CN110226608A - 一种农药用酵素及应用和包含该农药用酵素的农药 - Google Patents
一种农药用酵素及应用和包含该农药用酵素的农药 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种农药用酵素及应用和包含该农药用酵素的农药，该农药用酵素是将如下原料发酵75‑105天而得：发酵剂1‑5质量份、黄花蒿2‑10质量份、鲜果蔬2‑10质量份、水5‑20质量份。本发明的农药用酵素可以减少农药的使用，有效地防治蚜虫、叶蝉、飞虱、土蚕等害虫，同时也具有促进作物生长、提高土壤肥力等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于有机农药领域，具体涉及一种农药用酵素及应用和包含该农药用酵素的农药。
背景技术
长期以来，农业上由于单一、过量地使用化肥、农药，造成土质不同程度地恶化，养分比例失调，部分蔬菜药物残留超标，甚至造成土壤和河流的污染。使用天然植物制作的酵素作为新型的化肥及农药使用，可以从根本上消除化肥、农药的残留，有效地抑制土壤中有害微生物的繁殖，使植物病虫害发生率大大地降低。
黄花蒿（Artemisia annuaLinn.）是菊科蒿属草本植物，植株有浓烈的挥发性气味。黄花蒿生长适应性强，遍及全国南北，分布极广，路旁、荒地、山坡、林原、甚至草原、半荒漠地，随处可见，是来源广泛、廉价易得的野生植物。
2015年，中国科学家屠呦呦从植物黄花蒿茎叶中提取了青蒿素。青蒿素可以作为抗疟“神药”，且黄花蒿本身病虫害较少，牧场还常用黄花蒿作牲畜饲料，另外，研究人员还发现了黄花蒿在有机生态农业种植中驱虫保护作物的巨大功效。
由于黄花蒿取材极其方便，成本极低，所以，制备和应用天然农药用酵素对生态有机农业来说是一大福音。
发明内容
本发明为了减少农药使用，有效抑制土壤中的病虫害发生，同时也为了促进作物生长、提高土壤肥力，而提供一种农药用酵素及应用和包含该农药用酵素的农药。
本发明所述的农药用酵素，是将如下原料发酵75-105天而得：发酵剂1-5质量份、黄花蒿2-10质量份、鲜果蔬2-10质量份、水5-20质量份。优选发酵剂1质量份、黄花蒿3质量份、鲜果蔬2质量份、水10质量份。
从容易获得和效果好的方面来看，所述发酵剂优选红糖。
所述鲜果蔬可以使用新鲜的水果和蔬菜，从充分利用果蔬厨余垃圾来看，所述鲜果蔬可以为新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾；为了使发酵液具有果香，所述新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾可以为新鲜水果皮。
本发明所述的农药用酵素应用在农作物的病虫害防治中。
本发明还提供一种农药，其包含所述的农药用酵素。
为了获得更好的病虫害防治效果，所述农药还包括具有刺激性气味的植物茎叶或果实或其加工物的提取液。所述具有刺激性气味的植物茎叶为泡桐叶；所述植物果实选自辣椒、大蒜的任一种；所述植物的加工物为烟丝。
有益效果：本发明通过利用黄花蒿作为原料制备农药用酵素，可以减少农药的使用，有效地防治蚜虫、叶蝉、飞虱、土蚕等害虫，同时也具有促进作物生长、提高土壤肥力等优点；通过使用果蔬厨余垃圾特别是新鲜水果皮作为原料，不但绿色环保、实现废物利用而且使酵素具有果香味；使用本发明的农药用酵素的农药，病虫害防治效果好；通过在农药中进一步包含其他具有刺激性气味的植物茎叶或果实或其加工物的提取液，病虫害防治效果更好。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明技术方案进行详细说明，但是本发明的保护范围不局限于所述实施例。
本发明的农药用酵素的原料包括发酵剂、黄花蒿、鲜果蔬和水。黄花蒿采自户外，需要进行切小后发酵，切的越小越好，有利于发酵，从效果上来看，优选黄花蒿叶子。发酵剂可以选择使用红糖、冰糖等，从效果上来看，红糖更好。鲜果蔬可以选择使用新鲜水果和蔬菜，从废物利用的方面来看，优选新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾，新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾中新鲜水果皮发酵后具有果香味并能去除黄花蒿发酵后产生的异味，因此优选，新鲜水果皮可以选择使用柑橘皮、菠萝皮、葡萄皮等；果皮的大小是切的越小越好，有利于发酵。发酵剂、黄花蒿、鲜果蔬和水的质量比为1-5:2-10:2-10:5-20，优选红糖、黄花蒿、果皮和水的质量比为1-5:2-10:2-10:5-20，更优选红糖、黄花蒿、果皮和水的质量比为1:3:2:10。
发酵容器可以使用专用发酵桶，也可以使用普通塑料容器，发酵桶内需留20%的空间，在发酵的前期一个月左右会产生大量的气体，需2-3天开盖一次并立即关紧，放出发酵产生的气体，发酵桶应避免阳光直射。
发酵时间的长短和发酵温度有关，在温度适合酵素发酵时，发酵速度快，完成发酵需要的时间短，反之，发酵温度低，发酵速度慢，完成发酵需要的时间长。本发明中发酵的温度为未进行温度控制的室温，这样也简化了条件。如果将室温的温度控制在20-25℃，则本发明的发酵时间为90天左右。在发酵过程中，桶内溶液pH值会发生变化，通常先降低后上升，待发酵完成后，pH值便趋于稳定。本发明的酵素具有较大的pH值活性范围，发酵成功后的pH值范围为3.0～4.0。
本发明中，在原料混合物发酵开始后，总能在酵素桶内上层接触空气的区域见到白色丝状菌，同时还能看到明显的气泡。当pH≤4，桶内温度接近室温时，经厌氧发酵产生了棕色液体，打开酵素桶有浓郁的酒香味，即表示发酵成功。
以下实施例中使用的份表示质量份。
实施例1
将红糖（赤砂糖，南京康购食品有限公司，以下相同）500份、黄花蒿1500份、柑橘皮1000份、和水5000份放在带盖的塑料桶中，置于室内阴凉处进行发酵。在发酵的第0、10、20、30、40、50、60、80、100天检测发酵液的pH值，并记录室温和发酵液温度，将结果表示于表1。桶内混合物经厌氧发酵成棕色液体，打开塑料桶有浓郁的果酒香味，即表示发酵成功，获得农药用酵素1。
表1 发酵桶中发酵液的pH值及温度
| 时间（d） | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 80 | 100 |
| 发酵液pH值 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4．0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
| 发酵液温度 | 22.0 | 22.0 | 21.0 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 14.5 | 12.0 | 9.0 |
| 室温（平均） | 22.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 17.5 | 23.0 | 19.0 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 5.0 |
实施例2
将红糖500份、黄花蒿1000份、菠萝皮1000份、和水2500份放在带盖的塑料桶中，置于室内阴凉处发酵。桶内经厌氧发酵成棕色液体，打开塑料桶有浓郁的果酒香味，即表示发酵成功，获得农药用酵素2。
实施例3
将红糖500份、黄花蒿2500份、葡萄皮2500份、和水2000份放在带盖的塑料桶中，置于室内阴凉处发酵。桶内混合物经厌氧发酵成棕色液体，打开塑料桶有浓郁的果酒香味，即表示发酵成功，获得农药用酵素3。
实施例4
将农药用酵素1、2、3分别通过滤网（跃阳筛网，规格：10cm直径500目，台州跃阳贸易有限公司，以下相同）过滤，各取滤液1份分别用水100份稀释，以每7-30天喷洒一次的方式，使用喷雾器（气压式喷雾器，型号：2L，台州深邦园艺有限公司，以下相同）喷洒在蔬菜的茎叶和土壤表面，共喷洒2次。结果发现可以有效地防治蔬菜蚜虫、叶蝉、飞虱、土蚕等。
实施例5
将农药用酵素1、2、3分别通过滤网过滤，各取滤液1份分别用水1000份稀释，以每7-30天喷洒一次的方式，使用喷雾器喷洒在蔬菜的茎叶和土壤表面，共喷洒2次。结果发现可以有效地防治蔬菜蚜虫、叶蝉、飞虱、土蚕等。
实施例6
取新鲜尖红辣椒1份加水5份打汁过滤制得辣椒汁。然后将1份辣椒汁、1份农药用酵素1与200份水混合得到混合液，使用喷雾器对青菜进行喷施，喷洒3天后发现青菜上的蚜虫和菜青虫明显减少，每隔二周再喷洒一次，连续喷洒三次，青菜上的蚜虫和菜青虫基本上消失。
实施例7
取新鲜大蒜头1份敲碎，加水2份浸泡一周，过滤得大蒜水，然后将1份大蒜水、5份农药用酵素1与500份水混合，得到混合液，使用喷雾器对果树、蔬菜进行喷施，每隔二周喷洒一次，连续喷洒三次，结果发现对葡萄、苹果、桃树等植物，豆类、十字花科类、番茄等蔬菜的真菌性病害有效果。
实施例8
取新鲜泡桐叶1份加水5份打汁过滤制得泡桐汁。然后取1份泡桐汁、3份农药用酵素1与500份水混合，得到混合液，使用喷雾器对蔬菜进行喷施，每隔二周喷洒一次，连续喷洒三次，结果发现对防治土蚕有效果。
实施例9
取香烟丝1份加水2份浸泡一周，然后取1份香烟水、5份农药用酵素1与500份水混合得到稀释液，使用喷雾器对蔬菜、果树进行喷施，每隔二周喷洒一次，连续喷洒三次。结果发现对豇豆、四季豆等蔬菜有明显的驱蚂蚁功效，对桃树等果树上的蚜虫、红蜘蛛、褐斑病、缩叶病也有一定效果。
另外，上述具有刺激性气味的植物的茎叶除了泡桐叶外，柳树叶、樟树叶、苦楝树叶、苦艾叶、桃树叶、烟梗等也都有刺激性气味，当然也包括在本发明的范围内。
如上所述，尽管参照特定的优选实施例已经表示和表述了本发明，但其不得解释为对本发明自身的限制。在不脱离所附权利要求定义的本发明的精神和范围前提下，可对其在形式上和细节上作出各种变化。
Claims (8)
1.一种农药用酵素，其特征在于，将如下原料发酵75-105天而得：发酵剂1-5质量份、黄花蒿2-10质量份、鲜果蔬2-10质量份、水5-20质量份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的农药用酵素，其特征在于，所述发酵剂为红糖。
3.根据权利要求1所述的农药用酵素，其特征在于，所述鲜果蔬为新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾。
4.根据权利要求3所述的农药用酵素，其特征在于，所述新鲜果蔬厨余垃圾为新鲜水果皮。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项所述的农药用酵素在农作物病虫害防治中的应用。
6.一种农药，其特征在于，包含权利要求1至4中任一项所述的农药用酵素。
7.根据权利要求6所述的农药，其特征在于，还包括具有刺激性气味的植物茎叶或果实或其加工物的提取液。
8.根据权利要求7所述的农药，其特征在于，所述具有刺激性气味的植物茎叶为泡桐叶；所述植物果实选自辣椒、大蒜的任一种；所述加工物为烟丝。
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