CN1103250C - 层流静电除尘系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种静电除尘系统100,为了更好地除去亚微米级的微粒而使夹杂微粒的气体实现层流。该系统包括一个外壳105,气体通过其间流到出口110。气体可以是烟气流,它经过入口108进入层流除尘器102,以穿过充电区104。气流与带电微粒再流向收集区106。收集起来的微粒紧接着被收入漏斗112中,或作为可由第二过滤器120除去的结团再混入气流中,之后气流被送至烟囱14,无微粒的气体从该烟囱排放到大气中。
Description
本发明涉及一种可以实现百分之百除去微粒的静电除尘系统。具体地讲,本发明涉及一种有层流除尘器的静电除尘系统。为了获得层流,除尘器被分成对气流中携带的微粒充电的充电区,和一个具有一电极并用于吸附充电微粒的收集区,其中该电极带有与充电微粒电位不同的电位。
传统的工业静电除尘器,在平行板,水平流动、负极性、和单级系统设计条件下收集干燥的微粒。收集板间隔一般9至16英寸,板高可达50英尺。通过除尘器的气流总是处于湍流状态。由于这种湍流,除尘器的收集效率一般采用德意志模型预计,该模型假设湍流动使气流的湍流中心的微粒完全混乱了,并且电作用力只在各层的分界面之间起作用。这种模型得出一个收集效率对微粒电迁移速率与除尘器特定收集面积乘积的指数等式关系。该等式的指数性质表示出:在高收集效率值,特定收集面积增加时,效率的增量反而缩小。因此,在湍流状态下只能逐渐趋近100%收集效率值,而不能实现达到该值,无论使用者采用多大的除尘器也是如此。
本静电除尘系统包括一个与管风道有流体交换耦合关系的外壳。一个电源具有一个用于提供参考电位的第一输出端,和至少一个用于提供相对于参考电位为负值的电位的第二输出端。该系统包括一个用于对分布在外壳内的微粒进行静电充电并且与有气流流过其中的管风道保持流体交换耦合的装置。充电装置与电源的第一和第二输出端耦合,以赋予气流中央杂微粒与参考电位相反的电荷。该系统还包括一个用于收集外壳内且在充电装置下流处的充电微粒的装置。该收集装置使通过的气流呈层流状态。
图1是静电除尘系统一个实施例的系统框图;
图2是静电除尘系统第二实施例的系统框图;
图3是沿图1的3-3线截得的静电除尘系统收集区部分的截面图;
图4是图3所示收集区的替换实施例;
图5是表示充电与收集区及其电连接状况的剖面图;
图6是充电与收集区合一的剖面图;
图7是本发明一体化的充电与收集区的另一实施例;
图8是本发明一体化的充电与收集区的又一实施例;
图9是本发明另一实施例的系统框图;及
图10是图9所示实施例的局部剖面图。
参见图1,其中表示了串联耦合于夹杂在气流中的微粒源10与向大气释放气体的烟囱14之间的静电除尘系统100。尽管微粒源10可以是任意种类的源,但其来源包括燃煤或燃油的加热炉或锅炉,各种类型焚化炉,以及各种能产生微粒物质形式的有害空气污染物质的燃烧处理。例如对于燃煤的加热炉而言,该源10有一个烟道管12,该管与层流除尘器的垂直外壳105的烟气入口108相连。
夹杂在烟气中通过入口108进入除尘器102的微粒首先必须被充电,之后可以通过静电吸附予以去除,这是所有静电除尘器的主要工作。这种充电可正可负,但充负电的更广泛一些。除尘器102被具体设计成能使烟气产生层流的结构,目的是提高微粒的去除效率。当微粒穿过一对或多对平行或同心电极之间的电晕放电区时,这些微粒将会被充电。对要被去除的微粒高效充以所需电荷所需的电晕放电,会产生一个″电晕风″,这个″电晕风″会在通过除尘器的气流结构中形成一个湍流。所以,除尘器102被设计成除尘器充电区与其收集区或结团区相分离的结构,收集区或结团区通过使烟气以层流方式流过其间而提高了效率。
如图1所示,除尘器102具有一个位于收集区106上游的充电区104,其中进入入口108的烟气穿过充电区104和收集区106,再穿过气体出口110。在收集区106除去的微粒随之送至微粒去除漏斗112中。收集区可以包括某些疏松工具,以机械地挪动收集到的微粒,使之落入漏斗中;或者采用湿法除尘,即,通过注水口101注水,以使之向下流过收集区106进入漏斗112并带走其中所收集到的微粒。
另一方面,收集区106可以做为系统100的结团器,只是暂时收集微粒。微粒被吸附在电极表面,且与微粒彼此接触时即结团。这些结团随后又再次夹杂在烟气流中,再由下游的除尘器或过滤器120去除。此方法同样也由于烟气以层流方式通过而提高了效率。
在需要99.9%至100%这样很高的收集器效率,且除尘器干法工作的地方,可以设计一种微粒再携带的燃煤系统,并使收集器成为一个结团器。对于这种系统而言,收集区要超过充电区有足够长的距离,以使收集到的颗粒再掺入气流中去。但是,这些收集到的颗粒在再掺入之前将会结团。如果需要,烟气可以用几种已知的结团促进剂之一作为条件,以确保充分结团,形成足够大的颗粒,便于除去。这些已变得较大的颗粒将与气流一起流向出口110,进入管道122,输送到用于去除这些大颗粒的第二过滤器120处。第二过滤器120可以是一个传统的静电除尘器,织物过滤器如滤袋式过滤器,或其他类型的颗粒去除装置。从第二过滤器120流出的气流将穿过管道124流至烟囱14的入口16,以便将其放入大气中而不含微粒。在一个没有在设计中特别加入再掺入颗粒的系统中,也可以选择地配置过滤器120,以去除任何结团的颗粒,它们会偶然混入气流中。通过让气流在充电区的下游以预定速率,穿过有预定直径基本相互平行的收集管,可以实现系统100的收集区106中的层流,以达到小于2000的雷诺数。雷诺数是一个由下式表示的无量纲的因数: 其中:
D是管道直径,
V是平均速率,
U是流体的动粘滞性。
要实现层流,必须要满足Re<2,000。所以,知道气流平均速率和其粘滞性就可以选择管道的直径,使之满足上述关系。
如图3所示,收集区106由许多收集通道116组成,这些收集通道分别由管状收集组件118构成。在此具体实施例中,每个管状组件118都有一个圆形的横截面,但其他形状只要能得到层流都可被采用。如图4所示的另一实施例中,收集区106″包括许多收集通道116″,它们被布置在竖直的外壳105″内。每个收集空间116″都由一个多边形管状收集组件118″构成,以形成蜂窝状的收集区结构106″。
现参见图2,其中表示了静电除尘系统100′。如第一实施例中所示,微粒源10的出口被耦连到管道12,该管道将管道气体和夹杂的微粒送到除尘器入口108′。管道气体和夹杂的微粒先流过充电区104′,再流过层流除尘器102′的竖直外壳部分105′。竖直放置的外壳105′包纳着用于除去夹杂在管道气体中的微粒的收集区106′。没有夹杂微粒的气体从出口110通过管道122′流到烟囱14的入口16,以从中输送到外界环境中。收集区106′包括许多平行的通道,如图1实施例所示的,并且可选择地连接一个使流体循环通过收集区的系统,以便从气流中带走要被去除的微粒。诸如水这样的流体通过入口101′进入除尘器102′的垂直部分105′,并流过如图3或图4所示的那些内含的多个平行收集通道。混有微粒的水被收集到漏斗112′内,并通过管道114流到泵130处。泵130通过管道132将水排到过滤器140,在过滤器中把微粒从水中除去。然后清洁的水可再次循环,流过管道142返回注入口101′,或者作为废水从管道141排出。其中,过滤后的水在通过废水管141,而不再次循环的情况下,管道142应耦接到新鲜水源上,以对入口101′连续地供水。如图1实施例所示,除尘器102′可以是一个干式系统。作为干式系统,除尘器102′仅仅在充电区104′的取向方面不同于除尘器102,该充电区104′有一个水平流体通道。
如图5所示,充电区104可以由一组平行电板126,128组成,两者分别耦连到高压电源150的参考电压输出线152和负电压输出线154上。电源150可以表示多个耦连到除尘器102,102′不同区段上的不同供电电源。参考电压输出线152连到接地端156,从而使加到输出线154上的高电位与接地参考电位相比为负压,从而使各电极126,128之间通过的微粒带上适量的负电。如下文将要讨论的,充电区104的其他结构可以用层流除尘器102,102′中的。如前所述,收集区106由许多小的管状收集组件118组成,每个组件有1至3英寸,最好为1.5至20英寸的直径或横向尺寸。每个管状组件118限定一个相应的让气体与充电微粒通过的收集通道116。每个管状组件118由导体材料形成,并电连接到电源150的参考电压输出线152a上,该输出线通过连到接地端面具有接地电位。由于导电的收集管与参考电位耦连,而且充电的微粒所充的是负电,所以微粒被吸到管118的内壁表面。非放电电极125在每个收集通道116内同心地延伸。每个电极125可以有预定直径的圆柱形状,且每一个都与电压输出线154a电连接。电极125可以是导线电极,或其他棒状组件形式的,没有可能会导致高电场密度的尖角或尖棱。电极125的直径和其上所加电压选择成,在不产生火花或电晕放电的情况下每个空隙116内有最大的电场。在收集区106用作结团器的场合下,这一点尤为重要,它可通过区段106的层流在气体流速2.0至7.0英尺/秒范围内实现。
现参见图6,其中表示了两级层流除尘器的另一种结构。图6表示出了许多收集通道之一中的一个电极构成,其中充电区104″与收集区106″是一体的,有一个公共电极118位于其间。柱状电极128′与电源的负电压输出端154电连接。电极128′伸到收集通道116内一段预定的距离,该电极与管件118保持同心地定位在通道116内。管件118与电源输出端线152电连接。电极128′伸入管件118内的距离限定了充电区104″。电极118与128′间所加的电压,两者的间隔,及电极128′的直径要进行选择,以在电极128′与管件118a的一部分之间产生电晕放电,来为气流所夹带的微粒充电。管件118的其余部分118b确定了收集区106″,充电的微粒被吸附到管件118下部118b的内表面上。电极125同心地布置在通道116内并与高压输出线154a电连接。电极125为圆柱形并提供一个作用在穿过通道116内并与的带电微粒上的强静电场,而不降低电晕放电。
在图7的实施例中,电极128″与负电压输出线154相连,并同心地伸入到管件118限定的通道116内。电极128″的上部127比其下部129的直径要小,因此指向充电区104″的参考电极部分118a的电力线是汇集的。电极128″的上部127其尺寸是要在所加电压值的条件下减少管电极部分118a与电极部分127间的电晕放电。为了增大带电微粒与收集电极部分118b之间的电场,负电极128″被设计成伸入收集区106″内一个预定的距离。但是,如前所做的讨论,电晕放电要产生湍流,它将会抑制层流通过收集区。因此,电极128″下部129的尺寸不同于其上部127的尺寸,应该是增大129部分的表面积,以使电力线密度相对于上部127有所减少,防止出现电晕放电,和提高带电微粒与管件部分118b间的电场。在此结构中,管件118与参考电压输出线152(地线)电连接,以提高层流除尘器的充电区的参考电极118a和收集区的收集电极118b。
在图8所示的实施例中,参考电极进一步包括一个覆在管件118内表面上的导电流体层168。于是,图1和2实施例的收集区106,106′的每个管件118上端都有流体供给歧管160,以将导电流体分布到管件118的内表面上。尽管可以使用任何一种导电流体,包括流化微粒如金属粉末,但是用在这里最为经济的流体是水。示出的流体供给岐管160仅仅是一个例子,许多其他装置也可以用来把流体分布到管件的内表面上,只要不偏离本文所公开的发明构思。水流入入口162,流遍整个环状通道166,进而向下流过环形孔165,而且流过通道的出口164到达其他岐管处。从环形孔165流出的水流遍管件118的内表面。向下流过每个管件内表面的水形成一个有参考电压电位的导体膜168,从而将带电微粒吸在其上,同时一起流过收集区106″。水膜168有两个作用:(1)水带走吸附的微粒并防止再次进入气流中,(2)用作一个移动电极,以帮助形成气流的层流。通过将气体与水膜168向下引导,两者可以按基本相同的近似为每秒5英尺的速率移动,以使两者间的净相对运动为零。当气体与电极之间没有相对运动时,阻力被消除了,且因而获得层流。
参见图9,其中表示了本发明另一实施例的系统框图。层流静电除尘系统200被设置水平放置的外壳或管网205内,其中气体所携带的微粒经过一端沿箭头202所示的方向进入,并水平流过其中而从相反的一端沿箭头222所示的方向流出,成为清洁的气体。静电系统200包括一个能在其中产生电晕放电并对气流中夹杂的微粒充电的充电区210。在流过充电区210之后,气体和带电微粒穿过结团器区215,该区有许多无电晕放电且间隔很近的通道,在其中气体实现层流或近似层流地通过其间。带电微粒在结团器区215中被吸附到侧壁表面,并被收集于其上,与其他微粒结团,成为随后将要在收集区220中除去的较大的结团颗粒而再次夹杂到气体中。收集区220可以构筑成前述的收集结构,或者是传统静电除尘器的形式,或是织物型过滤器。
系统200可以在现有传统的静电除尘器中做改型,其中至少原除尘器的一部分构成了系统200的充电区210。系统200的结团区215用于暂时收集微粒并与充电区210的结构很相似,但交错的电极将更为靠近且没有放电电极或两相邻电极之间的其他物质。结团器区215可以由彼此靠近的平行平板构成,电极相隔小于4″且适宜在2″量级。充电区和结团区都应该足够的长,以使气体滞留时间在0.5到2.0秒的范围内,优选的滞留时间约为1.0秒。
现在转而参考图10,充电与结团器区的结构可以看得更为清楚。布置在水平放置的管网205中的充电区210,由许多交错电极212和214构成,它们与电源150相反的输出线电连接。电极212与电源输出线152电连接,即与接地参考点156连接。高电压输出线154可以提供负的直流高压,负的脉动电压,或其组合。输出电压线154与152之间的电压幅值高到在不减小其间隔的情况下,可减少电极212与214之间的电晕放电。每个电极214都可以包括许多个连接在其上的电晕放电电极点216,以促使充电区210中产生电晕放电。结团器区215包括许极电极218和219,它们分别与电源150a的电源输出线152a和154a相连。每个电极板218,219相互都很靠近,如前所述,它们不产生包括结构所致在内的任何形式的电晕。电源150a的工作电压与电源150的不同,它提供足够高的电压,以吸附气体所带的微粒并使之结团,而不产生任何电晕放电。电源150a的输出线154a,以连接着接地参考点156且与电源150输出线152相连的输出线152a为参考。气体通过结团器215而被再掺入团粒后,流向收集区220,它可以是一个分离的和不同的除尘器或过滤器。按图10所示的布置,系统200可以是用传统的水平流动平行板静电除尘器进行改型处理的结果,它得益于气体层流通过结团器215,或层流通过结团器215与收集器220。
尽管本发明已结合其实施例和具体构造得到说明,但本发明适用于各种改型而不仅是前文所述的那些,只要没有背离本发明的构思或范围。例如,等同的元件可以代换那些已具体示出和说明过的元件,某些特征可以与其他特征相互独立的存在,且在某些情况下,元件的特殊位置可以颠倒或穿插,权利要求书所限定的全部内容均未背离本发明的构思或者范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于除去夹杂在气流中的亚微米级微粒的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,包括:
充电装置(212,214),它与一管风道相连,用于将预定极性的电荷赋予气流中夹杂的微粒,从而对所述微粒静电充电,所述带电微粒包括亚微米级的微粒;
结团器(215),它与所述充电装置(212,214)保持流体交换耦连关系,位于所述充电装置的下游,以便气流从中流过,所述结团器(215)包括多个平行相隔放置且纵向延伸的平板电极(218,219),所述多个平板电极(218,219)中每一个平板电极的都具有能够避免电晕的结构,所述多个平板电极(218,219)被构造成允许层流的所述气体从中通过,所述多个平板电极(218,219)交替地与具有第一电势差的两个相反电极耦连,所述第一电势差的大小足以吸附所述微粒并使之结团,但不足以防止所述结团的微粒重新夹杂到所述层流的气流中;和
收集装置(220),它与所述结团器保持流体交换耦连关系,位于所述结团器的下游,用于收集所述结团的微粒。
2.如权利要求1所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,还包括:
具有多个第一输出端(152a,154a)的第一源(150a),所述多个第一输出端与所述结团器(215)耦连,用于产生所述第一电势差。
3.如权利要求2所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,还包括:
具有多个第二输出端(152,154)的第二源(150),所述第二源具有第二电势差,通过所述多个第二输出端(152,154)与所述充电装置(212,214)耦连,用于将所述预定极性的电荷赋予所述微粒,其中所述第一电势差的大小小于所述第二电势差。
4.如权利要求1-3中任何一项所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,所述收集装置(220)适于层流的气流从中通过。
5.如权利要求1-3中任何一项所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,所述结团器(215)的尺寸使得气流的滞留时间在0.5到2.0秒的范围内。
6.如权利要求1-3中任何一项所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,所述结团器(215)中所述多个纵向延伸的平板电极(218,219)的间隔小于4英寸。
7.如权利要求1-3中任何一项所述的静电除尘系统(200),其特征在于,所述结团器(215)中所述多个纵向延伸的平板电极(218,219)的间隔为2英寸。
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DE3324803A1 (de) * | 1983-07-09 | 1985-01-17 | Betriebsforschungsinstitut VDEh - Institut für angewandte Forschung GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf | Staubabscheidegeraet |
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- 1996-08-03 TW TW085109482A patent/TW362033B/zh active
- 1996-08-05 AU AU61921/96A patent/AU715203B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-08-05 ES ES96305774T patent/ES2166428T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-05 DE DE69617559T patent/DE69617559D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-05 AT AT96305774T patent/ATE209967T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-05 EP EP96305774A patent/EP0757923B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-06 CZ CZ19962333A patent/CZ292147B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-06 HU HU9602170A patent/HU223251B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-06 RU RU96115377/12A patent/RU2218993C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-06 CA CA002182774A patent/CA2182774A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-08-07 CN CN96113254A patent/CN1103250C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-07 JP JP22331896A patent/JPH0947684A/ja active Pending
- 1996-08-07 ZA ZA966712A patent/ZA966712B/xx unknown
- 1996-08-07 BR BR9604073A patent/BR9604073A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-08-07 AR ARP960103915A patent/AR003213A1/es unknown
- 1996-08-07 PL PL96315566A patent/PL183189B1/pl unknown
- 1996-08-07 KR KR1019960032861A patent/KR970009893A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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US2422564A (en) * | 1945-07-09 | 1947-06-17 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electrical dust-precipitator |
GB913172A (en) * | 1959-02-20 | 1962-12-19 | Guenter Hermann Wilhelm Jucho | Improvements in or relating to electrostatic filters |
DE3324803A1 (de) * | 1983-07-09 | 1985-01-17 | Betriebsforschungsinstitut VDEh - Institut für angewandte Forschung GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf | Staubabscheidegeraet |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HUP9602170A2 (en) | 1997-07-28 |
ES2166428T3 (es) | 2002-04-16 |
CN1147981A (zh) | 1997-04-23 |
AU6192196A (en) | 1997-02-13 |
CA2182774A1 (en) | 1997-02-08 |
RU2218993C2 (ru) | 2003-12-20 |
HUP9602170A3 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
TW362033B (en) | 1999-06-21 |
AU715203B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
EP0757923B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
BR9604073A (pt) | 1998-06-16 |
PL315566A1 (en) | 1997-02-17 |
CZ292147B6 (cs) | 2003-08-13 |
JPH0947684A (ja) | 1997-02-18 |
ATE209967T1 (de) | 2001-12-15 |
HU9602170D0 (en) | 1996-09-30 |
DE69617559D1 (de) | 2002-01-17 |
ZA966712B (en) | 1997-05-02 |
CZ233396A3 (en) | 1997-06-11 |
US5707428A (en) | 1998-01-13 |
MX9603245A (es) | 1997-07-31 |
KR970009893A (ko) | 1997-03-27 |
AR003213A1 (es) | 1998-07-08 |
EP0757923A1 (en) | 1997-02-12 |
HU223251B1 (hu) | 2004-04-28 |
PL183189B1 (pl) | 2002-06-28 |
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