CN110061554B - 二次电池系统及具备该系统的车辆及蓄电池的控制方法 - Google Patents

二次电池系统及具备该系统的车辆及蓄电池的控制方法 Download PDF

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CN110061554B
CN110061554B CN201910039876.XA CN201910039876A CN110061554B CN 110061554 B CN110061554 B CN 110061554B CN 201910039876 A CN201910039876 A CN 201910039876A CN 110061554 B CN110061554 B CN 110061554B
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battery
charging
current
allowable
storage battery
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CN110061554A (zh
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町田清仁
内田义宏
大谷拓宽
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Denso Ten Ltd
Toyota Motor Corp
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Denso Ten Ltd
Toyota Motor Corp
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Abstract

本发明提供二次电池系统及具备该二次电池系统的车辆以及蓄电池的控制方法。ECU(100)在锂析出抑制控制的执行时蓄电池(150)的温度(TB)低于第一规定温度(Tc)的情况下,还执行通过反复进行蓄电池(150)的充放电来使蓄电池(150)的温度(TB)上升的升温控制。升温控制是如下控制:在目标电流(Itag)的大小低于比0大的第一阈值(TH1)时,通过将允许充电电力(Iwin)限制为0来禁止蓄电池(150)的充电,并且使蓄电池(150)放电,当允许电流(Ilim)的大小超过第二阈值(TH2)时,通过解除允许充电电力(IWin)的限制,来使蓄电池(150)的充电再次开始。

Description

二次电池系统及具备该系统的车辆及蓄电池的控制方法
技术领域
本公开涉及二次电池系统及具备该二次电池系统的车辆以及蓄电池的控制方法,更确切而言,涉及锂离子二次电池的充放电控制。
背景技术
近年来,随着环保意识的提高,作为对环境优异的车辆而混合动力车、电动汽车等电动车辆的开发不断推进。作为上述电动车辆的驱动用蓄电池,从能量密度的高度及动作电压的高度等出发而优选采用锂离子二次电池。
已知有在锂离子二次电池以大电流被充电的情况下金属锂在负极表面析出的现象。以下,将该现象也称为“锂析出”。锂析出特别是在低温环境下变得显著。当发生锂析出时,可能会招致锂离子二次电池的劣化及性能下降。由此,提出了一边抑制锂析出一边对锂离子二次电池进行充电的技术。
根据例如日本特开2015-176821号公报所公开的充电方法,在电池组的正式充电前,实施交替进行电池组的充电与放电的脉冲充放电工序。由于通过该脉冲充放电工序产生的焦耳热而电池组的温度上升。并且,当电池组的温度上升至规定温度时,进行电池组的正式充电。
发明内容
例如国际公开第2010/005079号记载了用于抑制锂析出的控制。在本说明书中,将该控制称为“锂析出抑制控制”。在锂析出抑制控制中,作为金属锂不会在蓄电池的负极析出的最大电流算出允许电流(Ilim),并算出对该允许电流加上放电方向的补偿(offset)电流而得到的目标电流(Itag)。进而,根据目标电流来设定蓄电池的允许充电电力。并且,以向蓄电池的充电电力的大小不会超过允许充电电力(Iwin)的大小的方式控制蓄电池的充电。
允许电流的大小伴随蓄电池的充电而减小,另一方面,伴随蓄电池的放电而增加。关于目标电流也同样,伴随蓄电池的充电而减小,另一方面,伴随蓄电池的放电而增加。
在蓄电池为低温(特别是极低温)的情况下,与蓄电池的温度为比较高温的情况相比,与蓄电池的充电相伴的目标电流的大小的减小速度快,关于详情在后文叙述。因此,目标电流快速地减小至0。这样的话,允许充电电力也成为0,蓄电池的充电停止。
如日本特开2015-176821号公报那样由于蓄电池的充电而产生焦耳热时,在蓄电池为低温的情况下,从蓄电池的充电开始至充电停止的期间短。因此,在由于焦耳热而蓄电池的温度充分上升之前,蓄电池的充电停止。并且,在使用了向蓄电池的充电电流与目标电流的偏差的反馈控制中,在充电停止时该偏差收敛于0,因此在充电停止后,蓄电池的充电未再次开始,而维持充电停止状态。即,虽然能够保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出的影响,但是存在蓄电池的充电可能无法推进的可能性。
本公开为了解决上述课题而作出,其目的在于提供一种在作为锂离子二次电池的蓄电池的低温下的充电时,能够保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出的影响并使蓄电池的充电推进的技术。
(1)本公开的一方面的二次电池系统具备:作为锂离子二次电池的蓄电池;及控制装置,执行抑制与蓄电池的充电相伴的金属锂向蓄电池的负极的析出的锂析出抑制控制。锂析出抑制控制是如下控制:将表示避免金属锂在负极析出的最大电流的允许电流以伴随蓄电池的充电而减小且伴随蓄电池的放电而增加的方式算出,算出对允许电流加上放电方向的补偿电流而得到的目标电流,通过使用了向蓄电池的充电电流与目标电流的偏差的反馈控制来算出蓄电池的允许充电电力,以向蓄电池的充电电力的大小不会超过允许充电电力的大小的方式控制蓄电池的充电。控制装置在锂析出抑制控制的执行时蓄电池的温度低于规定温度的情况下,还执行通过反复进行蓄电池的充放电来使蓄电池的温度上升的升温控制。升温控制是如下控制:在目标电流的大小低于比0大的第一阈值时,通过将允许充电电力限制为0来禁止蓄电池的充电,并且使蓄电池放电,当允许电流的大小超过第二阈值时,解除允许充电电力的限制从而使蓄电池的充电再次开始。优选的是,上述反馈控制是将向蓄电池的充电电流与目标电流的偏差设为比例要素及积分要素的PI控制。
根据上述(1)的结构,通过锂析出抑制控制的执行能够保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出的影响。此外,通过升温控制的执行,在目标电流的大小低于规定值时,将允许充电电力限制为0,由此抑制蓄电池的目标电流成为0,关于详情在后文叙述。由此,可防止在反馈控制中蓄电池的充电停止的状态被维持,因此能够使蓄电池的充电推进。由此,既能保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出,又能使蓄电池的充电推进。
(2)控制装置通过参照蓄电池的SOC(State Of Charge:充电状态)与蓄电池的温度与补偿电流的对应关系,来根据蓄电池的SOC及温度来算出补偿电流。
根据上述(2)的结构,能够使补偿电流成为适合于蓄电池的SOC及温度的值。例如,在蓄电池的温度为极低温(例如-35℃)的情况下,与蓄电池的温度虽然为低温但不是极低温(例如-10℃)的情况相比,执行升温控制而使蓄电池的温度上升的必要性高。因此,在蓄电池的温度为极低温的情况下,与蓄电池的温度不为极低温的情况相比,能够向放电方向将补偿电流设定为大的值。由此,蓄电池的温度越为极低温时,则目标电流的大小越容易低于规定值,容易执行升温控制。因此,能够更可靠地同时实现蓄电池的保护和蓄电池的充电。
(3)本公开的另一方面的车辆具备上述(1)、(2)的二次电池系统。
根据上述(3)的结构,能够实现既能保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出的影响又能进行蓄电池的充电的车辆。
(4)本公开的又一方面的蓄电池的控制方法对作为锂离子二次电池的蓄电池进行充电。该蓄电池的充电方法包括执行抑制与蓄电池的充电相伴的金属锂向蓄电池的负极的析出的锂析出抑制控制的步骤。执行锂析出抑制控制的步骤包括第一~第三步骤。第一步骤是将表示金属锂不会在负极析出的最大电流的允许电流以伴随蓄电池的充电而减小且伴随蓄电池的放电而增加的方式算出的步骤。第二步骤是算出对允许电流加上放电方向的补偿电流而得到的目标电流的步骤。第三步骤是通过使用了向蓄电池的充电电流与目标电流的偏差的反馈控制来设定蓄电池的允许充电电力的步骤。以向蓄电池的充电电力的大小不会超过允许充电电力的大小的方式控制蓄电池的充电。蓄电池的控制方法还包括在锂析出抑制控制的执行时蓄电池的温度低于规定温度的情况下,执行通过反复进行蓄电池的充放电来使蓄电池的温度上升的升温控制的步骤。升温控制是如下控制:在目标电流的大小低于比0大的第一阈值时,通过将允许充电电力限制为0来禁止蓄电池的充电,并且使蓄电池放电,当允许电流的大小超过第二阈值时,解除允许充电电力的限制从而使蓄电池的充电再次开始。
根据上述(4)的方法,与上述(1)的结构同样,既能保护蓄电池免于受到锂析出的影响,又能使蓄电池的充电推进。
本发明的上述及其他的目的、特征、方面及优点根据与附图关联地理解的关于本发明的下面的详细的说明而变得明确。
附图说明
图1是概略性地表示本实施方式的外部充电系统的整体结构的框图。
图2是用于说明锂析出抑制控制的概要的时间图。
图3是用于说明比较例的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的图。
图4是用于说明本实施方式的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的时间图。
图5是表示本实施方式的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的流程图。
图6是在图5所示的流程图的S4的处理中参照的映射的一例的图。
具体实施方式
以下,关于本公开的实施方式,参照附图进行详细说明。需要说明的是,对于图中相同或相当部分标注同一符号而不重复其说明。
[实施方式]
<外部充电系统的结构>
图1是概略性地表示本实施方式的车辆的外部充电系统的整体结构的框图。外部充电系统10具备车辆1及充电站2。如图1所示,车辆1能够与充电站2经由充电线缆3而电连接。
充电站2是例如DC充电用的充电站,将来自系统电源500的交流电力转换成对搭载于车辆1的蓄电池150进行充电用的直流电力并输出。充电站2包括电力线ACL、AC/DC转换器210、电压传感器220、供电线PL0、NL0、控制装置200。
电力线ACL与系统电源500电连接。电力线ACL将来自系统电源500的交流电力向AC/DC转换器210传递。
AC/DC转换器210将电力线ACL上的交流电力转换成对搭载于车辆1的蓄电池150进行充电用的直流电力。基于AC/DC转换器210的电力转换可以通过功率因数改善用的AC/DC转换与电压等级调整用的DC/DC转换的组合来执行。从AC/DC转换器210输出的直流电力由正极侧的供电线PL0及负极侧的供电线NL0供给。
电压传感器220设置在供电线PL0、NL0之间。电压传感器220检测供电线PL0、NL0间的电压,并将其检测结果向控制装置200输出。
控制装置200包括均未图示的CPU(Central Processing Unit)、存储器、输入输出端口(均未图示)而构成。控制装置200基于由电压传感器220检测到的电压、各种开关、来自车辆1的信号、以及存储于存储器的映射及程序来控制充电站2。
车辆1是插电式混合动力车,具备接入口110、充电线PL1、NL1、电压传感器120、充电继电器131、132、系统主继电器141、142、蓄电池150、电力线PL2、NL2、PCU(Power ControlUnit)160、发动机170、电动发电机181、182、动力分配机构191、驱动轮192以及ECU100。需要说明的是,蓄电池150和ECU100构成二次电池系统1A。而且,车辆1可以是电动汽车。
接入口110构成为能够与充电线缆3的连接器310电连接。接入口110与连接器310伴随嵌合等的机械连结而连接,由此能确保供电线PL0与接入口110的正极侧的接点之间的电连接,并确保供电线NL0与接入口110的负极侧的接点之间的电连接。而且,接入口110与连接器310通过充电线缆而连接,由此车辆1的ECU100与充电站2的控制装置200能够按照CAN(Controller Area Network)等的规定的通信标准而相互交接各种信号、指令及信息(数据)。
电压传感器120在比充电继电器131、132靠接入口110侧处,设置于充电线PL1与充电线NL1之间。电压传感器120检测充电线PL1、NL1间的直流电压,并将其检测结果向ECU100输出。
充电继电器131与充电线PL1连接,充电继电器132与充电线NL1连接。充电继电器131、132的闭合/开放按照来自ECU100的指令来控制。当充电继电器131、132闭合且系统主继电器141、142闭合时,成为能够进行接入口110与蓄电池150之间的电力传送的状态。
蓄电池150供给用于产生车辆1的驱动力的电力。而且,蓄电池150蓄积由电动发电机181、182发电的电力。蓄电池150是包括多个单电池(未图示)而构成的电池组,各单电池是锂离子二次电池。在本实施方式中,电池组的内部结构没有限定,因此以下不特别提及单电池而仅记载为蓄电池150。
蓄电池150的正极经由系统主继电器141而与节点ND1电连接。节点ND1与充电线PL1及电力线PL2电连接。同样,蓄电池150的负极经由系统主继电器142而与节点ND2电连接。节点ND2与充电线NL1及电力线NL2电连接。系统主继电器141、142的闭合/开放按照来自ECU100的指令来控制。
在蓄电池150设有电压传感器151、电流传感器152以及温度传感器153。电压传感器151检测蓄电池150的电压VB。电流传感器152检测向蓄电池150输入输出的电流IB。温度传感器153检测蓄电池150的温度。各传感器将其检测结果向ECU100输出。
在蓄电池150还设有在蓄电池150的温度TB为极低温的情况下对蓄电池150进行加热而用于对蓄电池150进行加热的升温系统154。升温系统154构成为包括均未图示的例如对来自PCU160的供给电力的电压进行降压的DC/DC转换器和对基于DC/DC转换器的降压后的电力进行消耗而发热的电加热器。升温系统154的升温动作按照来自ECU100的指令来控制。
PCU160电连接于电力线PL2、NL2与电动发电机181、182之间。PCU160包括未图示的转换器及逆变器而构成,在系统主继电器141、142的闭合时,在蓄电池150与电动发电机181、182之间执行双方向的电力转换。
发动机170是汽油发动机等内燃机,按照来自ECU100的控制信号而产生车辆1行驶用的驱动力。
电动发电机181、182分别为三相交流旋转电机。电动发电机181经由动力分配机构191而与发动机170的曲轴连结。电动发电机181在使发动机170起动时,使用蓄电池150的电力使发动机170的曲轴旋转。而且,电动发电机181也能够使用发动机170的动力来发电。通过电动发电机181发电的交流电力由PCU160转换成直流电力而向蓄电池150充电。而且,也存在通过电动发电机181发电的交流电力被向电动发电机182供给的情况。
电动发电机182使用来自蓄电池150的电力及由电动发电机181发电的电力中的至少一方使驱动轴旋转。而且,电动发电机182也能够通过再生制动来发电。通过电动发电机182发电的交流电力由PCU160转换成直流电力而向蓄电池150充电。
动力分配机构191是例如行星齿轮机构,将发动机170的曲轴、电动发电机181的旋转轴、及驱动轴这三要素机械连结。
与控制装置200同样,ECU100包括CPU101、ROM(Read Only Memory)及RAM(RandomAccess Memory)等存储器102、输入输出端口(未图示)而构成。ECU100根据来自各传感器等的信号,以使车辆1成为所希望的状态的方式控制设备类。作为通过ECU100执行的主要的控制,可列举通过从充电站2供给的电力而对车载的蓄电池150进行充电的“外部充电”。在车辆1的ECU100与充电站2的控制装置200之间经由充电线缆3而相互收发信号、指令及信息,由此使外部充电推进。
<锂析出抑制控制>
在如以上那样构成的外部充电系统10中,采用锂离子二次电池的电池组作为蓄电池150。这种情况下,已知有根据蓄电池150的充电方式,有可能由于锂金属在锂离子二次电池的负极表面的析出而招致蓄电池150的发热或性能下降。因此,在本实施方式中,如以下说明所述,执行用于抑制锂金属的析出的“锂析出抑制控制”。关于锂析出抑制控制,例如在国际公开第2010/005577号进行了详细说明,以下进行概略说明。
图2是用于说明锂析出抑制控制的概要的时间图。在图2中,横轴表示经过时间。纵轴从上方起依次表示蓄电池150的电流IB及允许充电电力Iwin。将从蓄电池150的放电方向设为正方向,将向蓄电池150的充电方向设为负方向。允许充电电力Iwin表示向蓄电池150的充电电力的控制上限值。通过以向蓄电池150的充电电力的大小不会超过允许充电电力Iwin的大小的方式对蓄电池150充电,能够抑制负极表面的锂金属的析出。
在图2中,示出在车辆1的行驶时电动发电机182的再生制动产生的发电电力被向蓄电池150充电的状况。参照图2,根据蓄电池150的充放电履历(在此为充电履历),算出蓄电池150的允许电流Ilim。允许电流Ilim是由于蓄电池150的负极电位下降至锂基准电位(锂金属的电位)为止而锂金属不会析出的最大电流。
更具体而言,允许电流Ilim在每规定的运算周期,按照下述式(1)反复算出(例如参照国际公开第2010/005577号)。在式(1)中,对本次的运算周期的参数标注(t),对上次的运算周期的参数标注(t-1)。运算周期的长度由dt表示。
【式1】
Figure BDA0001947169160000101
式(1)的右边第二项是表示蓄电池150的充电的每单位时间的允许电流的大小的减小量的项(以下,也记载为“减小项”)。另一方面,右边第三项是表示蓄电池150的放电或放置(充电停止)的每单位时间的允许电流的大小的增加量的项(以下,也记载为“增加项”)。减小项的系数α及增加项的系数β都是蓄电池150的温度TB及SOC的函数。
对于没有充放电履历的状态下的允许电流(初始值Ilim(0)),每运算周期将减小项及增加项进行加减运算,由此能够逐次算出允许电流Ilim(t)。
除了这样算出的允许电流Ilim之外,还算出用于确保应对电流IB的骤变的容限的补偿电流Ioff。并且,通过使允许电流Ilim向放电方向补偿补偿电流Ioff来设定目标电流Itag(Ilim+Ioff=Itag)。
如图2所示,在时刻t0开始蓄电池150的充电时,电流IB向充电方向变化。通过之后的继续的充电,允许电流Ilim及目标电流Itag向放电方向变化。即,允许的充电电流(|IB|)逐渐减小。
在时刻t1电流IB的大小成为目标电流Itag的大小以上时(|IB|≥|Itag|),为了抑制锂金属的析出而需要限制电流IB。因此,通过从时刻t1开始使允许充电电力Iwin向放电方向变化(所谓缩减允许充电电力Iwin),来限制充电电力(在该例中为再生电力)。更具体而言,按照表示PI(Proportional-Integral:比例-积分)控制的下述式(2),根据电流IB及
目标电流Itag来算出允许充电电力Iwin。
【式2】
Iwin(t)=Wo(t)-Kp×{IB(t)-Itag(t)}-Ki∫{IB(t)-Itag(t)}dt …(2)
在式(2)中,允许充电电力的规定值(基值)由W0表示。该基值W0基于蓄电池150的温度TB来确定。而且,比例控制(P控制)的反馈增益由Kp表示,积分控制(I控制)的反馈增益由Ki表示。通过该PI控制,允许充电电力的大小|Iwin|减小。这样对允许充电电力Iwin进行限制(缩减)的情况也称为“再生限制”。
需要说明的是,该PI控制相当于本公开的“反馈控制”。但是,本公开的“反馈控制”没有限定为PI控制,可以是例如PID(Proportional-Integral-Differential:比例积分微分)控制。
通过从时刻t1起的再生限制而在蓄电池150中流动的电流IB减小。并且,在时刻t2,电流IB的大小再次变得比目标电流Itag的大小小(|IB|<|Itag|)。由此,从时刻t2起解除再生限制。这样的话,允许充电电力Iwin逐渐恢复至通常值。
这样,在产生大的充电电流的再生制动时,为了锂金属的析出抑制,如果电流IB的大小成为目标电流Itag的大小以上,则开始缩减允许充电电力Iwin的再生限制。由此,在蓄电池150中流动的电流IB减小,然后,当电流IB的大小恢复成小于目标电流Itag的大小时,解除缩减允许充电电力Iwin的再生限制。通过执行这样的控制,能够抑制负极表面的锂金属的析出。
<外部充电时的锂析出抑制控制>
在图2中,以通过车辆1的再生制动而对蓄电池150充电的状况为例说明了锂析出抑制控制。接下来,说明外部充电时的锂析出抑制控制。如前所述,在蓄电池150的温度TB为极低温的情况下,驱动用于使蓄电池150升温的升温系统154。以下,设为设想极低温环境下的外部充电,来驱动升温系统154。
以下,为了便于理解本实施方式的外部充电,首先,说明比较例的锂析出抑制控制。
图3是用于说明比较例的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的图。在图3及后述的图4中,横轴表示经过时间。纵轴从上方依次表示电流IB、允许充电电力Iwin、基于升温系统154的升温动作的执行/非执行及蓄电池150的温度TB。
在蓄电池150的温度TB为低温(特别是-30℃左右的极低温)的情况下,如图3所示,与蓄电池150的温度TB为比较高温的情况相比,目标电流Itag的大小的减小速度快。因此,目标电流Itag快速地达到0(参照时刻t11)。这样的话,在前述的PI控制(参照式(2))中,实现电流IB与目标电流Itag一致的状态(IB=Itag),因此允许充电电力Iwin与基值W0相等。在极低温下为W0=0时,允许充电电力Iwin也成为0,其结果是蓄电池150的充电停止。
在比较例中,目标电流Itag的大小的减小速度快,因此到蓄电池150的充电停止为止的期间短。因此,在蓄电池150的温度TB充分上升之前蓄电池150的充电被停止。并且,在充电停止后,电流IB与目标电流Itag一致的状态继续,因此维持蓄电池150的充电停止。即,无法再次开始蓄电池150的充电。
因此,在本实施方式中,与比较例相比,采用如下结构:通过特意提前禁止蓄电池150的充电来实现蓄电池150的间歇的充电(充放电的反复),由此,确保使蓄电池150升温的时间。以下,关于本实施方式的锂析出抑制控制进行详细说明。
<本实施方式的锂析出抑制控制>
图4是用于说明本实施方式的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的时间图。参照图4,在本实施方式中,关于蓄电池150的电流IB,确定第一阈值TH1、基准值REF以及第二阈值TH2。
第一阈值TH1使用于蓄电池150的充电的切换(更详细而言充电停止)。第一阈值TH1的大小比0大。
基准值REF表示能够抑制金属锂向蓄电池150的负极的析出的最大电流(不依赖于时间的固定值)。
第二阈值TH2与第一阈值TH1另行地使用于蓄电池150的充电的切换(更详细而言充电再次开始)。第二阈值TH2的大小大于第一阈值TH1的大小,且小于基准值REF的大小。作为一例,第二阈值TH2的大小未基准值REF的大小的约80%。
如前所述,伴随外部充电而目标电流Itag的大小减小,在时刻t21,目标电流Itag达到第一阈值TH1。该时点的允许充电电力Iwin的大小未达到0。
然而,在本实施方式中,当目标电流Itag达到第一阈值TH1时,限制允许充电电力Iwin。更具体而言,取代基于上述式(2)算出的情况,允许充电电力Iwin强制性地被设定为0。由此,停止蓄电池150的充电。需要说明的是,当蓄电池150的充电停止(即,设定为IB=0)时,从式(1)开始,减小项成为0而增加项被维持,因此可知允许电流Ilim恢复。
在允许充电电力Iwin设定为0的从时刻t21至时刻t22的期间中,禁止蓄电池150的充电。另一方面,许可蓄电池150的放电。因此,对蓄电池150放电,从蓄电池150向升温系统154供给电力。由此,升温系统154的升温动作继续,并且由于放电电流流动而产生焦耳热。因此,蓄电池150的温度TB上升。
需要说明的是,可以在升温系统154的基础上或者除了升温系统154之外,通过从蓄电池150向辅机类(未图示)的电力供给来实现蓄电池150的放电。即,升温系统154在本公开中不是必须的结构。而且,在图4中,示出在蓄电池150的放电期间中而电流IB(放电电流)恒定的例子,但是放电电流也可以随着时间变动。
在从时刻t21至时刻t22的期间中,随着蓄电池150的温度TB的上升而允许电流Ilim的大小增加。换言之,允许电流Ilim恢复。并且,在时刻t22允许电流Ilim的大小超过第二阈值TH2时,缓和(更详细而言解消)允许充电电力Iwin的限制。即,再次许可蓄电池150的充电。与限制缓和相伴,再次按照上述式(2)算出允许充电电力Iwin。
以上,如在图4中说明那样,在本实施方式中,设定第一阈值TH1及第二阈值TH2,使用这些阈值执行反复进行蓄电池150的充电停止与充电再次开始的“升温控制”。禁止蓄电池150的充电的期间(禁止期间)与许可蓄电池150的充电的期间(许可期间)反复。在禁止期间中,允许电流Ilim恢复,因此在该禁止期间的下一许可期间中,能够对蓄电池150再次充电。这样,通过包含禁止期间,与不包含禁止期间的情况相比,作为外部充电整体,至外部充电的完成为止所需的时间变长,但是能够更可靠地继续蓄电池150的充电。
<外部充电流程>
图5是表示本实施方式的外部充电过程中的锂析出抑制控制的流程图。该流程图包含的各步骤(以下简称为“S”)基本上通过基于ECU100的软件处理实现,但也可以通过在ECU100内制作的专用的硬件(电路)实现。
在ECU100的存储器102保存有用于切换禁止期间与许可期间的充电禁止标志F。在充电禁止标志F为ON的情况下,禁止蓄电池150的充电。在充电禁止标志F为OFF的情况下,许可蓄电池150的充电。在外部充电的开始时,充电禁止标志F为OFF。
参照图1、图4及图5,在S1中,ECU100从电流传感器152及温度传感器153分别取得蓄电池150的电流IB及温度TB。
在S2中,ECU100判定蓄电池150的温度TB是否为规定温度Tc以下。规定温度Tc是锂析出变得显著的温度,优选为冰点下的温度,更优选为极低温(例如-20℃以下)。规定温度Tc通过实验或模拟而预先确定,保存在ECU100的存储器102中。在蓄电池150的温度TB比规定温度Tc高的情况下(在S2中为“否”),不执行以后的处理,处理返回主例程。
在蓄电池150的温度TB为规定温度Tc以下的情况下(在S2中为“是”),ECU100推定蓄电池150的SOC(S3)。作为SOC推定手法,可以使用电流累计法等公知的手法,因此不重复详细的说明。需要说明的是,S2以后的处理相当于本公开的“升温控制”。
在S4中,ECU100参照映射MP,根据蓄电池150的SOC及温度TB来算出补偿电流Ioff。
图6是表示在图5所示的流程图的S4中参照的映射MP的一例的图。如图6所示,在映射MP中,按照各蓄电池150的SOC及温度TB来规定补偿电流Ioff。补偿电流Ioff优选规定为,温度TB越低,则其大小越大。通过参照该映射MP,能够根据蓄电池150的SOC及温度TB能够算出补偿电流Ioff。需要说明的是,图6所示的数值确认地记载了只不过是用于容易理解的例示的情况。
返回图5,在S5中,ECU100基于蓄电池150的SOC及温度TB,按照上述式(1)来算出允许电流Ilim。此外,ECU100通过将允许电流Ilim加上补偿电流Ioff,来算出目标电流Itag(S6)。
在S7中,ECU100判定充电禁止标志F是ON还是OFF。在充电禁止标志F为OFF的情况下(在S7中,F=OFF),ECU100判定目标电流Itag的大小是否为第一阈值TH1的大小以下(S8)。
在目标电流Itag的大小大于第一阈值TH1的大小的情况下(在S8中为“否”),即,在Itag>TH1的情况下(参照从时刻t20至时刻t21的期间),ECU100认为目标电流Itag充分存在向放电方向的变化的余地,并不特别需要允许充电电力Iwin的限制。因此,ECU100如通常那样按照上述式(2)来算出允许充电电力Iwin(S11)。
相对于此,在目标电流Itag的大小为第一阈值TH1的大小以下时(在S8中为“是”),ECU100认为目标电流Itag向放电方向的变化的余地已减小,在目标电流Itag达到0之前,强制性地限制允许充电电力Iwin。更具体而言,ECU100将允许充电电力Iwin设定为0(S9,参照时刻t21)。并且,ECU100将充电禁止标志F从OFF切换为ON(S10)。
另一方面,在S7中,充电禁止标志F为ON的情况下(在S7中,F=ON),ECU100判定允许电流Ilim的大小是否为第二阈值TH2的大小以上(S12)。在允许电流Ilim的大小小于第二阈值TH2的大小的情况下(在S12中为“否”),ECU100认为允许电流Ilim的恢复需要进一步的时间,维持将允许充电电力Iwin限制为0的状态(S9,参照从时刻t21至时刻t22的期间)。
当允许电流Ilim的大小成为第二阈值TH2的大小以上时(在S12中为“是”,参照时刻t22),ECU100使处理进入S13,缓和允许充电电力Iwin的限制,再次按照式(2)算出允许充电电力Iwin。而且,ECU100将充电禁止标志F从ON切换为OFF(S14)。
如以上所述,根据本实施方式,通过锂析出抑制控制的执行能够保护蓄电池150免于受到锂析出的影响。此外,在S8中,在目标电流Itag的大小成为第一阈值TH1的大小以下时,通过将允许充电电力Iwin限制为0(S9)而抑制目标电流Itag成为0的情况。由此,防止在式(2)所示的PI控制中蓄电池150的充电停止的状态被维持的情况,并且在禁止期间中,允许电流Ilim恢复,因此能够继续蓄电池150的充电。由此,根据本实施方式,既能保护蓄电池150免于受到锂析出的影响,又能使蓄电池150的充电推进。即,能够同时实现蓄电池150的充电和蓄电池150的保护。
虽然说明了本发明的实施方式,但是应该认为本次公开的实施方式在所有的方面都为例示而并非限制性的内容。本发明的范围由权利要求书示出,并意在包含与权利要求书等同的意思及范围内的全部变更。

Claims (4)

1.一种二次电池系统,具备:
作为锂离子二次电池的蓄电池;及
控制装置,在利用从所述二次电池系统的外部供给的电力对所述蓄电池进行充电时,执行抑制金属锂向所述蓄电池的负极的析出的锂析出抑制控制,
所述锂析出抑制控制是如下控制:
将所述金属锂不会在所述负极析出的最大电流即允许电流以伴随所述蓄电池的充电而所述允许电流减小且伴随所述蓄电池的放电而所述允许电流增加的方式算出;
算出对所述允许电流加上放电方向的补偿电流而得到的目标电流;
作为使向所述蓄电池的充电电流接近所述目标电流的反馈控制中的操作量,而算出向所述蓄电池的允许充电电力;
以向所述蓄电池的充电电力的大小不超过所述允许充电电力的大小的方式控制所述蓄电池的充电,
所述控制装置在所述锂析出抑制控制的执行时所述蓄电池的温度低于规定温度的情况下,还执行通过反复进行所述蓄电池的充放电来使所述蓄电池的温度上升的升温控制,
所述升温控制是如下控制:在所述目标电流的大小低于比0大的第一阈值时,取代所述反馈控制而将所述允许充电电力限制为0从而禁止所述蓄电池的充电,并且使所述蓄电池放电,当所述允许电流的大小超过比所述第一阈值大的第二阈值时,解除所述允许充电电力的限制,从而使所述蓄电池的充电再次开始。
2.根据权利要求1所述的二次电池系统,其中,
所述控制装置参照所述蓄电池的SOC与所述蓄电池的温度与所述补偿电流的对应关系,从而根据所述蓄电池的SOC及温度来算出所述补偿电流。
3.一种车辆,具备:
权利要求1或2所述的二次电池系统;及
接受所述蓄电池的充电电力的接入口。
4.一种蓄电池的控制方法,是作为锂离子二次电池的蓄电池的控制方法,其中,
所述蓄电池的控制方法包括在利用从外部供给的电力对所述蓄电池进行充电时,执行抑制金属锂向所述蓄电池的负极的析出的锂析出抑制控制的步骤,
执行所述锂析出抑制控制的步骤包括:
将表示所述金属锂不会在所述负极析出的最大电流的允许电流以伴随所述蓄电池的充电而减小且伴随所述蓄电池的放电而增加的方式算出的步骤;
算出对所述允许电流加上放电方向的补偿电流而得到的目标电流的步骤;及
作为使向所述蓄电池的充电电流接近所述目标电流的反馈控制中的操作量,而算出所述蓄电池的允许充电电力的步骤,
所述蓄电池的充电被以向所述蓄电池的充电电力的大小不超过所述允许充电电力的大小的方式进行控制,
所述蓄电池的控制方法还包括在所述锂析出抑制控制的执行时所述蓄电池的温度低于规定温度的情况下,执行通过反复进行所述蓄电池的充放电来使所述蓄电池的温度上升的升温控制的步骤,
所述升温控制是如下控制:在所述目标电流的大小低于比0大的第一阈值时,取代所述反馈控制而将所述允许充电电力限制为0从而禁止所述蓄电池的充电,并且使所述蓄电池放电,当所述允许电流的大小超过第二阈值时,解除所述允许充电电力的限制,从而使所述蓄电池的充电再次开始。
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