→活化;NLS:核定位信号。
图6.全长AR和缺乏功能性LBD的组成型活性AR剪接变体的一级氨基酸结构的示意图。
图7.JN018(收率;第1步=55%,第2步=62%(E)和18%(Z))及其类似物的合成策略。
图8.JN097展示出JN018类似物的改善的性能特性。用JN018或JN097处理细胞6天,并通过MTT测定来测量细胞活力。圆形突出显示了胺的环氧化物替代物。实验一式四份进行;结果为平均值+/-标准偏差。22Rv1具有去势抵抗性并且表达ARFL和AR-V7(患者样本中最常检测到的ARSV)。PC3细胞也是去势抵抗性的并且是AR缺失的。
图9A.JN97-101的生长抑制作用。将22Rv1细胞暴露于指定的化合物达6天;并通过MTT测定来测量细胞活力。将结果归一化为媒介物对照的结果。实验一式四份进行;结果为平均值+/-标准偏差。对于图中的每种浓度,条从左至右表示JN018、JN097、JN098、JN099、JN100和JN101的相对细胞活力。
图9B.JN97-101的生长抑制作用。将AR缺失的PC3细胞暴露于指定的化合物达6天;并通过MTT测定来测量细胞活力。将结果归一化为媒介物对照的结果。实验一式四份进行;结果为平均值+/-标准偏差。对于图中的每种浓度,条从左至右表示JN018、JN097、JN098、JN099、JN100和JN101的相对细胞活力。
图10A.JN102和JN103抑制AR表达细胞(LAPC4和22Rv1)的生长,但是不影响AR缺失的前列腺癌(DU145)的生长。对于图中的每种化合物和浓度,条从左至右表示22Rv1、LAPC4和DU145的相对细胞活力。
图10B.JN103抑制AR表达细胞(CWR22)的生长,但是不影响AR缺失的前列腺癌(PC3)的生长。对于图中的每种化合物和浓度,条从左至右表示CWR22和PC3的相对细胞活力。
图11A.JN系列化合物在雄激素应答元件的报告基因测定中的作用。实验一式三份进行,并且结果为平均值+/-标准偏差。
图11B.JN系列化合物在糖皮质激素应答元件的报告基因测定中的作用。实验一式三份进行,并且结果为平均值+/-标准偏差。对于图中的每种浓度,条从左至右表示在4μM和6μM的化合物浓度下的报告基因测定的结果。
图12A.JN系列化合物的体内作用。JN018在去势裸小鼠中抑制LNCaP-AR模型的生长。将指定日剂量(M-F)的JN018、媒介物或恩杂鲁胺(enzalutamide)(MDV3100)施用于小鼠。
图12B.JN系列化合物的体内作用。JN090、JN103和JN121在去势裸小鼠中抑制LNCaP-AR模型的生长。将JN090(20mg/kg)、JN103(20mg/kg)、JN121(20mg/kg)、媒介物或恩杂鲁胺以10mg/kg(MDV3100)(M-F)施用于小鼠。
具体实施方式
在某些方面,本公开提供式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII、式VIII的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中:
A1为芳基或杂芳基;
A2为芳基或杂芳基;
A3为芳基或杂芳基;
A4为芳基或杂芳基;
R1选自H、N(R1aR1b)、N-连接的杂环基或N-连接的杂芳基;
R1a和R1b独立地选自烷基、芳基和芳烷基;
R2a和R2b独立地选自H、烷基或芳基;
R3选自H、烷基或卤基;
R4a和R4b独立地选自H、烷基或卤基;
R5a选自H、烷基或卤基;
R12为羟基、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷基氨基、烷基酰基、酰氨基、氨基或杂环基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代;
R7为H、烷基或卤基;
每个R8独立地为卤基、羟基、羟烷基、烯基、酰氨基、硫醚、环氧乙烷基、芳基或芳烷基;任选地被一个或多个R9取代;
每个R9为羟基、烷基或烯基;并且
X为CH2或氧。
在某些实施方案中,本公开提供式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va、式VIa的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中:
A1为芳基或杂芳基;
A2为芳基或杂芳基;
R1选自H、N(R1aR1b)、N-连接的杂环基或N-连接的杂芳基;
R1a和R1b独立地选自烷基、芳基和芳烷基;
R2a和R2b独立地选自H、烷基或芳基;
R3选自H、烷基或卤基;
R4a和R4b独立地选自H、烷基或卤基;并且
R5a选自H、烷基或卤基。
在某些实施方案中,化合物以式Ia表示。在某些实施方案中,化合物以式IIa表示。在某些实施方案中,化合物以式IIIa表示。在某些实施方案中,化合物以式IVa表示。在某些实施方案中,化合物以式Va表示。在某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIa表示。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va和式VIa的某些实施方案中,A1和A2彼此呈顺式。在其他实施方案中,A1和A2彼此呈反式。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va和式VIa的某些实施方案中,A2不为4-氯苯基;A1不为未取代的苯基;R1不为N-苄基甲基氨基;R2a和R2b不都为H;或R3不为H。
在式II和式IIa的某些实施方案中,化合物不为JN018。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va和式VIa的某些实施方案中,A1和A2为苯基。在某些实施方案中,A1为杂芳基。在某些实施方案中,A2为杂芳基。
在某些实施方案中,A1是未取代的或被至少一个R5取代,其中每个R5独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基。在某些实施方案中,A1是未取代的。在某些实施方案中,A1被至少一个R5取代。在某些实施方案中,A1被一个或两个R5取代。
在某些实施方案中,A2是未取代的或被至少一个R6取代,其中每个R6独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基。在某些实施方案中,每个R6独立地选自烷基或烷氧基。在某些实施方案中,A2是未取代的。在某些实施方案中,A2被至少一个R6取代。在某些实施方案中,A2被一个或两个R6取代。在某些优选的实施方案中,A2选自甲基苯基、三氟甲基苯基、氟苯基、氯苯基或二氯苯基。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa和式IVa的某些实施方案中,R1为N(R1aR1b)。在某些优选的实施方案中,R1a为烷基并且R1b为芳烷基。在某些此类实施方案中,R1为N(R1aR1b),R1a为甲基并且R1b为苄基。
在某些实施方案中,R1a和R1b独立地选自烷基。在某些实施方案中,R1a和R1b为异丁基。在某些优选的实施方案中,R1a和R1b为甲基。
在某个实施方案中,R1为N-连接的杂环基或N-连接的杂芳基。
在某些实施方案中,R1是未取代的或被至少一个R7取代,其中每个R7独立地选自烷基或芳基。在某些实施方案中,R1是未取代的。在某些优选的实施方案中,R1为吡咯烷、哌啶或哌嗪。
在某些实施方案中,R1为H。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va和式VIa的某些实施方案中,R2a和R2b为H。
在某些实施方案中,R2a和R2b独立地选自烷基和卤基。
在式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式Ia、式IIa、式IIIa、式IVa、式Va和式VIa的某些实施方案中,R3为H。
在某些实施方案中,R3为烷基或卤基。
在某些实施方案中,化合物以式(II)表示,并且R4a和R4b为H。
在式I、式II、式Ia和式IIa的某些实施方案中,化合物以式Ib或式IIb表示。
其中:
每个R5独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
每个R6独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
n为0、1、2、3、4或5;并且
m为0、1、2、3、4或5。
在式(Ib)和(IIb)的某些实施方案中,n为0。在某些实施方案中,m为1,并且R6选自氟基、氯基、溴基、甲基、三氟甲基或甲氧基。在某些实施方案中,R6选自氟基、溴基、甲基、三氟甲基或甲氧基。
在式(Ib)和(IIb)的某些实施方案中,n为1、2、3、4或5。
在某些实施方案中,化合物具有式VII或式VIII的结构,或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中:
A3为芳基或杂芳基;
A4为芳基或杂芳基;
R12为羟基、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷基氨基、烷基酰基、酰氨基、氨基或杂环基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代;
R7为H、烷基或卤基;
每个R8独立地为卤基、羟基、羟烷基、烯基、酰氨基、硫醚、环氧乙烷基、芳基或芳烷基;任选地被一个或多个R9取代;
每个R9为羟基、烷基、烷氧基或烯基;并且
X为CH2或氧。
在式VII、式VIII、式VIIa和式VIIIb的某些实施方案中,R12为氨基,并且任选地被一个或多个选自烷基的R8取代。
在某些实施方案中,R12为酰氨基,任选地被一个或多个选自烯基的R8取代。
在某些实施方案中,R12为杂环基(诸如四氢嘧啶基),并且任选地被一个或多个选自苯基的R8取代。
在式VII、式VIII、式VIIa和式VIIIb的某些实施方案中,R8任选地被一个或多个选自烷氧基的R9取代。
在式VII和式VIII的某些优选的实施方案中,化合物具有式VIIa或式VIIIa的结构,或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中:
A3为芳基或杂芳基;
A4为芳基或杂芳基;
R12为羟基、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、烷基氨基、烷基酰基、酰氨基或杂环基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代;
R7为H、烷基或卤基;
每个R8独立地为卤基、羟基、羟烷基、酰氨基、硫醚、环氧乙烷基、芳基或芳烷基;任选地被一个或多个R9取代;
每个R9为羟基、烷基或烯基;并且
X为CH2或氧。
在某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIIa表示。
在式VIIa的某些实施方案中,R12为被至少一个R8取代的烷基。在某些实施方案中,R12为酰氨基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代。在某些实施方案中,R12为烯基(诸如烯丙基),并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代。在某些实施方案中,R12被一个选自卤基的R8基团取代。在某些实施方案中,R12被羟基取代。在某些优选的实施方案中,R12被一个选自卤基的R8基团和一个羟基取代。
在某些实施方案中,R12被环氧乙烷基取代。在某些优选的实施方案中,R12是环氧乙烷基甲基。
在某些实施方案中,R12被烷基取代。在某些实施方案中,R12被羟烷基取代。在某些实施方案中,R12被硫醚(诸如苄基硫代甲基)取代。
在式VIIa的某些实施方案中,R9是烯基。在某些实施方案中,R12为烯基,并且任选地被一个或多个R8取代。
在式VII和式VIIa的某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIIb表示:
在式VIIb的某些实施方案中,R8为羟烷基,诸如羟甲基。
在某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIII表示。在式VIII的某些优选的实施方案中,化合物以式VIIIa表示。
在式VIII和式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,X为氧。在某些实施方案中,X为CH2。
在式VIII和式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,R12为氨基。在某些实施方案中,R12为烷基酰基。在某些实施方案中,R12为羟基。在某些实施方案中,R12为在某些实施方案中,R12为酰氨基,任选地被一个或多个选自烯基的R8取代。在某些实施方案中,R8为环氧乙烷基。
在式VIII和式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,A3是未取代的。在某些实施方案中,A3为4-氟苯基。在某些实施方案中,A3为三氟苯基,诸如2,4,6-三氟苯基。在某些实施方案中,A3为杂芳基,诸如苯硫基。
在式VIII和式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,A4为氯苯基,诸如3-氯苯基、4-氯苯基。在某些实施方案中,A4为三氟甲基苯基,诸如3-三氟甲基苯基。在某些实施方案中,A4为3-氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯基。在某些实施方案中,A4为杂芳基,诸如苯硫基。在某些实施方案中,A3为苯基,并且A4为氯苯基。
在式VIII或式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,A3和A4彼此呈反式。在某些优选的实施方案中,A3和A4彼此呈顺式。
在式VIII或式VIIIa的某些实施方案中,R12缺乏氨基基团。
在式VII和式VIIa的某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIIb表示:
其中:
每个R8独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
每个R9独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
t为0、1、2、3、4或5;并且
q为0、1、2、3、4或5。
在式VIIb的某些优选的实施方案中,R8为卤基,优选氟基或氯基。
在式VIIb的某些优选的实施方案中,R9为卤基,优选氟基或氯基。在其他优选的实施方案中,R9为烷基。
在式VIIb的某些优选的实施方案中,t为1、2或3。
在式VIIb的某些优选的实施方案中,q为1、2或3。
在式VII和式VIIa的某些实施方案中,化合物以式VIIc表示:
其中:
每个R10独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
每个R11独立地选自卤基、烷基或烷氧基;
u为0、1、2、3、4或5;并且
v为0、1、2、3、4或5。
在式VIIc的某些优选的实施方案中,R10为卤基,优选氟基。
在式VIIc的某些优选的实施方案中,R11为卤基,优选氯基。
在式VIIc的某些优选的实施方案中,u为1。
在式VIIc的某些优选的实施方案中,v为1。
本文所述的化合物可例如用作癌症治疗剂,尤其可用作AR抑制剂和降解剂。在某些方面,本公开提供使用本文所述的化合物来治疗增殖性疾病(诸如前列腺癌)的方法、抑制AR的方法以及提高AR降解速率的方法。
在某些方面,本公开的化合物用于抑制雄激素受体。
在某些方面,本公开的化合物用于诱导表达雄激素受体的细胞中的雄激素受体降解。
在某些方面,本公开的化合物用于治疗患有癌症的哺乳动物。在某些实施方案中,癌症是前列腺癌。在某些实施方案中,癌症是去势抵抗性前列腺癌。在某些实施方案中,癌症是转移性的。在某些实施方案中,癌症是非转移性的。
在上述方面的某些实施方案中,癌症对抗雄激素疗法具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对恩杂鲁胺、比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide)、阿比特龙、氟他胺(flutamide)或尼鲁米特(nilutamide)治疗具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对醋酸阿比特龙治疗具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对醋酸阿比特龙和强的松的联合治疗具有耐药性。
在某些方面,本公开提供抑制雄激素受体的方法,其包括使雄激素受体接触本公开的化合物或组合物。
在某些方面,本公开提供诱导雄激素受体的降解的方法,其包括使雄激素受体与本公开的化合物或组合物接触。
在某些方面,本公开提供治疗患有癌症的哺乳动物的方法,其包括施用本公开的化合物或组合物。在某些实施方案中,癌症是前列腺癌。在某些实施方案中,癌症是去势抵抗性前列腺癌。在某些实施方案中,癌症是转移性的。在某些实施方案中,癌症是非转移性的。
在上述方面的某些实施方案中,癌症对抗雄激素疗法具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对恩杂鲁胺、比卡鲁胺、阿比特龙、氟他胺或尼鲁米特治疗具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对醋酸阿比特龙治疗具有耐药性。在某些实施方案中,癌症对醋酸阿比特龙和强的松的联合治疗具有耐药性。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物是本文所述的化合物的前药。例如,其中母体化合物中的羟基以酯或碳酸酯的形式提供,或母体化合物中存在的羧酸以酯的形式提供。在某些此类实施方案中,前药在体内被代谢为活性母体化合物(例如,酯被水解为对应的羟基或羧酸)。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以是外消旋的。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以富含一种对映异构体。例如,本发明的化合物可以具有大于30%ee、40%ee、50%ee、60%ee、70%ee、80%ee、90%ee或者甚至95%或更大的ee。在某些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以具有多于一个立构中心。在某些此类实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以富含一种或多种非对映异构体。例如,本发明的化合物可以具有大于30%de、40%de、50%de、60%de、70%de、80%de、90%de或者甚至95%或更大的de。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供包含本文所述的化合物(诸如式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物)的药物组合物。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含药学上可接受的赋形剂。
在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物可以用于治疗或预防如本文所述的病症或疾病。
在某些实施方案中,本发明涉及使用本文所述的化合物来进行治疗的方法。在某些实施方案中,治疗性制品可以经富集以主要提供化合物的一种对映异构体或异构体。对映异构体富集的混合物可以包含例如至少60摩尔%的一种对映异构体,或者更优选地至少75摩尔%、90摩尔%、95摩尔%或甚至99摩尔%的一种对映异构体。在某些实施方案中,富含一种对映异构体中的化合物基本上不含另一种对映异构体,其中基本上不含意指例如在组合物或化合物混合物中,所讨论的物质与另一种对映异构体的量相比,所占比例小于10%、或小于5%、或小于4%、或小于3%、或小于2%、或小于1%。例如,如果组合物或化合物混合物含有98克第一对映异构体和2克第二对映异构体,则称其含有98摩尔%的第一对映异构体和仅2摩尔%的第二对映异构体。
在某些实施方案中治疗性制品可以经富集以主要提供化合物的一种非对映异构体。非对映异构体富集的混合物可以包含例如至少60摩尔%的一种非对映异构体,或更优选地至少75摩尔%、90摩尔%、95摩尔%或甚至99摩尔%的一种非对映异构体。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供适用于人类患者的药物制品,其包含上文所示的化合物中的任一种和一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂。
上述结构中的任一种的化合物可以用于制备用于治疗本文公开的任何疾病或病症的药物。
讨论
本公开描述了以新方式抑制AR的化合物。在哺乳动物细胞系统中,式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物抑制配体诱导的和组成型AR转录活性,并增强AR降解。内源性和异位表达的野生型AR和剪接变体AR的活性被JN018在广泛的浓度范围内且以剂量依赖性方式抑制。重要的是,JN018不抑制密切相关的糖皮质激素受体(GR)的转录活性。结构域交换实验显示,JN018抑制AR的反式活化结构域(TAD)。JN018减少AR靶基因(包括TMPRSS和NDRG)的表达。JN018以剂量依赖性方式抑制表达AR的前列腺癌细胞的生长,但是对AR缺失的模型没有作用。机制研究证实,JN018靶向AR及其剪接变体,以进行降解。
本文公开的化合物靶向AR N-末端TAD。这些化合物(诸如JN018)可以用于治疗疾病,所述疾病的发展由AR或其剪接变体驱动。前列腺癌是一种此类疾病的实例。这些化合物与现有已批准的靶向AR的化合物相比,提供了有竞争力的优点,因为现有的化合物靶向AR的LBD,而JN018对缺乏功能性LBD的全长和组成型活性AR变体具有活性(参见下文第6部分以了解更多细节)。JN018靶向AR N-末端,并抑制缺乏功能性LBD的组成型活性AR变体的活性(参见下文第6部分以了解更多细节)。这些AR变体已显示出赋予目前批准的AR靶向剂以耐药性。此外,JN018诱导AR(包括AR剪接变体)的降解,所述降解不是已获得监管批准的任何AR靶向剂的已知机制。这些AR变体已显示出赋予目前的AR靶向剂以耐药性。
组合物和施用模式
本发明的化合物可以用于以游离碱、盐(优选地药学上可接受的盐)、溶剂化物、水合物、前药、异构体或它们的混合物的形式来治疗本文所述的病症。所有形式均在本公开的范围内。可以形成酸加成盐并且酸加成盐提供了更方便的使用形式;实际上,盐形式的使用本身相当于碱形式的使用。可以用于制备酸加成盐的酸优选地包括当与游离碱结合时产生药学上可接受的盐(即,药物剂量的盐中的阴离子对受试生物体无毒的盐)的那些酸,以使得游离碱中固有的有益性质不被归因于阴离子的副作用破坏。尽管碱性化合物的药学上可接受的盐的是优选的,但是所有酸加成盐均被用作游离碱形式的来源,即使特定的盐本身仅需要作为中间产物,例如当盐的形成仅仅用于纯化和鉴定目的时,或当它被用作通过离子交换程序来制备药学上可接受的盐的中间体时。
在本公开的范围内的药学上可接受的盐包括源自以下酸的那些盐;无机酸,诸如盐酸、硫酸、磷酸和氨基磺酸;和有机酸,诸如乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、丙二酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环己基氨基磺酸、奎宁酸等等。
本发明的化合物可以配制为药物组合物,并以适于选定的施用途径(口服途径、鼻腔途径、腹膜内途径或肠胃外途径(例如,通过静脉内途径、腹膜内途径、皮下途径、肌肉内途径、经上皮途径、鼻腔途径、肺内途径、鞘内途径、直肠途径或局部途径))的多种形式施用于需要治疗的受试者,例如哺乳动物(诸如人类患者)。肠胃外施用可以通过连续输注一段选定的时间来进行。
根据本公开的方法,所描述的化合物可以根据所选的施用途径以多种形式施用于患者,如本领域的技术人员所理解的那样。含有本公开的化合物的组合物可以通过用于制备药学上可接受的组合物的已知方法来制备,所述组合物可以施用于受试者,以使得有效量的活性物质在混合物中与药学上可接受的媒介物组合。合适的媒介物例如在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack PublishingCompany,Easton,Pa.,USA 1985)中有所描述。在此基础上,所述组合物包括(尽管不是排他性地)与一种或多种药学上可接受的媒介物或稀释剂相结合的物质的溶液,所述物质包含在具有合适的pH且与生理流体等渗的缓冲溶液中。
包含本公开的化合物的组合物也可以含有佐剂,诸如防腐剂、润湿剂、乳化剂和分散剂。防止微生物的作用可以通过包含多种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂(例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚山梨酸等等)来确保。也可能需要在组合物中包含等渗剂,例如糖、氯化钠等。此外,通过包含延迟吸收剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶,可实现注射用药物剂型的延长的吸收。
本领域的技术人员将会知道如何制备合适的制剂。用于选择和制备合适的制剂的常规程序和成分例如在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(1990年-第18版)和1999年出版的The United States Pharmacopeia:The National Formulary(USP 24NF19)中有所描述。
因此,本发明的化合物可以与药学上可接受的媒介物(诸如惰性稀释剂或可吸收的可食用载剂)组合来全身施用(例如,口服施用);或通过吸入或吹入施用。它们可以包封在硬壳或软壳明胶胶囊剂中,可以压缩在片剂中,或可以与患者膳食的食物直接掺合。对于口服治疗性施用,所述化合物可以与一种或多种赋形剂组合,并且以可摄取的片剂、面颊片剂、糖锭剂、胶囊剂、酏剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂、薄片剂等等的形式使用。所述化合物可以与精细惰性粉末状载剂组合,并且通过被受试者吸入或吹入来施用。此类组合物和制品应含有至少0.1%的式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物。当然,组合物和制品的百分比可以变化,并且可以方便地在给定单位剂型的重量的约2%至约60%之间。此类治疗上有用的组合物中的化合物的量使得将获得有效剂量水平。
在本公开的某些实施方案中,用于口服施用的包含本公开的化合物的组合物包括胶囊剂、扁囊剂、丸剂、片剂、锭剂(使用调味基质,通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶)、粉末剂、颗粒剂,或者作为水性液体或非水性液体中的溶液剂或混悬剂,或者作为水包油或油包水液体乳剂,或者作为酏剂或糖浆剂,或者作为软锭剂(使用惰性基质,诸如明胶和甘油,或蔗糖和阿拉伯胶)等等,每种剂型均含有预定量的作为活性成分的本公开的化合物。
在用于口服施用的固体剂型(胶囊剂、片剂、糖锭剂、丸剂、锭剂、粉末剂、颗粒剂等等)中,一种或多种包含本公开的化合物的组合物可以与一种或多种药学上可接受的载剂混合,所述载剂诸如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙,和/或以下中的任一者:(1)填料或膨胀剂,诸如淀粉、乳糖、蔗、葡萄糖、甘露醇、和/或硅酸;(2)粘合剂,例如羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、蔗糖、黄蓍胶、玉米淀粉和/或阿拉伯胶;(3)润湿剂,诸如甘油;(4)崩解剂,诸如琼脂(agar-agar)、碳酸钙、马铃薯淀粉或木薯淀粉、藻酸、某些硅酸盐和碳酸钠;(5)溶液阻滞剂,诸如石蜡;(6)吸收促进剂,诸如季铵化合物;(7)润湿剂,例如十六烷醇和单硬脂酸甘油酯;(8)吸收剂,诸如高岭土和膨润土;(9)润滑剂,诸如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠以及它们的混合物;以及(10)着色剂。就胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂而言,所述药物组合物也可以包含缓冲剂。相似类型的固体组合物也可以用作软和硬填充明胶胶囊剂中的填料,所述胶囊剂使用诸如乳糖或奶糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇等等的赋形剂。各种其他材料可以作为包衣提供,或者以其他方式改变固体单位剂型的物理形式。例如,片剂、丸剂或胶囊剂可以用明胶、蜡、虫胶或糖等等来包衣。糖浆剂或酏剂可以含有活性化合物、作为甜味剂的蔗糖或果糖、作为防腐剂的对羟苯甲酸甲酯和对羟苯甲酸丙酯、染料和调味剂(诸如樱桃或柑橘香料)。用于制备任何单位剂型的任何材料在所使用的量下都应为药学上可接受的和基本上无毒的。此外,化合物可以掺入持续释放制品和装置中。例如,化合物可以掺入定时释放胶囊剂、定时释放片剂和定时释放丸剂中。
用于口服施用的液体剂型包括药学上可接受的乳剂、微乳剂、溶液剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂和酏剂。除本公开的化合物之外,液体剂型还可以含有本领域常用的惰性稀释剂(诸如水或其他溶剂)、增溶剂和乳化剂(诸如乙醇(酒精)、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油(尤其是棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糠醇、聚乙二醇和脱水山梨糖醇的脂肪酸酯)以及它们的混合物。除惰性稀释剂之外,口服组合物也可以包含佐剂,诸如润湿剂、乳化剂和助悬剂、甜味剂、调味剂、着色剂、芳香剂和防腐剂。
除活性化合物、它们的盐和/或前药之外,混悬剂还可以含有助悬剂,诸如乙氧基化异硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇和脱水山梨糖醇酯、微晶纤维素、偏氢氧化铝、膨润土、琼脂和黄蓍胶,以及它们的混合物。
在某些实施方案中,适用于肠胃外施用的药物组合物可以包含与一种或多种药学上可接受的无菌的等渗水溶液或非水性溶液、分散体、混悬剂或乳剂组合的本公开的化合物,或者无菌粉末,该无菌粉末可以在使用前复原成无菌注射溶液或分散体,该无菌注射溶液或分散体可以含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂、溶质,它们使制剂与预期接受者的血液或助悬剂或增稠剂等渗。可以用于本公开的药物组合物的合适的水性和非水性载剂的实例包括水、乙醇、多元醇(诸如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等等)以及它们的合适混合物、植物油(诸如橄榄油)和注射用有机酯(油酸乙酯)。可以例如通过使用包衣材料(诸如卵磷脂),就分散体而言通过维持所需的粒度以及通过使用表面活性剂来维持适当的流动性。
化合物可以通过输注或注射静脉内施用或腹膜内施用。化合物或它们的盐的溶液可以在水中制备,任选地与无毒表面活性剂混合。分散体也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇、三乙酸甘油酯以及它们的混合物中,以及在油中制备。在普通储存和使用条件下,这些制品可以含有防腐剂,以防止微生物的生长。
适用于注射或输注的药物剂型可以包括无菌水溶液或分散体或包含化合物的无菌粉末,所述剂型适用于无菌注射用或输注用溶液或分散体的临时制备,任选地包封在脂质体中。在所有情况下,最终剂型在制造和储存条件下应为无菌的、流动性的和稳定的。液体载剂或媒介物可以是包含例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如,甘油、丙二醇、液体聚乙二醇等等)、植物油、无毒甘油酯以及它们的合适的混合物的溶剂或液体分散介质。可以例如通过形成脂质体,就分散体而言通过维持所需的粒度或者通过使用表面活性剂来维持适当的流动性。微生物作用的防止可以通过各种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂(例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等等)来实现。在很多情况下,包含等渗剂(例如糖、缓冲剂或氯化钠)将是优选的。注射用组合物的延长吸收可以通过在组合物中使用延迟吸附的药剂(例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶)来实现。
无菌注射用溶液通过将所需量的化合物掺入具有上文列举的各种其他成分适当的溶剂中,然后根据需要进行过滤灭菌来制备。就用于制备无菌注射用溶液的无菌粉末而言,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,所述技术产生此前的无菌过滤溶液中存在的活性成分以及任何另外的所需成分的粉末。
对于局部施用,化合物可以以纯的形式施用。然而,将它们作为与皮肤病学上可接受的载剂(该载剂可以是固体或液体)组合的组合物或制剂施用于皮肤通常是所期望的。
可用的固体载剂包括磨碎的固体,诸如滑石、粘土、微晶纤维素、二氧化硅、氧化铝等等。其他固体载剂包括无毒聚合物纳米粒子或微粒。可用的液体载剂包括水、醇或二醇或水/醇/二醇共混物,其中化合物可以以有效的水平,任选地借助于无毒表面活性剂来溶解或分散。可以添加佐剂(诸如香味剂和另外的抗微生物剂)以优化用于给定用途的性质。所得的液体组合物可以从吸收垫施用,用于浸渍绷带和其他敷料,或使用泵型或气雾喷雾器喷涂至患病区上。
增稠剂(诸如合成聚合物、脂肪酸、脂肪酸盐和酯、脂肪醇、改性纤维素或改性矿物材料)也可以与液体载剂一起使用,以形成用于直接施用于使用者的皮肤的可涂布的糊剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、皂剂等等。
可以用于将化合物递送至皮肤的可用的皮肤病学组合物的实例是本领域已知的;例如,参见Jacquet等人(美国专利No.4,608,392)、Geria(美国专利No.4,992,478)、Smith等人(美国专利No.4,559,157)和Wortzman(美国专利No.4,820,508),这些专利据此以引用的方式并入。
式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物的可用剂量可以通过比较它们的体外活性和在动物模型中的体内活性来确定。用于从小鼠和其他动物中的有效剂量推导出人类的有效剂量的方法是本领域已知的;例如参见美国专利No.4,938,949,该专利据此以引用的方式并入。
例如,液体组合物(诸如洗剂)中的化合物的浓度可以为约0.1重量%至25重量%,或约0.5重量%至10重量%。半固体组合物或固体组合物(诸如凝胶剂或粉末剂)中的浓度可以为约0.1重量%至5重量%,或约0.5重量%至2.5重量%。
治疗用途所需的化合物的量不仅随着所选的特定盐,而且还随着施用途径、所治疗的病症的性质以及患者的年龄和病症而变化,并且将最终由主治医生或临床医生来决定。
本发明的药剂的有效剂量和施用途径是常规的。药剂的准确量(有效剂量)将因受试者而异,取决于例如受试者的种类、年龄、体重以及一般或临床病症,待治疗的任何障碍的严重性或机制,所用的特定药剂或媒介物,施用的方法和排程等等。治疗有效剂量可以通过本领域技术人员已知的常规程序来凭经验确定。参见例如The Pharmacological Basisof Therapeutics,Goodman和Gilman编,Macmillan Publishing Co.,New York。例如,有效剂量最初可以在细胞培养测定中或在合适的动物模型中预计。动物模型也可以用于确定适当的浓度范围和施用途径。然后可以将该信息用于确定人类中的可用剂量和施用途径。治疗剂量也可以通过类似于可比较治疗剂的剂量来选择。
特定施用模式和剂量方案将由主治临床医生考虑病例的具体情况(例如,受试者、疾病、所涉及的疾病状态以及治疗是否为预防性的)来选择。治疗可以涉及经几天至数月或甚至几年的时间给予一种或多种化合物的日剂量或多个日剂量。
然而,一般而言,合适的剂量将在约0.001mg/kg至约100mg/kg,例如约0.01mg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天的范围内,诸如大于约0.1mg/kg,或在约1mg/kg接受者体重/天至约10mg/kg接受者体重/天的范围内。例如,合适的剂量可以为约1mg/kg、10mg/kg或50mg/kg体重/天。
式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物可以以单位剂型方便地施用;例如,每单位剂型含有0.05mg至10000mg、0.5mg至10000mg、5mg至1000mg或约100mg活性成分。
可以施用化合物以实现例如约0.5μM至约75μM、约1μM至50μM、约2μM至约30μM或约5μM至约25μM的峰值血浆浓度。所期望的示例性血浆浓度包括至少或不大于0.25μM、0.5μM、1μM、5μM、10μM、25μM、50μM、75μM、100μM或200μM。例如,血浆水平可以为约1微摩尔/升至100微摩尔/升或约10微摩尔/升至约25微摩尔/升。这可以例如通过静脉内注射0.05%至5%化合物的溶液(任选地溶于盐水中),或作为含有约1mg-100mg化合物的大丸剂口服施用来实现。所期望的血液水平可以通过连续输注,以提供约0.00005mg/kg体重/小时-5mg/kg体重/小时,例如至少或不大于0.00005mg/kg/h、0.0005mg/kg/h、0.005mg/kg/h、0.05mg/kg/h、0.5mg/kg/h或5mg/kg/h来维持。或者,这些水平可以通过含有约0.0002mg/kg体重-20mg/kg体重,例如至少或不大于0.0002、0.002、0.02、0.2、2、20或50mg化合物/kg体重的间歇输注剂来获得。
化合物可以方便地以单剂量或以适当的间隔施用的分剂量(例如,以每天两次、三次、四次或更多次亚剂量)提供。亚剂量本身可以再分为例如多个离散的松散间隔的施用剂量;诸如来自吹药器的多个吸入剂量。
本公开的化合物和/或组合物的剂量可以根据多种因素而变化,所述因素诸如化合物的药效动力学性质,施用模式,接受者的年龄、健康和体重,症状的性质和程度,治疗的频率和同步治疗的类型(如有的话)以及化合物在待治疗的受试者中的清除率。本领域的技术人员可以基于上述因素来确定适当的剂量。本公开的化合物最初可以以合适的剂量施用,所述剂量可以按需要根据临床反应来调整。为了从大鼠中的年龄依赖性认知障碍的治疗所用的剂量计算人体等效剂量(HED),可以采用公式HED(mg/kg)=大鼠剂量(mg/kg)×0.16(参见Estimating the Safe Starting Dose in Clinical Trials forTherapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers,2002年12月,Center for BiologicsEvaluation and Research)。例如,使用该公式,大鼠中10mg/kg的剂量相当于人体中1.6mg/kg的剂量。该换算基于更通用的公式HED=动物剂量(单位mg/kg)×(动物体重(单位kg)/人类体重(单位kg))0.33。类似地,为了从小鼠中的治疗所用的剂量计算HED,可以采用公式HED(mg/kg)=小鼠剂量(mg/kg)×0.08(参见Estimating the Safe Starting Dosein Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers,2002年12月,Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research)。
本公开的化合物和/或组合物可以单独使用或与其他治疗剂联合使用,或与用于治疗细胞增殖性疾病(诸如前列腺癌)的其他类型的治疗组合使用。例如,在某些实施方案中,本公开的化合物和组合物可以用于治疗CRPC或用于治疗对抗雄激素疗法(诸如恩杂鲁胺、比卡鲁胺、阿比特龙、氟他胺或尼鲁米特疗法)具有耐药性的癌症。例如,根据本公开的方法,这些其他治疗用途的药剂可以以单一制剂,与本公开的化合物同时或按顺序施用。
对于激素难治性前列腺癌细胞而言,许多上述化合物很少显示出或不显示出激动活性。因为这些化合物是强AR抑制剂,它们不仅可以用于治疗前列腺癌,也可以用于治疗其他AR相关的疾病或病症(诸如良性前列腺增生、脱发和痤疮)。因为AR属于细胞核受体家族,这些化合物可以作为靶向其他细胞核受体(诸如雌激素受体和过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体)的药物合成的支架。所以,它们可以被进一步开发以用于其中细胞核受体发挥作用的其他疾病(诸如乳腺癌、卵巢癌、糖尿病、心脏病和代谢相关疾病)的治疗。
定义
除非本文另外定义,否则本专利申请中所用的科学和技术术语应具有本领域的普通技术人员通常理解的含义。通常,本文所述的结合化学、细胞和组织培养、分子生物学、细胞和癌症生物学、神经生物学、神经化学、病毒学、免疫学、微生物学、药理学、遗传学以及蛋白质和核酸化学的技术使用的名称是本领域熟知的和常用的。
除非另外指明,否则本公开的方法和技术通常根据本领域熟知的常规方法以及如本说明书通篇引用和讨论的许多通用和更具体的参考文献所述进行。参见例如“Principles of Neural Science”,McGraw-Hill Medical,New York,N.Y.(2000);Motulsky,“Intuitive Biostatistics”,Oxford University Press,Inc.(1995);Lodish等人,“Molecular Cell Biology,第4版”,W.H.Freeman&Co.,New York(2000);Griffiths等人,“Introduction to Genetic Analysis,第7版”,W.H.Freeman&Co.,N.Y.(1999);以及Gilbert等人,“Developmental Biology,第6版”,Sinauer Associates,Inc.,Sunderland,MA(2000)。
本文所用的化学术语根据本领域的常规用法使用,如“The McGraw-HillDictionary of Chemical Terms”,Parker S.编,McGraw-Hill,San Francisco,C.A.(1985)所例示。
本专利申请中提及的所有上述和任何其他出版物、专利和公开的专利申请明确地以引用的方式并入本文。如果发生冲突,将以本说明书(包括其具体定义)为准。
术语“药剂”在本文中用于表示化学化合物(诸如有机化合物或无机化合物、化学化合物的混合物)、生物大分子(诸如核酸、抗体(包括它们的部分)以及人源化、嵌合和人抗体和单克隆抗体、蛋白质或它们的部分(例如肽、脂质、糖))或从生物材料(诸如细菌、植物、真菌或动物(尤其是哺乳动物)细胞或组织)制备的提取物。药剂包括例如结构已知的药剂和结构未知的药剂。此类药剂抑制AR或促进AR降解的能力可以使它们适合作为本公开的方法和组合物中的“治疗剂”。
“患者”、“受试者”或“个体”可互换使用,是指人或非人动物。这些术语包括哺乳动物,诸如人、灵长类动物、家畜(包括牛、猪等)、伴侣动物(例如,犬科动物、猫科动物等)和啮齿动物(例如,小鼠和大鼠)。
“治疗”病症或患者是指采取措施以获得有益的或期望的结果(包括临床结果)。如本文所用以及如本领域所熟知,“治疗”是用于获得有益的或期望的结果(包括临床结果)的方法。有益的或期望的临床结果可以包括但不限于可检测的或不可检测的一种或多种症状或病症的减轻或改善、疾病程度的减少、疾病的稳定(即不恶化)状态、预防疾病的传播、疾病进展的延迟或减缓、疾病状态的改善或缓和以及缓解(部分或完全)。“治疗”也可以意指与未接受治疗的预期存活期相比更长的存活期。
术语“预防”是本领域公认的,并且当结合病症(诸如局部复发(例如,疼痛))、疾病(诸如癌症)、复杂性综合征(诸如心力衰竭或任何其他医学病症)使用时是本领域熟知的,并且包括组合物的施用,所述施用使受试者相对于不接受该组合物的受试者而言,医学病症的频率得到降低,或医学病症的发病、医学病症的症状得到延迟。因此癌症的预防包括例如使接受预防性治疗的患者群体相对于未经治疗的对照群体而言,可检测的癌性生长的数量得以减少,和/或使经治疗的群体与未经治疗的对照群体相比,可检测的癌性生长的出现得以延迟,所述减少和/或延迟例如以统计学上和/或临床上显著的量计。
物质、化合物或药剂向受试者的“施用”可以使用本领域技术人员已知的多种方法之一来进行。例如,化合物或药剂可以静脉内施用、动脉施用、皮内施用、肌肉内施用、腹膜内施用、皮下施用、眼部施用、舌下施用、口服施用(通过摄取)、鼻内施用(通过吸入)、脊椎内施用、脑内施用和经皮施用(通过吸收,例如通过皮肤管孔吸收)。化合物或药剂也可以通过可补充的或可生物降解的聚合物装置或提供化合物或药剂的延长释放、缓释或控释的其他装置(例如,贴剂和泵剂或制剂)适当地引入。施用也可以进行例如一次、多次和/或历经一段或多段延长的时间期。
将物质、化合物或药剂施用于受试者的适当方法还将取决于例如受试者的年龄和/或身体健康状况以及化合物或药剂的生物学性质(例如,溶解度、消化率、生物利用率、稳定性和毒性)。在某些实施方案中,口服施用化合物或药剂,例如通过摄取施用于受试者。在某些实施方案中,口服施用的化合物或药剂为延长释放制剂或缓释制剂形式,或使用用于该缓释或延长释放的装置来施用。
如本文所用,短语“联合施用”是指这样的两种或更多种不同治疗剂的任何施用形式:其使得第二药剂在此前施用的治疗剂仍然在体内有效时施用(例如,两种药剂在患者中同时有效,其可以包括两种药剂的协同效应)。例如,不同的治疗化合物可以在相同的制剂中或在分开的制剂中伴随地或按顺序施用。因此,接受这种治疗的个体可以受益于不同治疗剂的组合效应。
药物或药剂的“治疗有效量”或“治疗有效剂量”是当施用于受试者时具有预期治疗效果的药物或药剂的量。完全治疗效果并不一定由于施用一个剂量而出现,而可以仅在施用一系列剂量之后才出现。因此,治疗有效量可以在一次或多次施用过程中施用。受试者所需的准确有效量将取决于例如受试者的体格大小、健康和年龄,以及正在治疗的病症(诸如癌症或MDS)的性质和程度。技术人员可以通过常规实验容易地确定针对给定情况的有效量。
如本文所用,术语“任选的”或“任选地”意指随后描述的事件或情形可能发生或可能不发生,并且该描述包括其中该事件或情形发生的情况以及其中该事件或情形不发生的情况。例如,“任选取代的烷基”是指烷基可以被取代的情况,以及其中烷基未被取代的情况。
应当理解,本发明的化合物上的取代基和取代模式可以由本领域的普通技术人员选择,以得到化学稳定的化合物,该化合物可以通过本领域已知的技术以及下文所示的那些方法,从容易获得的起始物料容易地合成。如果取代基本身被多于一个基团取代,则应当理解这些多个基团可以在相同的碳上或在不同的碳上,只要产生稳定的结构即可。
如本文所用,术语“任选取代的”是指给定结构中的一个至六个氢基被指定的取代基替代,所述取代基包括但不限于:羟基、羟烷基、烷氧基、卤素、烷基、硝基、甲硅烷基、酰基、酰基氧基、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、氨基、氨基烷基、氰基、卤代烷基、卤代烷氧基、-OCO-CH2-O-烷基、-OP(O)(O-烷基)2或–CH2-OP(O)(O-烷基)2。优选地,“任选取代的”是指给定结构中的一个至四个氢基被上文提及的取代基替代。更优选地,一个至三个氢基被上文提及的取代基替代。应当理解,取代基可以被进一步取代。
术语“酰基”是本领域公认的,并且是指以通式烃基C(O)-,优选地烷基C(O)-表示的基团。
术语“酰氨基”是本领域公认的,并且是指被酰基基团取代的氨基基团,并且可以例如以式:烃基C(O)NH-表示。
术语“酰基氧基”是本领域公认的,并且是指以通式烃基C(O)O-,优选地烷基C(O)-表示的基团。
术语“烷氧基”是指上面附接有氧的烷基基团。表示性烷氧基基团包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、叔丁氧基等等。
术语“烷氧基烷基”是指被烷氧基基团取代的烷基基团,并且可以以通式烷基-O-烷基表示。
术语“烷基”是指饱和脂族基团,包括直链烷基基团、支链烷基基团、环烷基(脂环族)基团、烷基取代的环烷基基团和环烷基取代的烷基基团。在优选的实施方案中,直链或支链烷基的主链中具有30个或更少的碳原子(例如,对于直链,C1-30,对于支链,C3-30),更优选地20个或更少的碳原子。
此外,如整个说明书、实施例和权利要求所用,术语“烷基”旨在包括未取代的烷基基团和取代的烷基基团二者,后者是指具有取代基(该取代基替代烃主链的一个或多个碳上的氢)的烷基部分,包括卤代烷基基团,诸如三氟甲基和2,2,2-三氟乙基等。
当术语“Cx-y”或“Cx-Cy”结合化学部分使用时,该术语意味着包括链中含有x个至y个碳的基团。在C0烷基处于末端位置的情况下,该基团表示氢,当其处于内部时,表示键。例如,C1-6烷基基团的链中含有一个至六个碳原子。
如本文所用,术语“烷基氨基”是指被至少一个烷基基团取代的氨基基团。
如本文所用,术语“烷基硫基”是指被烷基基团取代的硫醇基团,并且可以以通式烷基S-表示。
如本文所用,术语“酰胺”是指基团
其中R9和R10各自独立地表示氢或烃基基团,或R9和R10与它们附接的N原子一起构成环结构中具有4个至8个原子的杂环。
术语“胺”和“氨基”是本领域公认的,并且是指未取代的胺和取代的胺以及它们的盐,例如可以以下式表示的部分
其中R9、R10和R10’各自独立地表示氢或烃基基团,或R9和R10与它们附接的N原子一起构成环结构中具有4个至8个原子的杂环。
如本文所用,术语“氨基烷基”是指被氨基基团取代的烷基基团。
如本文所用,术语“芳烷基”是指被芳基基团取代的烷基基团。
如本文所用,术语“芳基”包括取代的或未取代的单环芳族基团,其中环的每个原子为碳。优选地,环是五元至七元环,更优选地,六元环。术语“芳基”还包括具有两个或更多个环的多环环系,其中两个或更多个碳是两个邻近的环共有的,其中至少一个环是例如芳族环,另一个环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。芳基基团包括苯、萘、菲、苯酚、苯胺等等。
术语“氨基甲酸酯”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基基团。
如本文所用,术语“碳环基烷基”是指被碳环基团取代的烷基基团。
如本文所用,术语“碳环”、“碳环基”和“碳环”是指饱和的或不饱和的非芳族环,其中环的每个原子为碳。优选地,碳环含有3个至10个原子,更优选地5个至7个原子。
如本文所用,术语“碳环基烷基”是指被碳环基团取代的烷基基团。
术语“碳酸根”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团-OCO2-。
如本文所用,术语“羧基”是指以式:-CO2H表示的基团。
如本文所用,术语“酯”是指基团-C(O)OR9,其中R9表示烃基基团。
如本文所用,术语“醚”是指这样的烃基基团:其通过氧连接至另一个烃基基团。因此,烃基基团的醚取代基可以是烃基-O-。醚可以是对称的或非对称的。醚的实例包括但不限于杂环-O-杂环和芳基-O-杂环。醚包括“烷氧基烷基”基团,其可以以通式烷基-O-烷基表示。
如本文所用,术语“卤基”和“卤素”意指卤素,并且包括氯基、氟基、溴基和碘基。
如本文所用,术语“杂芳烷基”是指被杂芳基基团取代的烷基基团。
术语“杂芳基”包括取代的或未取代的芳族单环结构,优选地五元至七元环,更优选地五元至六元环,它们的环结构包括至少一个杂原子,优选地一个至四个杂原子,更优选地一个或两个杂原子。术语“杂芳基”还包括具有两个或更多个环的多环环系,其中两个或更多个碳是两个邻近的环共有的,其中至少一个环是例如杂芳族环,另一个环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂芳基基团包括例如吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、咪唑、噁唑、噻唑、吡唑、吡啶、吡嗪、哒嗪和嘧啶等等。
如本文所用,术语“杂原子”意指除碳或氢之外的任何元素的原子。优选的杂原子为氮、氧和硫。
如本文所用,术语“杂环基烷基”是指被杂环基团取代的烷基基团。
术语“杂环基”、“杂环”是指取代的或未取代的非芳族环结构,优选地三元至十元环,更优选地三元至七元环,它们的环结构包括至少一个杂原子,优选地一个至四个杂原子,更优选地一个或两个杂原子。术语“杂环基”和“杂环”还包括具有两个或更多个环的多环环系,其中两个或更多个碳是两个邻近的环共有的,其中至少一个环是例如杂环,另一个环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂环基基团包括例如哌啶、哌嗪、吡咯烷、吗啉、内酯、内酰胺等等。
如本文所用,术语“烃基”是指通过不具有=O或=S取代基的碳原子键合的基团,并且典型地具有至少一个碳-氢键和主要碳主链,但是可以任选地包含杂原子。因此,如甲基、乙氧基乙基、2-吡啶基以及甚至三氟甲基的基团被认为是用于本专利申请目的的烃基,但是诸如乙酰基(其在连接碳上具有=O取代基)和乙氧基(其通过氧而不是碳连接)的取代基则不是。烃基基团包括但不限于芳基、杂芳基、碳环、杂环、烷基、烯基、炔基以及它们的组合。
如本文所用,术语“羟烷基”是指被羟基基团取代的烷基基团。
当术语“低级”结合化学部分(诸如酰基、酰基氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基或烷氧基)使用时,该术语意味着包括取代基中具有十个或更少(优选地六个或更少)的原子的基团。例如,“低级烷基”是指含有十个或更少(优选地六个或更少)的碳原子的烷基基团。在某些实施方案中,本文定义的酰基、酰基氧基、烷基、烯基、炔基或烷氧基取代基分别为低级酰基、低级酰基氧基、低级烷基、低级烯基、低级炔基或低级烷氧基,无论它们单独还是与其他取代基组合出现,诸如在羟烷基和芳烷基的叙述中(在这种情况下,例如,当计算烷基取代基中的碳原子时,不计算芳基基团内的原子)。
术语“多环基”、“多环”是指两个或更多个环(例如,环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基),其中两个或更多个原子是两个邻近的环共有的,例如环是“稠环”。多环中的每个环可以是取代的或未取代的。在某些实施方案中,多环中的每个环在环中含有3个至10个,优选地5个至7个原子。
术语“硫酸根”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团–OSO3H,或其药学上可接受的盐。
术语“磺酰胺”是本领域公认的,并且是指以以下通式表示的基团
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基。
术语“亚砜”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团–S(O)-。
术语“磺酸根”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团SO3H,或其药学上可接受的盐。
术语“砜”是本领域公认的,并且是指基团–S(O)2-。
术语“取代的”是指具有取代基的部分,所述取代基替换主链的一个或多个碳上的氢。应当理解,“取代”或“被......取代的”包括隐含前提条件,即这种取代符合被取代的原子和取代基的允许化合价,以及取代产生稳定的化合物,例如不会自发地经历转化,诸如重排、环化、消除等。如本文所用,术语“取代的”被设想为包括有机化合物的所有允许的取代基。在广义方面,允许的取代基包括有机化合物的非环状的和环状的、支链的和非支链的、碳环和杂环、芳族和非芳族取代基。对于适当的有机化合物,允许的取代基可能为一个或多个以及相同的或不同的。出于本发明的目的,杂原子(诸如氮)可以具有氢取代基和/或本文所述的有机化合物的任何允许的取代基,所述取代基满足杂原子的化合价。取代基可以包括本文所述的任何取代基,例如卤素、羟基、羰基(诸如羧基、烷氧基羰基、甲酰基或酰基)、硫代羰基(诸如硫酯、硫代乙酸根或硫代甲酸根)、烷氧基、磷酰基、磷酸根、膦酸根、亚膦酸根、氨基、胺基、脒、亚胺、氰基、硝基、叠氮基、巯基、烷基硫基、硫酸根、磺酸根、氨磺酰基、磺酰胺基、磺酰基、杂环基、芳烷基或芳族或杂芳族部分。本领域的技术人员应当理解,如适用,烃链上被取代的部分本身可以是取代的。
如本文所用,术语“硫代烷基”是指被硫醇基团取代的烷基基团。
如本文所用,术语“硫酯”是指基团-C(O)SR9或–SC(O)R9
其中R9表示烃基。
如本文所用,术语“硫醚”相当于其中氧被硫替代的醚。
术语“尿素”是本领域公认的,并且可以以以下通式表示
其中R9和R10独立地表示氢或烃基。
如本文所用,术语“调控”包括功能或活性(诸如细胞增殖)以及功能或活性增强的抑制或阻抑。
短语“药学上可接受的”是本领域公认的。在某些实施方案中,该术语包括组合物、赋形剂、佐剂、聚合物和其他材料和/或剂型,它们在合理的医学判断的范围内,适合于与人和动物的组织接触而无过多的毒性、刺激性、过敏反应或者其他问题或并发症,与合理的效益/风险比相称。
“药学上可接受的盐”或“盐”在本文中用于指酸加成盐或碱加成盐,其适用于患者的治疗或与患者的治疗相容。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的酸加成盐”意指以式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII表示的任何碱化合物的任何无毒的有机盐或无机盐。形成合适的盐的示例性无机酸包括盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸和磷酸,以及金属盐(诸如正磷酸一氢钠和硫酸氢钾)。形成合适的盐的示例性有机酸包括单羧酸、二羧酸和三羧酸(诸如羟乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、延胡索酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸、肉桂酸和水杨酸)以及磺酸(诸如对甲苯磺酸和甲磺酸)。可以形成单酸盐或二酸盐,并且此类盐可以以水合物、溶剂化物或实质上无水形式存在。一般而言,式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物的酸加成盐,与它们的游离碱形式相比,更易溶于水和各种亲水有机溶剂,并且通常展示出更高的熔点。适当的盐的选择将是本领域的技术人员已知的。其他非药学上可接受的盐(例如草酸盐)可以用于例如分离式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物,以供实验室使用或供后续向药学上可接受的酸加成盐的转化。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的碱加成盐”意指以式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII表示的任何酸化合物或它们的任何中间体的任何无毒的有机或无机碱加成盐。形式合适的盐的示例性无机碱包括氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氢氧化镁或氢氧化钡。形成合适的盐的示例性有机碱包括脂族、脂环族或芳族有机胺,诸如甲胺、三甲胺和甲基吡啶或氨。适当的盐的选择将是本领域的技术人员已知的。
可用于本公开的方法和组合物的很多化合物在其结构中具有至少一个立体异构源中心。该立体异构源中心可以以R构型或S构型存在,所述R和S符号根据Pure Appl.Chem.(1976),45,11-30中描述的规则使用。本公开设想了所有立体异构体形式(诸如化合物、盐、前药的对映异构体和非对映异构体形式)或它们的混合物(包括所有可能的立体异构体的混合物)。参见例如WO 01/062726。
此外,某些含有烯基基团的化合物可以以Z(同侧)或E(异侧)异构体存在。在每种情况下,本公开包括混合物和分开的单独异构体二者。
某些化合物还可以以互变异构体形式存在。虽然这些形式在本文所述的化学式中未明确表示,但是它们也旨在包括在本公开的范围内。
“前药”或“药学上可接受的前药”是指在施用之后在宿主中被代谢(例如被水解或被氧化)以形成本公开的化合物(例如,式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物)的化合物。前药的典型实例包括在活性化合物的功能部分上具有生物学不稳定的或可切割的(保护)基团的化合物。前药包括可以被氧化、被还原、被胺化、被脱胺化、被羟基化、被脱羟基化、被水解、被脱水、被烷基化、被脱烷基化、被酰化、被脱酰化、被磷酸化或被脱磷酸化以产生活性化合物的化合物。使用酯或氨基磷酸根作为生物学不稳定的或可切割的(保护)基团的前药的实例在美国专利6,875,751、7,585,851和7,964,580中有所公开,这些专利的公开内容以引用的方式并入本文。本公开的前药经代谢以产生式I、式II、式III、式IV、式V、式VI、式VII或式VIII的化合物。本公开在其范围内包括本文所述的化合物的前药。用于选择和制备合适的前药的常规程序例如在“Design of Prodrugs”,H.Bundgaard编,Elsevier,1985中有所描述。
如本文所用,短语“药学上可接受的载剂”意指用于配制医学或治疗用药物的药学上可接受的材料、组合物或媒介物(诸如液体或固体过滤剂(filter)、稀释剂、赋形剂、溶剂或包封材料)。
如本文所用,术语“溶解度的对数”、“LogS”或“logS”在本领域中用于对化合物的水溶性进行定量。化合物的水溶性会显著影响其吸收和分布特征。低溶解度通常伴随有较差的吸收性。LogS值是所测量的溶解度(单位为mol/升)的无单位对数值(底数10)。
讨论
前列腺癌(PCa)是美国男性中诊断出的最常见的非皮肤实体瘤,并且代表导致男性癌症相关死亡的仅在肺癌之后的第二大原因。PCa最初是雄激素依赖性的(AD),并且雄激素剥夺疗法(ADT)(其通过手术去势或化学去势以促黄体生成激素释放激素(LHRH)类似物的形式递送(图5A))会导致AD PCa细胞的凋亡和生长停滞,并且在几乎所有患者中诱导临床反应。不幸的是,去势抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC)会不可避免地产生,并且不仅展示出中位数存活期为大约12-15个月的疾病末期,而且还与严重的发病相关。直到最近,化疗剂多西他赛是针对CRPC的唯一全身性疗法,其延长了中位数总存活期,尽管仅适当地延长两个至三个月。在2010年,另一种细胞毒性化疗剂卡巴他赛也获得了监管批准,其用于治疗多西他赛耐受性患者具有三个月的存活期改善基础,细胞疫苗Provenge也如此,它在具有极好行为状态的患者的高度选择的子组中使存活期延长四个月。因此,虽然获得了这些适当的逐步进展,但是更加显著地改善CRPC患者的结局需要基于去势抵抗性背后的生物学知识的新治疗方法。
大量实验和临床证据已证实AR活性的恢复在大多数CRPC患者中是治疗耐受性的基础。尽管AR具有非基因引向(non-genotropic)效应,但是AR转录活性的再活化代表对去势抵抗性而言必要且充分的主要生物化学驱动力。细胞适应是尽管在存在去势血清水平的雄激素的情况下仍然驱动AR转录活性的非相互排斥性机制,所述细胞适应包括1)AR基因扩增,2)瘤内类固醇生成,3)允许配体杂泛性的功能获得性AR基因突变,4)AR的体细胞镶嵌,5)提高AR转录共活化物的表达,6)以及生长因素、细胞因子和AR磷酸化介导的真正配体依赖性AR活化。在最近的超过200名CRPC患者的综合基因组分析中,已经在几乎所有的CRPC病例中鉴定出AR信号传导轴的活化突变。
基于这些观察结果,通过新方法靶向AR信号传导轴的药物(包括纯AR拮抗剂(例如恩杂鲁胺)以及以抑制瘤内类固醇生成为目标的CYP17抑制剂(例如醋酸阿比特龙))已进入临床(图5B)。醋酸阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺均被批准用于转移性CRPC(mCRPC)的治疗。然而,对这些药剂的原发耐受性在大约三分之一的患者中出现,而其余的患者则出现继发耐受性,其表现为在不同持续时间的初始反应期后疾病进展。
证明醋酸阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺在化疗初始和化疗后患者中获得临床成功的3期研究确认了AR作为去势抵抗性的驱动因素的病理生理相关性。阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺之间的交叉耐药性是基准,其证据为这些药剂中的一者在另一者施用产生进展之后才使用的情况下具有低反应率。由于这些第二代内分泌疗法的临床实施,mCRPC患者队列的临床前模型以及测序研究证明,在阿比特龙治疗后/恩杂鲁胺治疗后的mCRPC中具有持续的AR表达和信号传导。事实上,AR是最频繁突变的基因,并且AR依赖性转录程序在此背景下被再活化。因此,在新产生的CRPC和阿比特龙治疗后/恩杂鲁胺治疗后的CRPC中,AR代表去势抵抗性生长的关键驱动因素。
最近的研究显示,缺乏功能性LBD的AR的组成型活性变体在前列腺癌样本中表达,并且在mCRPC样本中的表达频率增加。这些组成型活性变体赋予醋酸阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺以耐药性;事实上,预期这些变体将不会对任何现有的直接或间接靶向LBD的药物产生反应。鉴于不可避免的产生对阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺的原发耐受性或继发耐受性,以及AR在整个去势抵抗状态的自然和治疗史中的病理生理相关性,所存在的尚未满足的需求是开发新型AR靶向剂以改善患有转移性CRPC的患者的临床结局。
临床上用于治疗PCa的所有现有内分泌疗法(包括但不限于阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺)直接或间接靶向AR的C-末端配体结合结构域(LBD)。AR的C-末端LBD代表开发中的新型AR靶向剂以及长期使用的那些AR靶向剂的直接或间接分子靶标,所述AR靶向剂包括促黄体生成激素释放激素(LHRH)类似物(例如“化学去势”药物亮丙瑞林)和部分AR拮抗剂(例如比卡鲁胺)(图5C)。AR的其他主要结构域(包括中心定位的DNA结合结构域(DBD)和N-末端反式活化结构域(TAD))尚未被直接靶向和用于实现治疗有益效果。这些结构域是AR转录活性必需的,然而迄今为止靶向这些结构域中的任一者的药物都未成功获得监管批准。中心定位的DBD与细胞核类固醇受体家族的其他成员(例如糖皮质激素受体[GR]、孕酮受体[PR])共有显著同源性,而N-末端定位的AR TAD与该家族的那些其他成员共有最小同源性,因此可以被选择性靶向。
AR TAD是不易于结晶的固有无序蛋白质。因此,它的结构尚未被解析,并且展开来说,AR TAD不适用于基于结构的药物设计。对于靶向TAD的概念的原理验证支持来自TAD诱饵分子抑制AR依赖性生长的研究。
对于靶向TAD的概念的原理验证支持来自一个小组的最近研究,所述研究鉴定了TAD诱饵分子以及选择性靶向AR TAD的海绵提取物。重要的是,该海绵提取物(称为EPI-001)通过与TAD的AF1区的相互作用来抑制CRPC生长。EPI-001还未通过高通量筛选鉴定出,并且有可能已被海绵作为工业化合物体内吸收。其他化合物已显示出对组成型活性AR剪接变体具有抑制作用。加来特龙(Galeterone)结合AR LBD,但是据报道其诱导AR剪接变体的降解。加来特龙已进入临床试验,但是最近3期研究由于无效而在期中分析时停止。抗真菌剂氯硝柳胺(Niclosamide)也抑制AR剪接变体,并且已进入早期临床试验。
据发现,化合物JN018展示出有效的特异性AR抑制作用:
具体而言,JN018具有以下性质:(1)AR TAD是其分子靶标。(2)JN018展示出与AR的直接选择性高亲和力共价结合。(3)JN018诱导全长AR(ARFL)和缺乏功能性LBD的组成型活性AR剪接变体(ARSV)的快速降解。(4)JN018展示出对表达AR的前列腺癌细胞系(包括表达ARSV的细胞系)的选择性细胞减少作用。(5)JN018引起去势抵抗性前列腺癌异种移植物的生长抑制。(6)JN018抑制AR驱动的基因表达。
例如,JN018抑制ARE和MMTV启动子驱动的报告基因活性,但是不影响GR、AP1或CREB介导的报告基因活性。重要的是,JN018在以下细胞系统中抑制内源性和异位表达的全长AR和AR-V7(组成型活性AR剪接变体)的报告基因活性:1)LNCaP,其内源性表达全长AR,2)LNCaP-AR,其被工程化为过表达全长AR,再现去势抵抗性,3)22Rv1,其表达全长AR和组成型活性ARV7二者,以及4)PC3细胞,其为AR缺失的,但是转染有组成型活性ARΔ567。
除JN018之外,还制备和测试了很多另外的化合物,如表1中所列出:
表1
本文公开的化合物被认为是直接靶向TAD的第一AR降解物。通过消除AR及其剪接变体,这些化合物有希望克服AR依赖性去势抵抗性,而与一种或多种基本分子机制无关,所述分子机制包括但不限于缺乏功能性C-末端LBD的组成型活性ARSV的表达。
在某些方面,本公开包括本公开的化合物和药学上可接受的赋形剂。
实施例
现在对本发明进行一般描述,通过提及以下实施例将更容易地理解本发明,这些实施例的包括仅仅出于说明本发明的某些方面和实施方案的目的,并且不旨在对本发明进行限制。
实施例1:本公开的化合物的示例性合成
一般材料和方法
除非另外说明,否则所有溶剂和试剂均购自商业来源,可以直接使用而无需进一步纯化。通过在氢化钙(MeCN、甲苯、DCM)或钠(EtO2、THF)上蒸馏来对反应所用的乙腈(MeCN)、甲苯(氢化钙)、二氯甲烷(DCM)、乙醚(EtO2)和四氢呋喃(THF)进行干燥。所有反应均在干燥氩气的惰性气氛中进行,在预涂覆的EMD硅胶60F254TLC铝片上通过薄层色谱(TLC)来监测,并用UV灯观察。在SiliaFlash P60(SiliCycle Inc.)硅胶(40-63μm,孔径)上进行快速柱色谱法。在UCLA MIC磁共振实验室(UCLA MIC Magnetic ResonanceLaboratory)的Bruker AV400和AV500仪器上获得NMR波谱。使用MestReNova NMR软件(Mestrelab Research S.L.,11.0.2版)分析NMR数据。化学位移(δ)以ppm表示,并且作为1HNMR(CHCl3 7.26ppm,DMSO-d62.50ppm)和13C NMR(CDCl3 77.16ppm,DMSO-d6 39.52ppm)的内标。在配备有ID-CUBE离子源和VAPUR Interface(IonSense)的Thermo Exactive Plus MSD(Thermo Scientific)上收集DART-MS波谱。通过Excalibur,3.0版来控制源和MSD。使用DCM或氯仿作为溶剂将分析物点在OpenSpot采样卡(IonSense)上。使用不含另外的电离剂的He等离子体来进行电离。在B-545熔点设备上记录熔点。在2.0×50mm WatersCorp.1.5μm C18分析型HPLC柱上进行分析型HPLC。使用线性梯度的流动相,经5min从5%到95%的含有0.2%HCOOH的MeCN/水。流速为0.4mL/min并通过LCT-Premier ESI-TOF质谱仪以正电离子模式检测峰。
合成
方案1:酮3的合成。
苯基丙酮(2)
将高碘酸(21.50g,92.4mmol,1.1当量)在23℃搅拌下添加至MeCN(250mL)中,并且剧烈搅拌悬浮液15min。然后将烧瓶置于冰浴中并添加1,1-苯基-2-丙醇(12.0mL,84.0mmol,1.0当量)。在5min内向该冷却溶液中逐滴添加溶于MeCN(60mL)的氯铬酸吡啶鎓(370.1mg,1.7mmol,0.02当量)。在0℃下搅拌所得的乳黄色悬浮液1h并在23℃下搅拌1h。然后用乙酸乙酯(EtOAc)(300mL)稀释反应混合物,并用盐水/水(1:1,200mL)的混合物洗涤。然后将有机层用Na2SO3(200mL×2)和盐水(200mL)的饱和溶液洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤,并真空除去溶剂,获得呈黄色油状物的2,1-苯基丙酮(11.2g,83.5mmol,定量)。Rf 0.24(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.36–7.31(m,2H),7.30–7.24(m,1H),7.23–7.18(m,2H),3.69(s,2H),2.14(s,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ206.35,134.32,129.44,128.79,127.09,51.04,29.29。
(E)-4-(4-氯苯基)-3-苯基丁-3-烯-2-酮(3)
向溶于甲苯(120mL)的苯基丙酮2(5.0g,37.3mmol,1.0当量)和4-氯苯甲醛(5.32g,37.3mmol,1.0当量)的溶液中添加哌啶(0.15mL,1.5mmol,0.04当量),在回流下加热所得的混合物24h。然后真空除去溶剂并使用0至10%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈灰白色固体的二芳基烯酮3(5.3g,20.6mmol,55%)。Rf 0.18(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.58(s,1H),7.45–7.35(m,3H),7.16(dd,J=7.8,1.7Hz,2H),7.13(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.95(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),2.29(s,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ199.25,141.40,137.37,136.74,135.26,133.22,132.11,129.52,129.33,128.68,128.27,28.15。
方案2:二芳基二烯酮4的合成。
(E)-4-((苄基(甲基)氨基)甲基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-酮盐酸盐(E-4,JN018)
将烯酮3(300.0mg,1.2mmol,1.0当量)、多聚甲醛(222.9mg,7.2mmol,6.0当量)和N-苄基甲基胺盐酸盐(405.3mg,2.6mmol,2.2当量)溶解于甲苯(3mL)中,在回流下加热1h。然后在搅拌下添加1mL10%Na2CO3(水溶液)使反应猝灭。然后使溶液在EtO2(5mL)和10%Na2CO3(水溶液,6mL)之间分配。分离各层并用另外的EtO2(4mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用3:100至15:100mL的EtO2/己烷的流动相梯度,在溶于己烷的1%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上,通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈黄色油状物的E-4的游离碱(330.9mg,0.82mmol)。Rf 0.18(在用溶于己烷的1%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上的20%EtO2/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.35–7.31(m,3H),7.29(m,4H),7.23(m,2H),7.21–7.16(m,2H),7.13(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.96(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),5.86(q,J=1.3Hz,1H),5.84(q,J=1.2Hz,1H),3.54(s,2H),3.31(t,J=1.2Hz,2H),2.19(s,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ198.62,146.81,141.50,139.18,137.53,136.13,134.80,133.48,131.65,129.69,128.93(2C),128.61,128.34,128.19,127.09,124.96,62.07,59.30,42.46。
还在下文描述的该反应中获得少量游离碱4(Z-4)的Z-异构体。
将上述E-4的游离碱溶解于DCM(7mL)中,并用1N HCl(水溶液,5mL)剧烈振荡以形成盐酸盐。用另外的DCM(5mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤,并真空浓缩,得到呈白色固体的二芳基二烯酮盐酸盐E-4(327.0mg,0.75mmol,62%,从3开始)。
熔点165.8–166.0℃;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ12.78(m,1H),7.66(m,2H),7.49–7.43(m,3H),7.40(s,1H),7.37(m,3H),7.19–7.14(m,4H),7.12(s,1H),7.04(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.60(s,1H),4.28(dd,J=13.1,4.8Hz,1H),4.18(dd,J=13.1,5.4Hz,1H),4.00(dd,J=13.1,4.4Hz,1H),3.93(dd,J=13.1,6.8Hz,1H),2.65(d,J=4.8Hz,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ196.80,139.80,139.51,138.43,136.63,135.65,135.56,132.63,131.99,131.52,130.44,129.62,129.37,129.30,128.83,128.73,128.48,60.37,53.94,39.65;C26H25ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值402.16192,实测值402.16098;分析型HPLC tR=3.45min。
(Z)-4-((苄基(甲基)氨基)甲基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-酮盐酸盐(Z-4,JN019)
从产生上述E-4的游离碱的同一反应分离出呈橙色油状物的Z-4的游离碱(108.8mg,0.27mmol)。Rf 0.32(在用溶于己烷的1%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上的20%EtO2/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.43–7.38(m,2H),7.38–7.34(m,3H),7.34–7.25(m,5H),7.20(s,4H),7.02(s,1H),6.19(d,J=1.2Hz,1H),6.11(d,J=1.4Hz,1H),3.49(s,2H),3.29(t,J=1.3Hz,2H),2.06(s,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ200.85,145.50,141.91,139.31,138.17,134.48,133.97,130.95,130.11,128.95,128.85,128.80,128.56,128.47,128.35,127.10,126.42,62.51,56.29,42.31。
使用针对E-4概述的程序将上述游离碱转化为盐酸盐,获得呈白色固体的二芳基二烯酮盐酸盐Z-4(96.4mg,0.0.22mmol,18%,从3开始)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ12.62(m,1H),7.59(m,2H),7.48–7.41(m,3H),7.40–7.29(m,6H),7.22(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.13(m,3H),6.71(s,1H),4.16(dd,J=13.5,3.9Hz,1H),4.01(dd,J=13.0,5.1Hz,1H),3.90(d,J=6.0Hz,2H),2.47(d,J=3.6Hz,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ199.43,141.78,140.66,137.01,136.97,134.66,134.16,131.43,130.39,130.11,129.86,129.58,129.32,129.10(2C),128.34,126.22,60.10,51.44,39.08;C26H25ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值402.16192,实测值402.16128。
方案3:Z-二芳基烯酮JN001和JN002的合成。
(Z)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯腈(5)
在23℃下向溶于绝对乙醇的苄基氰(10.0mL,84.9mmol,1.0当量)和4-氯苯甲醛(12.1g,84.9mmol,1.0当量)的混合物中添加新鲜制备的溶于乙醇的乙醇钠溶液(100mL1.27M溶液,127.0mmol,1.5当量)。将所得的混合物在回流下加热1.5h,然后逐渐冷却至0℃。过滤所得的沉淀物,用冰冷的绝对乙醇洗涤,并真空干燥,得到呈白色固体的丙烯腈5(11.9g,49.6mmol,58%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.83(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.70–7.65(m,2H),7.50–7.40(m,6H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ140.76,136.57,134.28,132.29,130.60,129.56,129.38,129.26,126.13,117.87,112.43。
(Z)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯醛(Z-6)
向溶于甲苯的丙烯腈5(10.0g,41.7mmol,1.0当量)的冷(-78℃)溶液中添加1.0MDIBAL-H溶液(43.8mL,43.8mmol,1.05当量)。在-78℃下搅拌所得的悬浮液2h。通过在-78℃下添加5mL 5%H2SO4(水溶液)使反应猝灭,并在搅拌下将反应升温至0℃。向该反应添加另外的5%H2SO4(水溶液,145mL)和Et2O(100mL),在0℃下剧烈搅拌混合物30min。在分离各层之后,用Et2O(150mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(300mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0至5%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈淡黄色固体的烯醛Z-6(6.2g,25.6mmol,61%)。Rf 0.52(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ10.09(s,1H),7.78(s,1H),7.45–7.37(m,7H),7.37–7.34(m,2H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ191.80,145.52,141.73,136.08,135.97,132.57,131.64,128.99,128.86,128.71,128.56。
(Z)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-醇(Z-7,JN003)
将溶于THF(75mL)的烯醛Z-6(5.78g,23.9mmol,1.0当量)的溶液冷却至-78℃。向该溶液中添加乙烯基溴化镁溶液(32.9mL 0.80M溶于THF的溶液,26.3mmol,1.1当量),将反应在-78℃下搅拌30min。向该混合物中添加饱和NH4Cl(水溶液,2mL),并将混合物升温至0℃。然后使内容物在饱和NH4Cl(水溶液,145mL)、水(50mL)和DCM(200mL)之间分配。用DCM(150mL×2)进一步萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(200mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0至10%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈淡黄色油状物的醇Z-7(4.93g,18.2mmol,76%)。Rf 0.31(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.61–7.56(m,2H),7.42–7.30(m,7H),6.76(s,1H),6.07(ddd,J=17.2,10.5,4.8Hz,1H),5.42(br tt,J=4.8,1.8Hz,1H),5.33(dt,J=17.3,1.6Hz,1H),5.22(dt,J=10.5,1.6Hz,1H),2.28(d,J=4.9Hz,1H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ143.09,139.74,139.26,135.07,133.16,130.38,130.29,128.53,128.47,128.14,127.60,116.06,70.99;C17H14ClO[M-H]-的HRMS m/z计算值269.07277,实测值269.07275。
(E)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-醇(E-7,JN005)
从上述Z-7的合成分离少量E异构体E-7。Rf 0.17(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.38–7.29(m,3H),7.20–7.15(m,2H),7.06(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.86(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.68(s,1H),5.92(ddd,J=17.1,10.4,5.9Hz,1H),5.26(dt,J=17.2,1.4Hz,1H),5.17(dt,J=10.4,1.3Hz,1H),4.98–4.93(br m,1H),1.92(d,J=4.2Hz,1H);13CNMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ144.05,138.58,137.93,135.05,132.67,130.61,129.41,128.88,128.24,127.82,126.11,116.18,77.98;C17H14Cl[M-OH]+的HRMS m/z计算值253.07785,实测值253.07655。
(Z)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-酮(Z-8,JN004)
在冰水浴中冷却溶于DCM(30mL)的醇Z-7(1.0g,3.7mmol,1.0当量)的溶液。向该溶液中添加Dess-Martin过碘烷(1.7g,4.1mmol,1.1当量),将反应在0℃下搅拌20min。向该混合物中添加饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,25mL),并搅拌混合物10min。然后使内容物在DCM(70mL)和饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,75mL)之间分配,并分离各层。将有机层用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,50mL×2)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用0至3%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈黄色油状物的二烯酮Z-8(560.0mg,2.1mmol,56%)。Rf0.38(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.43–7.30(m,5H),7.30–7.22(m,4H),7.07(s,1H),6.41(dd,J=17.6,10.3Hz,1H),6.23(dd,J=17.6,1.1Hz,1H),5.90(dd,J=10.3,1.1Hz,1H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ199.78,141.57,137.66,137.08,134.25,134.19,132.37,130.21,129.28,128.97,128.87,128.57,126.60;C17H14ClO[M+H]+的HRMSm/z计算值269.07277,实测值269.07066。
(Z)-5-(苄基(甲基)氨基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1-烯-3-酮盐酸盐(Z-9,JN002)
向溶于DCM(1.5mL)的二烯酮Z-8(109.8mg,0.41mmol,1.05当量)中添加N-苄基甲胺(0.78mL 0.50M溶于DCM的溶液,0.39mmol,1.0当量)的溶液,在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液3h。然后用10mL二氯甲烷稀释反应混合物并与1N HCl溶液(水溶液,10mL)一起振荡。立即分离各层并用DCM(5mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物。将残留物与Et2O(3×3mL)一起研磨,并且真空干燥,得到呈白色固体的β-氨基二芳基烯酮盐酸盐Z-9(147.0mg,0.34mmol,84%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ12.74(m,1H),7.51–7.40(m,5H),7.40–7.34(m,5H),7.32(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.22(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),6.97(s,1H),4.11(d,J=13.4Hz,1H),3.94(d,J=12.2Hz,1H),3.41–3.05(m,4H),2.46(s,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ204.26,143.64,135.92,134.77,134.06,131.24,130.39,129.96,129.56,129.21,129.18,129.08,128.98,128.01,126.70,60.18,50.04,39.57,38.51;C25H25ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值390.16192,实测值390.15992。
(Z)-5-(苄基(甲基)氨基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1-烯-3-酮(Z-10,JN001)
将来自上面的盐酸盐Z-9(147.0mg,0.34mmol)溶解于5mL DCM中,并在23℃下与10%Na2CO3溶液(水溶液,5mL)一起搅拌10min。分离各层并用另外的DCM(5mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物,得到呈黄色蜡质油状物的β-氨基二芳基烯酮盐酸盐Z-10(133.0mg,0.34mmol,定量)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.42–7.38(m,2H),7.38–7.30(m,4H),7.29–7.22(m,6H),7.17(dd,J=7.8,1.8Hz,2H),6.87(s,1H),3.39(s,2H),2.76–2.60(m,4H),2.03(s,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ208.14,144.32,138.69,137.10,134.31,134.22,130.09,129.10,128.95,128.92,128.55,128.33,128.30,127.13,126.80,62.37,52.02,41.95,41.92;C25H25ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值390.16192,实测值390.15926。
方案4:二芳基烯酮JN017的合成。
(Z)-2-(氯甲基)-3-(4-氯苯基)-1-苯基丙-2-烯-1-酮(11)
方法1:向含有3-苯基炔丙基氯(141.6mg,0.94mmol,1.2当量)和4-氯苯甲醛(112.7mg,0.79mmol,1.0当量)的烧瓶中添加BF3.OEt2(0.49mL,3.9mmol,5.0当量)。在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液20h。然后使内容物在饱和NaHCO3(15mL)和DCM(15mL)之间分配。将有机层用饱和NaHCO3(5mL)、水(5mL)和盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用0至10%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈透明油状物的氯烯酮11(137.3mg,0.47mmol,60%)。
方法2:将三氟甲磺酸镱(III)(164.7mg,0.27mmol,0.4当量)添加至含有4-氯苯甲醛(92.8mg,0.66mmol,1.0当量)和3-苯基炔丙基氯(200.0mg,1.3mmol,2.0当量)的小瓶中。然后盖上小瓶并且在90℃搅拌下加热混合物24h。然后使反应混合物冷却至23℃,悬浮在3mLDCM中,并过滤。在真空浓缩之后,使用0至10%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法纯化粗制残留物,得到呈透明油状物的氯烯酮11(103.1mg,0.35mmol,53%)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.83–7.79(m,2H),7.63–7.57(m,1H),7.52–7.42(m,6H),7.21(s,1H),4.63(s,2H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ196.36,142.96,137.79,137.09,136.02,132.68,132.64,130.90,129.80,129.39,128.61,38.91。
(E)-2-((苄基(甲基)氨基)甲基)-3-(4-氯苯基)-1-苯基丙-2-烯-1-酮(12,JN017)
从11开始:向溶于Et2O(1mL)的氯烯酮11(13.3mg,45.6μmol,1.0当量)溶液中添加0.10M溶于Et2O的N-苄基甲基胺溶液(0.43mL,43.0μmol,0.95当量)。在23℃下搅拌溶液3h,然后滤出所得的沉淀物。使滤液在Et2O和10%Na2CO3水溶液(各5mL)之间分配。用Et2O(5mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物。使用0至10%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈透明油状物的氨基烯酮12(5.3mg,14.0μmol,31%)。
从14开始:将溴烯酮14(80.0mg,0.24mmol,1.0当量)溶解于2mL Et2O中,并添加N-苄基甲基胺(0.09mL,0.72mmol,3.0当量)。在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液2h,然后过滤。使滤液在Et2O和10%Na2CO3(各5mL)之间分配。用Et2O(5mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物。使用0至10%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈黄色油状物的氨基烯酮12(51.3mg,0.14mmol,57%)。
Rf0.35(10%EtOAc/己烷);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.81(d,J=7.5Hz,2H),7.62–7.53(m,3H),7.45(t,J=7.7Hz,2H),7.34(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.30–7.27(m,2H),7.25–7.21(m,3H),7.19(s,1H),3.60(s,2H),3.52(s,2H),2.17(s,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ198.54,142.35,139.67,139.00,138.01,135.15,133.86,132.36,131.77,129.77,129.19,128.81,128.51,128.38,127.19,62.38,54.00,42.26;C24H23ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值376.14627,实测值376.14430。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-甲基-1-苯基丙-2-烯-1-酮(13,JN026)
向溶于绝对乙醇(50mL)的苯丙酮(3.0mL,22.3mmol,1.0当量)和4-氯苯甲醛(3.18g,22.3mmol,1.0当量)的混合物中添加NaOEt(2.4g,33.4mmol,1.5当量)。在回流下加热溶液2h,然后冷却至23℃。在真空蒸发EtOH之后,使材料在EtOAc和水(各100mL)之间分配。用另外的EtOAc(50mL×3)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(100mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物。使用0至5%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈黄色油状物的甲基烯酮13(1.31g,5.1mmol,23%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.77–7.71(m,2H),7.58–7.52(m,1H),7.49–7.43(m,2H),7.41–7.32(m,4H),7.11(q,J=1.5Hz,1H),2.25(d,J=1.5Hz,3H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ199.27,140.64,138.40,137.54,134.62,134.34,131.93,131.04,129.60,128.86,128.39,14.62;C16H14ClO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值257.07277,实测值257.07081。
(Z)-2-(溴甲基)-3-(4-氯苯基)-1-苯基丙-2-烯-1-酮(14)
向溶于CCl4(75mL)的甲基烯酮13的溶液(0.93g,3.6mmol,1.0当量)中添加N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(0.85g,4.7mmol,1.3当量)和过氧化苯甲酰(0.45g,1.4mmol,0.4当量)。在回流下加热所得的混合物过夜。然后真空除去挥发物,并且将残留物溶解于DCM(100mL)中。将DCM溶液用水(100mL×3)、盐水(100mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩,得到呈黄色油状物的溴烯酮14(1.15g,3.4mmol,95%粗收率),其无需进一步纯化即可用于后续反应。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ8.15–8.10(m,2H),芳族区与杂质重叠,7.12(s,1H),4.54(s,2H);13C NMR(101MHz,CDCl3)δ196.33,芳族区与杂质重叠,41.60。
方案5:丙烯酰胺JN089的合成。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯酸(15)
方法1:向含有15mL乙酸酐的搅拌烧瓶中添加苯乙酸(3.0g,21.8mmol,1.0当量)、4-氯苯甲醛(3.1g,21.8mmol,1.0当量)和三乙胺(3.0mL,21.8mmol,1.0当量)。在90℃下搅拌所得的混合物6h。然后将该混合物冷却至23℃,并使其在Et2O和水(各30mL)之间分配。用10%氢氧化钠(水溶液,10mL×3)萃取有机层。用浓盐酸来酸化(pH<2)组合的水性萃取物,得到白色沉淀物。有机层在4℃下静置过夜时还产生白色沉淀物。过滤所形成的所有沉淀物,并用冷Et2O充分洗涤,得到呈灰白色固体的丙烯酸15(2.92g,11.3mmol,52%)。
方法2:向烧瓶中的苯乙酸(8.0g,58.2mmol,1.0当量)和4-氯苯甲醛(8.3g,58.2mmol,1.0当量)中添加乙酸酐和三乙胺的混合物(v/v1:1,各15mL)。在120℃下搅拌所得的悬浮液6h。然后将该悬浮液冷却至23℃,并在搅拌下添加15mL浓HCl和45mL水。然后将烧瓶置于冰箱中过夜,将所得的沉淀物过滤并用水洗涤。使粗制产物从乙醇/水重结晶,得到呈灰白色固体的丙烯酸15(12.6g,48.7mmol,84%)。
1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.34(s,1H),7.27–7.23(m,2H),7.22–7.17(m,1H),7.15(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.10–7.06(m,2H),6.92(d,J=8.6Hz,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ170.25,144.27,140.30,136.10,131.06,130.79,129.51,129.26,127.89,127.62,125.93。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯酰氯(16)
将丙烯酸15(300.0mg,1.2mmol)添加至3mL SOCl2中,并在23℃下搅拌悬浮液2h。真空除去挥发物,得到呈白色固体的粗制酸性氯化物15。该材料无需进一步纯化即可用于下一步骤。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.73(s,1H),7.40–7.34(m,3H),7.28–7.23(m,2H),7.17–7.14(m,2H),7.06–7.03(m,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ168.13,137.59,135.92,134.13,133.56,133.42,131.77,129.42,128.61,128.36,127.79。
(E)-N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯酰胺(17,JN089)
在0℃下向溶于DCM(3mL)的1-氨基-3-氯丙-2-醇盐酸盐(175.2mg,1.2mmol,1.0当量)和吡啶(0.49mL,6.0mmol,5.0当量)的悬浮液中添加来自上述反应的粗制酸性氯化物16。将反应混合物升温至23℃2h,然后在室温下搅拌过夜。使所得的混合物在DCM(3mL)和水(5mL)之间分配。将有机层用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,5mL)和盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用15至40%的EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料,得到呈白色固体的丙烯酰胺17(172.2mg,0.49mmol,41%,从15开始)。1HNMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.44–7.39(m,4H),7.37(t,J=5.6Hz,1H),7.24(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.21–7.17(m,2H),6.99(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),5.35(d,J=5.3Hz,1H),3.83–3.74(m,1H),3.58(dd,J=11.2,4.4Hz,1H),3.47(dd,J=11.2,6.0Hz,1H),3.34–3.28(m,1H),3.19(ddd,J=13.4,6.7,5.6Hz,1H);13C NMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ167.32,137.21,135.65,133.96,132.78,132.71,131.30,129.40,129.07,128.27,128.23,69.06,47.88,43.19;C18H18Cl2NO2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值350.07091,实测值350.06477。
方案6:5β-氨基二芳基烯酮E-10(JN096)的合成。
(E)-5-(苄基(甲基)氨基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1-烯-3-酮(E-10,JN096)
将酮3(200.0mg,0.78mmol,1.0当量)和N,N'-二苄基-N,N'-二甲基甲烷二胺(0.25mL,0.93mmol,1.2当量)溶解于DCM(5mL)中,并在冰水浴中冷却。向上述混合物中慢慢添加TMSOTf(0.17mL,0.93mmol,1.2当量),将所得的混合物升温至23℃并搅拌3h。然后用另外的DCM(10mL)稀释反应混合物,并用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,10mL)洗涤。将有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–20%的Et2O/己烷的流动相梯度在溶于己烷的1%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈白色固体的β-氨基二芳基烯酮E-10(JN096,114.0mg,0.29mmol,37%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.58(s,1H),7.45–7.38(m,2H),7.36–7.27(m,5H),7.27–7.22(m,1H),7.16(d,J=7.3Hz,2H),7.12(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),6.95(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),3.65(s,2H),2.29(s,3H),2.25(s,4H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ199.24,141.40,137.37(2C),136.74,135.25,133.22,132.10,129.52,129.33,129.05,128.68,128.31,128.26,126.94,59.53,40.56,28.15;C25H25ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值390.16192,实测值390.25269。
方案7:烯烃中间体19的合成。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙-2-烯-1-醇(18,JN112)
在0℃下向溶于Et2O(60mL)的丙烯酸15(5.1g,19.7mmol,1.0当量)的溶液中以小量分批添加氢化铝锂(1.58g,39.4mmol,2.0当量)。在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液1.5h,然后通过慢慢添加水(8mL)来猝灭。向该烧瓶中添加EtO2、15%NaOH水溶液和水(各50mL),并在23℃下搅拌溶液15min。然后通过硅藻土短柱过滤该溶液,并用另外的Et2O洗涤硅藻土。使滤液分层,并用另外的Et2O(50mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(150mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物,得到呈黄色油状物的α-羟基烯烃18(JN112,4.81g,19.7mmol,定量)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.37–7.30(m,3H),7.20(dd,J=7.9,1.7Hz,2H),7.08(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),6.91(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.64(d,J=1.5Hz,1H),4.46(d,J=1.5Hz,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ142.37,138.24,135.06,132.59,130.55,129.08,128.77,128.29,127.93,125.21,68.43。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙烯醛(E-6)
分三批向溶解于DCM(90mL)的α-羟基烯烃18(4.57g,18.7mmol,1.0当量)的冷溶液(冰水浴)种添加Dess-Martin过碘烷(8.80g,20.5mmol,1.1当量)。在4℃下搅拌所得的混合物2.5h。然后将20mL饱和NaHCO3水溶液中添加至烧瓶中并搅拌5min。然后使烧瓶内容物在另外的DCM(60mL)和饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,80mL)之间分配。将有机层除去并用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,50mL×3)和盐水(50mL)洗涤。然后将其在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用3–10%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈淡黄色固体的烯醛E-6(2.79g,11.5mmol,61%)。1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ9.77(s,1H),7.44–7.38(m,3H),7.34(s,1H),7.20(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.19–7.16(m,2H),7.13(d,J=8.7Hz,2H);13CNMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ193.77,148.51,142.27,136.35,133.08,132.62,131.99,129.37,129.14,128.97,128.68。
(E)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基己-1,5-二烯-3-酮(19)
将烯醛E-6(2.79g,11.5mmol,1.0当量)溶解于50mL Et2O中,然后冷却至-78℃。向其中慢慢添加1.0M溶于Et2O的烯丙基溴化镁溶液(14.9mL,14.9mmol 1.3当量),并在-78℃下搅拌溶液30min。然后添加2.5mL饱和NH4Cl水溶液,并在搅拌下将溶液升温至23℃。然后用饱和NH4Cl(水溶液,75mL)、水(30mL)和DCM(100mL)稀释反应混合物。在分层之后,用另外的DCM(30mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(100mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空除去挥发物,得到呈淡黄色固体的粗制醇(2.77g)。
将上述粗制醇(2.72g,9.6mmol,1.0当量)溶解于70mL DCM中,在冰水浴中冷却所得的溶液。分三批向该溶液中添加Dess-Martin过碘烷(4.91g,11.5mmol,1.2当量),并且在0℃下搅拌反应混合物1h。然后将30mL饱和NaHCO3水溶液中添加至烧瓶中并搅拌5min。然后使烧瓶内容物在另外的DCM(150mL)、饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,150mL)和水(20mL)之间分配。将有机层除去,并用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,50mL×2)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用0–3%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈灰白色固体的烯烃19(1.98g,7.0mmol,61%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.59(s,1H),7.48–7.37(m,3H),7.17(dd,J=7.6,1.8Hz,2H),7.12(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),6.94(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),5.96(ddt,J=17.0,10.3,6.7Hz,1H),5.15(dq,J=10.2,1.4Hz,1H),5.05(dq,J=17.1,1.5Hz,1H),3.31(dt,J=6.8,1.4Hz,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ199.17,140.71,137.19,136.55,135.29,133.18,132.17,131.27,129.66,129.41,128.68,128.38,118.58,44.96。
方案8:环氧乙烷JN097和JN098以及α-羟基烯酮JN116的合成。
(E)-4-(4-氯苯基)-1-(环氧乙烷-2-基)-3-苯基丁-3-烯-2-酮(20,JN097)
方法1:在0℃下向溶于DCM(5mL)的烯烃19(506.1mg,1.79mmol,1.0当量)的溶液中添加m-CPBA(约77%,521.5mg,2.3mmol,1.3当量),并且在23℃下搅拌所得的悬浮液过夜。然后向该溶液中添加饱和硫代硫酸钠(水溶液,10mL),并用EtOAc(10mL×1,5mL×2)萃取产物。将合并的有机层用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(5mL×3)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物。将含有产物的级分(该级分是22和23的混合物)合并,真空浓缩,并使用DCM的流动相在硅胶上通过柱色谱法进一步纯化,得到呈白色固体的环氧乙烷20(JN097,55.3mg,0.19mmol,10%)。
方法2:在搅拌下向冰水浴中冷却的溶于丙酮/EtOAc/水(10:10:5mL)的烯烃19的溶液中添加NaHCO3(5.21g,62.0mmol,25当量)。分三批(每次2.0g,间隔1h)向该悬浮液添加过一硫酸氢钾(6.0g,9.8mmol,3.93当量)。在0℃下搅拌溶液3小时后,将反应混合物在EtOAc(80mL)和饱和硫代硫酸钠(水溶液,100mL)之间分配。用另外的EtOAc(20mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,100mL×2)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。使用10–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制材料。将含有产物的级分合并,并且真空除去挥发物。将残留物溶解于氯仿中,并真空浓缩至接近干燥。用己烷稀释所得的浓溶液,并将烧瓶置于冰箱中,在其中使产物结晶出来。过滤溶液并用己烷洗涤产物,得到呈白色针状晶体的环氧乙烷20(JN097,203.3mg,0.68mmol,27%)。1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.61(s,1H),7.46–7.38(m,3H),7.19–7.15(m,2H),7.13(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.95(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),3.34(tdd,J=5.6,4.0,2.7Hz,1H),2.90–2.82(m,2H),2.68(dd,J=17.5,5.3Hz,1H),2.45(dd,J=4.8,2.7Hz,1H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ198.46,140.56,137.64,136.21,135.53,132.98,132.25,129.58,129.53,128.74,128.51,48.45,47.02,43.63;C18H16ClO2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值299.08333,实测值299.08304。分析型HPLC tR=4.37min。
(E)-2-(环氧乙烷-2-基)乙酸2-(4-氯苯基)-1-苯基乙烯酯(21,JN098)
从同一反应生成上述20(JN097,方法1),还分离得到呈白色固体的酯21(JN098)(10.8mmol,34.3μM,2%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.38–7.29(m,5H),7.15(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.02(d,J=8.8Hz,2H),6.43(s,1H),3.33(tdd,J=5.7,3.9,2.6Hz,1H),2.87(dd,J=4.9,3.9Hz,1H),2.72(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),2.60(dd,J=4.9,2.6Hz,1H);13CNMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ168.91,148.01,134.14,133.23,132.70,130.35,129.41,128.92,128.76,128.63,119.29,47.93,46.81,38.23;C18H16ClO3[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值315.07825,实测值315.07759。
(1E,4E)-1-(4-氯苯基)-6-羟基-2-苯基己-1,4-二烯-3-酮(22,JN116)
在硅胶上纯化20(JN097),导致某种程度的环氧化物开环,从而得到呈淡黄色固体的α-羟基烯酮22(JN116)。收率可以根据反应规模和在柱上消耗的时间而变化。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ7.64(s,1H),7.47–7.38(m,3H),7.28(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.14(dd,J=7.8,1.7Hz,2H),7.09(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),6.97(dt,J=15.3,3.7Hz,1H),6.75(dt,J=15.3,2.1Hz,1H),5.07(t,J=5.2Hz,1H),4.17(ddd,J=5.6,3.7,2.1Hz,2H)。13CNMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ190.00,149.01,141.70,136.76,136.16,133.71,133.57,131.97,129.33,129.03,128.38,128.07,123.43,60.59;C18H16ClO2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值299.08333,实测值299.08181。
方案9:JN099的合成。
(E)-6-氯-1-(4-氯苯基)-5-羟基-2-苯基己-1-烯-3-酮(23,JN099)
向溶于MeCN(3mL)的环氧乙烷20(43.3mg,0.14mmol,1.0当量)的搅拌溶液中添加氯化铈(III)七水合物(136.4mg,0.36mmol,2.5当量),并且在回流下加热所得的悬浮液16h。通过棉塞(用EtOAc洗涤)过滤所得的溶液,并且真空浓缩滤液。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈白色固体的化合物23(JN099,3.4mg,10.1μmol,7%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.63(s,1H),7.48–7.39(m,3H),7.20–7.12(m,4H),6.96(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),4.38–4.29(m,1H),3.59(dd,J=11.0,5.3Hz,2H),3.30(d,J=4.4Hz,1H),2.93–2.80(m,1H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ200.55,140.62,138.25,135.91,135.77,132.80,132.33,129.57(2C),128.80,128.62,68.17,48.30,43.45;C18H17Cl2O2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值335.06001,实测值335.06131。
方案10:N-甲基丙烯酰基丙烯酰胺JN102的合成。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-N-甲基丙烯酰基-2-苯基丙烯酰胺(24,JN102)
将丙烯酸15(529.0mg,2.04mmol,1.1当量)悬浮于氯化亚砜(5mL)中,并且在23℃下搅拌2h。然后真空除去挥发物,得到呈固体的粗制酸性氯化物。
在冰水浴冷却的单独烧瓶中,将n-BuLi(0.84mL 2.19M溶液,1.85mmol,1.0当量)添加至溶于THF(3mL)的二异丙胺(0.26mL,1.85mmol,1.0当量)溶液中,并搅拌溶液30min。然后向其中添加溶于THF(2mL)的甲基丙烯酰胺(161.0mg,1.85mmol,1.0当量)溶液。在0℃下再搅拌1h之后,将上述合成的酸性氯化物作为溶于THF(3mL)的悬浮液慢慢添加至烧瓶中。在23℃下搅拌所得的混合物过夜3h,然后使该混合物在EtOAc(50mL)和饱和NH4Cl/水(40:10mL)之间分配。将有机层分离并依次用水(20mL)和饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,20mL)洗涤。然后将其在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用10–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在用溶于己烷的2%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制残留物。将含有产物的级分合并并且真空除去挥发物,得到呈白色固体的N-甲基丙烯酰基丙烯酰胺24(JN102)(285.4mg,0.88mmol,43%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ8.22(br s,1H),7.91(s,1H),7.58–7.48(m,3H),7.34–7.29(m,2H),7.14(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),6.96(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),5.34(q,J=1.6Hz,1H),5.26(s,1H),1.79(s,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ165.51,163.94,140.09,139.45,135.63,134.97,134.10,132.74,132.02,130.47,129.73,129.65,128.79,121.80,18.13;C19H17ClNO2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值326.09423,实测值326.09264;分析型HPLC tR=4.28min。
方案11:苄硫基衍生物JN108的合成。
(E)-4-((苄硫基)甲基)-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基戊-1,4-二烯-3-酮(25,JN108)
向溶于DCM(1.5mL)的盐酸盐E-4(JN018,60.0mg,0.14mmol,1.0当量)的溶液中添加1.0M溶于DCM的苄硫醇溶液(0.08mL,82.0μmol,0.6当量),并在23℃下搅拌溶液3h。然后真空除去挥发物,并使残留物通过硅胶(0至8%EtOAc/己烷)。在浓缩含有产物的级分之后,使用50%DCM/己烷的流动相在硅胶上通过制备级TLC来纯化该级分,得到呈白色固体的化合物25(JN108,28.2mg,69.6μmol,85%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.38–7.33(m,3H),7.32–7.29(m,4H),7.25–7.19(m,4H),7.15(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.01(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),5.80(d,J=0.7Hz,1H),5.72(q,J=1.0Hz,1H),3.66(s,2H),3.37(d,J=1.0Hz,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ197.43,144.46,141.32,138.04,137.75,136.06,134.92,133.36,131.68,129.57,129.16,129.06,128.69,128.67,128.31,127.25,125.52,36.29,32.71;C25H22ClOS[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值405.10744,实测值405.10542。
方案12:JN113和JN115的合成。
(R,E)-2-(((3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基烯丙基)氧基)甲基)环氧乙烷(26,JN113)
在23℃下向溶于DMF(2mL)的NaH(60%溶于矿物油,36.8mg,0.92mmol,1.5当量)的悬浮液中添加溶于DMF(1mL)的醇18(JN112,150.0mg,0.61mmol,1.0当量)的溶液,并在23℃下搅拌溶液30min。然后将溶于DMF的(R)-甲苯磺酸环氧乙烷-2-基甲酯(210.0mg,0.92mmol,1.5当量)添加至该溶液中。在23℃下搅拌2h之后,通过添加饱和NH4Cl(水溶液,3mL)和水(1mL)来使反应猝灭。然后将其用EtOAc(3mL×3)萃取。用水(3mL×2)和盐水(3mL)洗涤合并的有机层。将所得的溶液在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈灰白色固体的环氧乙烷26(JN113,99.0mg,0.33mmol,54%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.35–7.28(m,3H),7.22–7.17(m,2H),7.07(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.91(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),6.65(d,J=1.3Hz,1H),4.38(dd,J=13.4,1.5Hz,1H),4.33(dd,J=13.4,1.5Hz,1H),3.83(dd,J=11.6,3.0Hz,1H),3.50(dd,J=11.5,5.8Hz,1H),3.18(ddt,J=5.7,4.1,2.8Hz,1H),2.80(dd,J=5.0,4.1Hz,1H),2.61(dd,J=5.0,2.7Hz,1H);13CNMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ139.40,138.54,135.08,132.60,130.63,128.90,128.74,128.25,127.77,126.65,76.37,71.06,50.98,44.42;C18H18ClO2[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值301.09898,实测值301.07830。
(S,E)-1-氯-3-((3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基烯丙基)氧基)丙烷-2-醇(27,JN115)
向溶于MeCN(1mL)的环氧乙烷26(JN113,27.8mg,0.92μmol,1.0当量)的搅拌溶液中添加氯化铈(III)七水合物(87.0mg,0.23mmol,2.5当量),并且在回流下加热所得的悬浮液16h。通过棉塞(用EtOAc洗涤)过滤所得的溶液,并且真空浓缩滤液。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈白色固体的化合物27(JN115,25.1mg,74.4μmol,81%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.36–7.28(m,3H),7.19(dd,J=7.9,1.7Hz,2H),7.08(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.92(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.61(s,1H),4.41–4.29(m,2H),3.96(h,J=5.3Hz,1H),3.67–3.60(m,2H),3.57(dd,J=11.1,5.5Hz,1H),3.53(dd,J=11.1,5.7Hz,1H),2.39(d,J=5.8Hz,1H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ139.24,138.30,134.84,132.80,130.64,128.97,128.69,128.32,127.89,127.15,76.74,70.77,70.37,46.07;C18H17Cl2O2[M-H]-的HRMSm/z计算值335.06111,实测值335.04236。
方案13:甲基丙烯酰胺JN114
(E)-1-溴-4-(4-氯苯基)-3-(4-氯苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮(29)
向溶于MeCN(10mL)的酮28(JN111,513.7mg,1.87mmol,1.0当量)和N-溴代琥珀酸亚胺(369.8mg,2.06mmol,1.1当量)溶液中添加TMSOTf(0.03mL.0.187mmol,0.1当量),并且在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液20h。然后用Et2O(30mL)来稀释反应混合物,并且用水(10mL×3)和盐水(10mL)洗涤。然后将其在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–2%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈灰白色固体的α-溴代酮29(523.6mg,1.5mmol,79%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.67(s,1H),7.23–7.11(m,6H),6.97(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),4.08(s,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ192.35,162.97(d,J=249.1Hz),140.07,137.27,136.11,132.52,132.26,131.63(d,J=8.1Hz),131.35(d,J=3.5Hz),128.94,116.75(d,J=21.6Hz),32.30。
(E)-1-氨基-4-(4-氯苯基)-3-(4-氯苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮盐酸盐(30)
在23℃下向溶于CCl4(5mL)的α-溴化酮29(502.3mg,1.42mmol,1.0当量)中添加六亚甲基四胺(214.0mg,1.51mmol,1.0当量),并搅拌溶液20h。将所得的白色沉淀物过滤并用CCl4(1mL×3)洗涤。真空干燥该固体,并溶解于MeOH(10mL)中,得到淡黄色均质溶液。向其中添加浓HCl(1.0mL),并在23℃下搅拌所得的混合物过夜。然后真空除去挥发物,并在真空干燥器中进一步干燥固体,得到呈淡黄色固体的胺盐酸盐30(457.4mg,1.48mmol,粗制,定量)。其无需进一步纯化即可用于下一反应步骤。1H NMR(500MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.32(t,J=5.6Hz,3H),7.90(s,1H),7.36(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),杂质峰在芳族区中重叠,7.13(d,J=8.7Hz,2H),4.33(q,J=5.5Hz,2H);13C NMR(126MHz,DMSO-d6)δ193.32,161.98(d,J=245.2Hz),140.42,137.13,134.57,132.84,132.29,131.78(d,J=8.2Hz),130.91(d,J=3.2Hz),128.65,116.07(d,J=21.5Hz),70.91,44.94。
(E)-N-(4-(4-氯苯基)-3-(4-氟苯基)-2-氧代丁-3-烯-1-基)甲基丙烯酰胺(31,JN114)
在0℃下向溶于THF/DCM(1:1,8mL)的胺盐酸盐30(98.0mg,0.30mmol,1.0当量)的悬浮液中添加三乙胺(溶于1mL DCM,0.13mL,0.90mmol,3.0当量)和甲基丙烯酰氯(0.03mL,0.30mmol,1.0当量)。在室温下搅拌溶液1h之后,将反应混合物用DCM(10mL)稀释并用0.2NHCl(5mL)、水(5mL)和盐水(5mL)洗涤。然后将有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在溶于己烷的1%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈灰白色固体的甲基丙烯酰胺31(JN114,29.8mg,87.7μmol,29%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.70(s,1H),7.21–7.12(m,6H),6.98(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),6.81(t,J=4.5Hz,1H),5.80(t,J=1.0Hz,1H),5.40–5.37(m,1H),4.39(d,J=4.3Hz,2H),1.99(dd,J=1.6,1.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ195.32,168.23,163.01(d,J=248.9Hz),139.42,137.46,136.24,134.92,132.36,132.34,131.50(d,J=8.1Hz),130.77(d,J=3.8Hz),128.98,120.61,116.84(d,J=21.5Hz),47.73,18.65;C20H18ClFNO2[M+H]+的HRMSm/z计算值358.10046,实测值358.09728。
方案14:β-氨基烯酮JN124的合成。
4-(4-氯苯基)-3-苯基丁烷-2-酮(32)
向含有苯基丙酮2(0.52mL,3.9mmol,1.0当量)和氢氧化钠(0.17g,4.3mmol,1.1当量)的烧瓶中添加1-(溴甲基)-4-氯苯(964.0mg,4.7mmol,1.2当量)。向其中添加水和DCM各2mL。在开始搅拌后,添加四丁基硫酸氢铵(1.32mg,3.9mmol,1.0当量),并在40℃下搅拌所得的溶液过夜。然后将反应混合物用水(5mL)稀释并用Et2O(3mL×3)萃取。将合并的有机层用盐水(3mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–4%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化残留物,得到呈白色固体的酮32(630.0mg,2.4mmol,62%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.34–7.27(m,3H),7.18–7.12(m,4H),6.95(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),3.85(t,J=7.4Hz,1H),3.37(dd,J=13.9,7.3Hz,1H),2.86(dd,J=13.9,7.5Hz,1H),2.02(s,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ207.48,138.28,138.19,132.04,130.51,129.14,128.47(2C),127.67,61.60,37.79,29.63。
2-((苄基(甲基)氨基)甲基)-5-(4-氯苯基)-4-苯基戊-1-烯-3-酮(33,JN123)
将酮32(50.0mg,0.19mmol,1.0当量)、多聚甲醛(19.9mg,0.64mmol,3.3当量)和N-苄基甲基胺盐酸盐(67.8mg,0.43mmol,2.2当量)溶解于无水DMF(3mL)中并在130℃下加热1.5h。然后真空除去挥发物并且使残留物在Et2O(5mL)和10%Na2CO3(水溶液,6mL)之间分配。分离各层并用另外的Et2O(3mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用Et2O:己烷:三乙胺(25:75:2)的流动相通过制备级TLC来纯化残留物,得到呈淡黄色油状物的β-氨基烯酮33(JN123,15.1mg,37.4μmol,20%)。1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ12.54–12.45(m,1H),12.45–12.37(m,1H),7.56–7.47(m,4H),7.45–7.38(m,6H),7.32–7.27(m,3H),7.25–7.20(m,3H),7.19–7.09(m,9H),7.04(s,1H),7.02–6.96(m,4H),6.69(s,2H),4.62(dd,J=8.4,6.6Hz,2H),4.00(ddd,J=13.6,9.6,4.3Hz,2H),3.92–3.71(m,6H),3.38(dt,J=13.7,8.4Hz,2H),2.98(dd,J=13.7,6.5Hz,2H),2.30(d,J=4.7Hz,3H),2.25(d,J=4.6Hz,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ199.32,199.25,138.35,137.94,137.91,137.56,137.52,136.73,136.51,132.53,132.50,131.35,130.57,130.52,130.32,130.29,129.51,129.48,128.65,128.43,128.37,128.08,128.02,127.94,59.87,59.74,54.77,54.69,52.43,52.25,39.27,39.21,38.88,38.36;C26H27ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值404.17757,实测值404.17670。
方案15:四氢嘧啶基衍生物JN125的合成。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基-1-(2-苯基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶-5-基)丙-2-烯-1-酮(34,JN125)
将盐酸苯甲脒(水合物,35.4mg,0.22mmol,1.0当量)和二芳基二烯酮盐酸盐E-4(96.2mg,0.22mmol,1.0当量)溶解于EtOH/H2O的1:1混合物(3mL)中。向其中添加三乙胺(0.13mL,0.93mmol,4.2当量)并在回流下加热该混合物30min。在使反应混合物冷却至23℃之后,真空除去挥发物并且使残留物在DCM和10%Na2CO3水溶液(各4mL)之间分配。用另外的DCM(2mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用MeOH:DCM:三乙胺(5:95:2)的流动相通过制备级TLC来纯化残留物。将这样所得的白色固体悬浮于氯仿(1mL)中,过滤并且真空除去挥发物,得到呈白色固体的四氢嘧啶基衍生物34(JN125,5.7mg,14.2μmol,6%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.62(dd,J=8.3,1.4Hz,2H),7.59(s,1H),7.45–7.31(m,6H),7.19(dd,J=7.9,1.7Hz,2H),7.13(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),6.95(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),3.64(dd,J=13.0,4.6Hz,2H),3.57(dd,J=13.4,9.6Hz,2H),3.26(tt,J=9.5,4.8Hz,1H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ201.65,154.51,140.81,137.90,136.13,136.09,135.50,133.07,132.23,130.28,129.58,129.54,128.73,128.60,128.58,126.31,45.02,39.19;C25H22ClN2O[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值401.14152,实测值401.13986。
方案16:二芳基烯酰胺JN134和JN137的合成。
(E)-3-(4-氯苯基)-2-(4-氟苯基)丙烯酰胺(E-36,JN134)
将酸35(1.36g,4.9mmol,1.0当量)溶解于14mL氯化亚砜中,并在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液2h。然后真空除去挥发物,并将所得的酸性氯化物(溶于12mL THF)添加至NH4OH的冷(冰水浴)溶液(水溶液,20mL)中。将所得的两相混合物在23℃下剧烈搅拌2h,然后在水(10mL)和EtOAc(20mL)之间分配。用另外的EtOAc(10mL×2)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(20mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。这得到含有丙烯酰胺36的E和Z异构体的淡棕色固体(1.35g,4.9mmol,定量),其无需进一步纯化即可用于后续反应。使用10%-50%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在2%三乙胺/己烷缓冲的硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化少量该混合物,得到呈白色固体的E-36(JN134)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ7.42(s,1H),7.33(br s,1H),7.28(d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.25–7.15(m,4H),7.06(br s,1H),7.00(d,J=8.6Hz,2H)。13CNMR(DMSO-d6)δ168.75,161.78(d,J=244.4Hz),136.52,133.92,133.00,132.80,132.38(d,J=3.2Hz),131.54(d,J=8.3Hz),131.29,128.35,115.86(d,J=21.2Hz);C15H12ClFNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值276.05860,实测值276.05836。
(Z)-3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(1-乙氧基乙基)-2-(4-氟苯基)丙烯酰胺(Z-37,JN137)
向溶于Et2O(3.0mL)的磺酰氯的冷(冰水浴)溶液(0.06mL,0.76mmol,2.0当量)中添加异丙烯基溴化镁溶液(0.5M溶于THF,0.76mL,0.38mmol,1.0当量),并在23℃下搅拌所得的溶液1h。然后将该溶液中添加至溶于Et2O(6.0mL)的粗制丙烯酰胺36溶液(316.1mg,1.15mmol,3.0当量),在23℃下将反应搅拌过夜。然后使反应混合物在EtOAc和NaHCO3水溶液(各5mL)之间分配。将有机层用水/盐水(1:1,5mL)洗涤,在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用EtOAc:己烷:三乙胺(25:75:2)的流动相通过制备级TLC来纯化残留物,得到呈白色固体的丙烯酰胺Z-37(JN137,40.1mg,0.12mmol,30%)。1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.49(dd,J=8.9,5.2Hz,2H),7.43–7.38(m,2H),7.32(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.08(dd,J=8.9,8.4Hz,2H),6.89(s,1H),5.79(d,J=9.4Hz,1H),5.41(dq,J=9.3,5.9Hz,1H),3.57–3.51(m,1H),3.51–3.46(m,1H),1.19(d,J=5.9Hz,3H),1.14(t,J=7.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ168.93,163.06(d,J=248.9Hz),138.36,134.44,133.97,132.98(d,J=3.3Hz),129.97,128.92,128.22(d,J=8.2Hz),127.66(d,J=1.7Hz),115.99(d,J=21.8Hz),76.98,64.06,21.60,15.29;C17H14ClFNO[M-OEt]+的HRMS m/z计算值302.07425,实测值302.07457。
方案17:甲基丙烯酰胺JN136的合成。
N-(3-(4-氯苯基)-2-苯基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺(38,JN136)
将腈5(2.0g,8.34mmol,1.0当量)和无水氯化镍(II)(1.08g,8.34mmol,1.0当量)置于附接有回流冷凝器的圆底烧瓶中。向其中添加无水乙醇(20mL)并在冰水浴中冷却悬浮液。然后分三批添加硼氢化钠(955.3mg,25.0mmol,3.0当量),然后除去冰浴,并将溶液升温至23℃,在其中引发放热反应。在15min后,通过硅藻土垫来过滤黑色悬浮液。将滤液用水(200mL)稀释,并用EtOAc(50mL×3)进行萃取。将合并的有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。所得的淡绿色蜡质残留物(1.6g,6.5mmol,78%)无需进一步纯化即可用于下一反应步骤。
将上文获得的粗制胺(602.3mg,2.45mmol,1.0当量)溶解于DCM/THF(9:6mL)中,并使溶液冷却至0℃。向其中添加二异丙基乙胺(1.28mL,7.4mmol,3.0当量),然后添加丙烯酰氯(0.24mL,2.45mmol,1.0当量)。将所得的溶液升温至23℃并搅拌过夜。然后将该溶液用EtOAc(50mL)稀释,并用饱和NH4Cl/水(40:10mL)、水(20mL)和饱和NaHCO3(水溶液,20mL)洗涤。将所得的有机层在无水MgSO4上干燥,过滤并且真空浓缩。使用0–20%EtOAc/己烷的流动相梯度在用溶于己烷的2%三乙胺缓冲的硅胶上通过柱色谱法来纯化粗制残留物。将含有产物的级分合并并且真空除去挥发物,得到淡黄色液体的甲基丙烯酰胺38(JN136)(359.0mg,1.14mmol,46%)。1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ7.33–7.27(m,2H),7.25–7.21(m,1H),7.16(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.14–7.11(m,2H),6.97(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),5.54(br t,J=5.9Hz,1H),5.43(m,1H),5.20(m,1H),3.81(ddd,J=13.6,7.0,5.5Hz,1H),3.34(ddd,J=13.5,9.3,4.9Hz,1H),3.16–3.05(m,1H),2.96(dd,J=13.8,6.6Hz,1H),2.89(dd,J=13.8,8.4Hz,1H),1.81(dd,J=1.6,1.0Hz,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ168.41,141.64,140.09,138.01,132.04,130.45,128.92,128.51,127.93,127.23,119.43,47.48,44.54,39.96,18.62;C19H21ClNO[M+H]+的HRMS m/z计算值314.13062,实测值314.12985。
实施例2:化合物文库
使用上文所述的一般合成方案和技术,制备表2列出的其他示例性化合物。
表2:所合成的化合物的物理性质
1.除非另外指明,否则NMR数据均以氯仿-d的1HNMR(500MHz下)和13C NMR(126MHz下)给出。2.除非另外指明,否则式为[M+H]+,其中M代表电中性形成的化合物。3.不可用。分子在电离条件下不稳定。
实施例3:对示例性化合物进行生物学测定
还在实验中评估JN018的抑制活性,其中AR反式活化结构域(TAD)或者c-Jun或CREB TAD融合至异源性GAL4DNA结合结构域,从而驱动GAL4应答元件控制的报告基因表达(图1)。JN018选择性抑制AR-GAL4-DBD融合蛋白,这表明JN018通过ARTAD来靶向AR活性。
然后,评估该化合物对前列腺癌细胞系的体外生长的作用。JN018抑制表达AR的前列腺癌细胞(包括表达AR剪接变体的那些细胞)的生长,但是不抑制AR缺失的细胞的生长(图2)。
还对上文制备的化合物以及恩杂鲁胺(MDV3100)进行类似的测定。结果汇总于表3中。
表3:测定结果
实施例4:JN018的进一步评估
进一步评估JN018以鉴定其在前列腺癌细胞系中的活性的机制。据发现,JN018抑制AR调节的基因的表达。具体而言,JN018以剂量依赖性方式使TMPRSS和NDRG的表达减少(图3)。有趣的是,JN018还使全长AR和AR-V7二者的表达减少。原则上,AR表达的减少可以归因于若干不同的作用,诸如基因转录、mRNA稳定性、翻译或蛋白质稳定性。
在环己酰亚胺抑制蛋白质翻译的蛋白质稳定性实验中,JN018在LNCaP-AR细胞中使全长AR的半衰期(t1/2)减小(图4A)。鉴于JN018似乎通过AR TAD发挥功能(参见图1),接下来研究JN018对全长AR和剪接变体AR的影响。JN018使全长AR和剪接变体AR二者的t1/2有效减小(图4B)。JN018还增强了被称为ARΔ567的AR剪接变体的降解,该AR剪接变体被稳定引入缺乏内源性AR表达的PC3细胞中。这表明JN018对AR剪接变体降解的作用不需要存在全长AR。JN018不仅以时间依赖性方式,而且还以剂量依赖性方式诱导AR的降解。JN018既不影响c-Jun或肌动蛋白的t1/2(图4),也不影响密切相关的糖皮质激素受体的t1/2。这些结果表明JN018可以是重度治疗的CRPC的有效疗法,其中组成型活性剪接变体的表达展现出对新型AR靶向剂(诸如恩杂鲁胺和醋酸阿比特龙)产生耐药性的机制。因为JN018靶向AR的N-末端结构域,所以JN018可以在前列腺癌细胞中展示出生长抑制作用,所述前列腺癌细胞以独立地于组成型活性剪接变体的机制展示出对AR靶向疗法的耐药性。在这些研究期间确定的IC50和KD列于表4中。
表4:JN018的抑制和结合参数
实施例5:其他化合物的进一步评估
如本文所述,已经制备和测试了JN018的许多变体,例如制备了一系列化合物,对β-二烷基氨基二烯酮R1(下文称为R1)部分已进行了SAR分析。该系列的第一种化合物是JN097;其他类似物以>097的数字表示。基于迄今为止进行的SAR分析,Ar1和Ar2对于JN018的特异性是关键性的,而假设R1作为赋予雄激素受体抑制性活性的“弹头(warhead)”来发挥功能。
JN018及其类似物的合成方法如图7所示。苯基丙酮与苯甲醛进行Knoevenagel缩合反应,生成通式结构2的(E)-3,4-二芳基丁-3-烯-2-酮。然后这些甲基酮在Mannich反应条件下发生反应,得到呈E(活性)和Z(无活性)立体异构体的可分离混合物形式的β-二烷基氨基二烯酮3。在该系列化合物中,已对分子的右侧部分(即R1)进行了取代。与JN018相比,JN097(其中环氧化物已替代β-二烷基氨基烯酮)展示出增强的生长抑制作用(图8)。
R1的进一步修饰得到具有一系列生长抑制作用的化合物。值得注意的是,JN102和JN103展示出改善的生长抑制作用,但是JN104-JN112没有展示出(图10)。JN102和JN103抑制AR表达细胞(LAPC4、22Rv1、CWR22和LNCaP-AR)的生长,但是不影响AR缺失的前列腺癌(PC3和DU145)或肺癌细胞(A549,未示出)的生长。
JN097、JN102和JN103抑制由雄激素应答元件(ARE)的串联拷贝驱动的报告基因活性,但是不抑制由糖皮质激素应答元件(GRE)驱动的报告基因活性(图9)。JN018、JN097、JN102和JN103的类似物加速了AR的降解(即缩短半衰期)(未示出)。
已经产生了序号编号到JN136的其他化合物。已经测试了JN104-JN133的对于AR抑制的体外生物学活性和生物化学活性/选择性。与母体化合物JN018相比,JN118和JN121分别展示出对AR表达和AR缺失的前列腺癌细胞系的改善的体外生长抑制作用,并且脱靶作用减少。JN128还显示出选择性生长抑制作用。JN118和JN121除了极好的生长抑制特性之外,这两种化合物还在若干报告基因系统(MMTV报告基因、ARE报告基因和PSA启动子/增强子报告基因)中展示出针对AR转录活性的极好的抑制作用,以及最小的对非AR依赖性报告基因系统的作用。
在小鼠异种移植模型中测试了所选的化合物。在该模型中,LNCaP-AR去势抵抗性细胞系在去势裸小鼠的侧腹中皮下生长。当肿瘤达到150mm3-200mm3时,每周五天(周一至周五)、每天一次通过经口管饲法给小鼠施用所选的JN系列化合物、媒介物或阳性对照。JN018展示出与恩杂鲁胺相似的活性(图12A),但是一些小鼠在药物治疗的持续时间增加时展示出毒性体征。JN090、JN103和JN121在随后接受测试,并且展示出抗肿瘤作用(图12B),以及有限的或不明显的毒性体征(图12B)。
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等同形式
本领域的技术人员将认识到,或仅仅使用常规实验就能够确定本文所述的化合物及其使用方法的许多等同形式。这些等同形式被认为是在本发明的范围内,并且由以下权利要求覆盖。本领域技术人员还认识到,本文描述的实施方案的所有组合均在本发明的范围内。
Claims (44)
2.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3是苯基或噻吩。
3.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为4-氟苯基。
4.如权利要1所述的化合物,其中A3为二氟苯基。
5.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为2,4-二氟苯基、3,4-二氟苯基或3,5-二氟苯基。
6.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为三氟苯基。
7.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为2,4,6-三氟苯基
8.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为噻吩。
9.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为氯苯基。
10.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为3-氯苯基、4-氯苯基。
11.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为4-氯苯基。
12.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为三氟甲基苯基。
13.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为3-三氟甲基苯基。
14.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A4为3-氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯基。
15.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3为苯基,并且A4为氯苯基。
16.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3和A4彼此呈反式。
17.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A3和A4彼此呈顺式。
18.如权利要求17所述的化合物,其中A3为苯基且A4为苯基。
19.如权利要求17所述的化合物,其中A3为4-氟苯基且A4为氯苯基。
20.如权利要求19所述的化合物,其中R12被一个R8取代。
22.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中每个R8为卤基。
23.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中每个R8为氟基或氯基。
24.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中R8为C1-C6烷基并且任选地被卤基取代。
25.如权利要求24所述的化合物,其中R8为三氟甲基。
26.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中每个R9为卤基。
27.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中每个R9为氟基或氯基。
28.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中每个R9为C1-C6烷基并且任选地被卤基取代。
29.如权利要求28所述的化合物,其中R9为三氟甲基。
30.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中t为1、2或3。
31.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中q为1、2或3。
32.如权利要求21所述的化合物,其中t为1或2,并且R8为氟基。
33.如权利要求32所述的化合物,其中q为1,并且R9为氯基。
35.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含如权利要求1-34中任一项所述的化合物和药学上可接受的赋形剂。
36.如权利要求1-34中任一项所述的化合物在制造用于治疗患有癌症的哺乳动物的药物中的用途。
37.如权利要求36所述的用途,其中所述癌症是前列腺癌。
38.如权利要求37所述的用途,其中所述癌症是去势抵抗性前列腺癌。
39.如权利要求36所述的用途,其中所述癌症是转移性的。
40.如权利要求36所述的用途,其中所述癌症是非转移性的。
41.如权利要求36所述的用途,其中所述癌症对抗雄激素疗法具有耐药性。
42.如权利要求41所述的用途,其中所述癌症对恩杂鲁胺、比卡鲁胺、阿比特龙、氟他胺或尼鲁米特治疗具有耐药性。
43.如权利要求41所述的用途,其中所述癌症对醋酸阿比特龙治疗具有耐药性。
44.如权利要求41所述的用途,其中所述癌症对醋酸阿比特龙和强的松的联合治疗具有耐药性。
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PCT/US2018/014516 WO2018136792A1 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2018-01-19 | Inhibitors of the n-terminal domain of the androgen receptor |
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CN114829330A (zh) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-07-29 | 加利福尼亚大学董事会 | 雄激素受体n端结构域的抑制剂 |
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EP4397652A3 (en) | 2024-10-23 |
CN110325508A (zh) | 2019-10-11 |
JP2022115888A (ja) | 2022-08-09 |
US11261152B2 (en) | 2022-03-01 |
EP3571183A4 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
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AU2022201524A1 (en) | 2022-04-14 |
US20220380298A1 (en) | 2022-12-01 |
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US20190382335A1 (en) | 2019-12-19 |
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