CN109729950B - Method for preventing color fading of flue-cured tobacco leaves - Google Patents
Method for preventing color fading of flue-cured tobacco leaves Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing tobacco leaves from fading after baking, and belongs to the technical field of tobacco. The application of the biochar, dolomite dust, boron fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer, the additional application of organic fertilizer, the high-ridge deep planting and the delayed harvest all belong to environment-friendly methods, and do not damage the natural environment. The application of the biochar and dolomite powder can effectively improve the environment of tobacco-planting soil, ensure the healthy growth of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the field agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the economic characters of the flue-cured tobacco. The application of the boron fertilizer, the magnesium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer can effectively improve the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco in the field period, delay the harvesting can effectively reduce the chlorophyll content of the flue-cured tobacco during the harvesting, improve the easy-curing property of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the appearance quality of the flue-cured tobacco and effectively improve the fading resistance of the flue-cured tobacco. Meanwhile, the method has the advantages of convenient raw material source and simple operation, and has practical operability for popularization in tobacco growers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco, and relates to a method for preventing the color fading phenomenon of flue-cured tobacco leaves in the storage process.
Background
Tobacco leaves are the basis of industry survival and development, and the requirement of the development of Chinese cigarettes on tobacco leaf raw materials is continuously improved. In recent years, the fading phenomenon of the roasted tobacco leaves becomes a prominent problem in tobacco leaf production in China, and is particularly serious in production areas in the south of China, particularly in tobacco areas in the southeast, and the fading phenomenon of a great part of roasted tobacco leaves exists in the production areas, the appearance of the tobacco leaves shows the phenomena of silver ash and whitening, and the appearance quality and the grade structure of the tobacco leaves are seriously influenced.
At present, the prevention of the fading phenomenon of the roasted tobacco leaves at home and abroad mainly focuses on the control of the storage environment in the later storage process, such as shading treatment, temperature and humidity reduction, light temperature and humidity monitoring of the storage environment and the like. In recent years, inorganic fertilizers are applied in a large amount in the tobacco leaf production process, the pH value of soil is low, the harvesting maturity of tobacco leaves is insufficient, the growth and development environment of flue-cured tobacco is poor, and the generated flue-cured tobacco is easy to fade.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves. The method can effectively improve the anti-fading capability of the cured tobacco leaves in the storage process, improve the soil of the tobacco field, promote the growth and development of the cured tobacco in the growth period and improve the yield and quality of the cured tobacco.
Starting from cultivation measures of the tobacco in the growth period, the invention combines technical methods of re-applying organic fertilizer, improving the pH value of soil, increasing trace elements, raising ridges, delaying harvesting (improving the maturity of tobacco leaves) and the like, not only effectively improves the anti-fading capability of the cured tobacco leaves in the storage process, but also improves the nutrient content and the pH value of the soil, improves the yield and the quality of the tobacco, and increases the yield and income for tobacco growers.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for preventing the color fading of tobacco leaves after baking comprises the following steps:
1) applying 3000.0-4000.0 kg hm-2Dolomite powder、3000.0～4000.0kg·hm-2The biochar is applied by 1500-2000 kg.hm-2Peanut bran; applying boron fertilizer (borax) 40.0-50.0 kg.hm-2Applying 30.0-40.0 kg.hm magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide)-2(ii) a The raw materials are all used as base fertilizers for one-time application;
2) high ridge deep planting (ridge height is 30% higher than local production);
3) and (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 3000.0kg hm-2；3000.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 40.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a Magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) 30.0 kg.hm-2。
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 3500.0 kg.hm-2；3500.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 45.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a Magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) 35.0 kg.hm-2。
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 4000.0kg hm-2；4000.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 2000kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 50.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a 40.0kg hm magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide)-2。
The method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
(1) before the tobacco planting soil is ploughed, dolomite powder and biochar are uniformly scattered into a tobacco field, then the tobacco field is ploughed, and the dolomite powder and the biochar are uniformly mixed in a soil plough layer;
(2) after the tobacco field is ploughed, flattening, crushing soil and ridging; ridging needs to be performed such that furrows are flat and straight, ridge bodies are full, and ridge surfaces are finely crushed; on the basis of conventional ridging, the height of the ridge is improved by 30 percent;
(3) the base fertilizer is applied by adopting a double-strip fertilization method, two small ditches with the depth of 8-12 cm (preferably 9cm) are reclaimed at two sides of the land for determining the tobacco planting, the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco is scattered to serve as the lower-layer fertilizer, and then the ditches are leveled and ridged; then, a small ditch with the depth of 8-12 cm (preferably 9cm) is opened at the position of the ridge line, and a mixture of peanut bran, boron fertilizer (borax) and magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) is scattered to serve as an upper-layer fertilizer, so that the upper-layer fertilizer and the lower-layer fertilizer are combined in a double-double mode to form a double-strip type fertilization method;
(4) the transplanting method adopts a well cellar type transplanting method, wherein a transplanting well cellar is dug on a film-covered ridge body or a non-mulching film ridge body with better soil moisture content before tobacco seedlings are transplanted according to a determined transplanting planting distance by using a special well cellar manufacturing tool, the well cellar is required to be circular in shape, the diameter is 8-9 cm, and the depth of the well cellar is 30% deeper than that of a well cellar manufactured by a local farmer; the tobacco seedling leaves are lifted vertically to transplant the tobacco seedlings, the roots of the tobacco seedlings are downward, and the tobacco seedlings are vertically lower than the well cellar.
(5) And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
the flue-cured tobacco is baked and modulated in dark environment, the plastid pigment is degraded to generate aromatic substances, and the fading of the flue-cured tobacco under the illumination condition can not generate the aromatic substances but harmful substances. The main reason for the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco is the degradation of the plastid pigment of the tobacco leaves, and the content of each plastid pigment is reduced to a certain degree along with the improvement of the illumination intensityThe higher the illumination intensity is, the larger the reduction of the plastid pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco is. The previous researches have considered that the excitation energy generated by illumination can excite some substances (especially photosensitive substances) to a high-energy state, and the photosensitive substances in the high-energy state are easy to react with ground-state oxygen3O2Can be generated into singlet oxygen1O2Singlet oxygen can oxidize alkene-containing compounds such as chlorophyll and carotene to form hydroperoxides, which are further decomposed into various components with toxic effects.
The soil conditions have different degrees of influence on the plastid pigment and degradation products of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, the soil in a tobacco-planting sand-mud field is high in viscosity and easy to generate stagnant water, so that the growth environment of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is poor, the physical properties of the soil can be effectively improved by applying the biochar, the air permeability of the soil is improved, the growth of root systems of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is promoted, the growth environment of the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the field is improved, and the improvement of the quality of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is facilitated. The sandy mud field is generally acidic, the pH value of the soil can be effectively improved by applying dolomite powder, the organic content of the soil can be improved by applying an organic fertilizer, the soil fertility condition is more suitable for the growth of flue-cured tobacco, the adaptability to light conversion can be enhanced by applying the organic fertilizer, the photosynthesis under different illumination conditions is enhanced, the photochemical efficiency of an illumination conversion period is improved, and the fluorescence quenching of chlorophyll of tobacco plants is reduced. The application of the magnesium fertilizer and the boron fertilizer can improve the effective boron and magnesium content of the tobacco planting soil, effectively improve the pigment content in tobacco leaves, enhance the photosynthetic strength of flue-cured tobacco, promote the growth of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the appearance quality of the flue-cured tobacco. The high-ridge deep planting can improve the obstruction of soil water retention to the growth of the flue-cured tobacco, postpone the harvesting, effectively improve the maturity of the flue-cured tobacco, and improve the color quality and quality of the flue-cured tobacco and the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
the method comprises the following steps: the application of the biochar, dolomite powder, boron fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer, the additional application of organic fertilizer, high-ridge deep planting and delayed harvesting belong to environment-friendly methods, and do not damage the natural environment. The application of the biochar and dolomite powder can effectively improve the environment of tobacco-planting soil, ensure the healthy growth of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the field agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the economic characters of the flue-cured tobacco. The application of the boron fertilizer, the magnesium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer can effectively improve the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco in the field period, delay the harvesting can effectively reduce the chlorophyll content of the flue-cured tobacco during the harvesting, improve the easy-curing property of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the appearance quality of the flue-cured tobacco and effectively improve the fading resistance of the flue-cured tobacco. Meanwhile, the method has the advantages of convenient raw material source and simple operation, and has practical operability for popularization in tobacco growers.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the change of color difference L value stored in a flue-cured tobacco chamber at a south-male water gap in embodiment 4.
FIG. 2 is a change of color difference a value stored in a flue-cured tobacco chamber at a south-male water gap in embodiment 4.
FIG. 3 is a change of a color difference b value stored in a flue-cured tobacco chamber at a south-male water gap in embodiment 4.
FIG. 4 shows the change of chlorophyll a content in flue-cured tobacco chambers in the south China's Male water gap in example 4.
FIG. 5 shows the change of chlorophyll b content in the flue-cured tobacco chamber at the south Realgar nozzle in example 4.
FIG. 6 shows the change of carotenoid content in the flue-cured tobacco chamber in the south Xiongguo area in example 4.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the L value variation of indoor storage color difference of Haizhou Zhongshan cured tobacco in example 5.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the change of the color difference a value stored in the cured tobacco chamber in Zhongshan of Haizhou in example 5.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the change of the color difference b value stored in the cured tobacco room in Zhongshan of Haizhou in example 5.
FIG. 10 shows the change of chlorophyll a content in the cured tobacco room in Zhongshan of Haizhou in example 5.
FIG. 11 shows the change of chlorophyll b content in Haizhou Zhongshan cured tobacco chamber in example 5.
FIG. 12 shows the change of the carotenoid content in the room for storing cured tobaccos in Zhongshan of Haizhou in example 5.
Fig. 13 is a change of an L value of a color difference of indoor storage of the hazhou rich chuan cured tobacco in embodiment 6.
Fig. 14 shows the change of the color difference a value stored in the hao zhou rich chuan flue-cured tobacco chamber in embodiment 6.
Fig. 15 shows the change of the color difference b value stored in the hazhou rich chuan flue-cured tobacco chamber in embodiment 6.
FIG. 16 shows the change of the chlorophyll a content in Haizhou Fuchuan cured tobacco stored in the room in example 6.
FIG. 17 shows the change of the chlorophyll b content in Haizhou Fuchuan cured tobacco stored in the room in example 6.
FIG. 18 shows the change of the carotenoid content in Haizhou Fuchuan cured tobacco stored indoors in example 6.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The test methods used in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the materials, reagents and the like used are, unless otherwise specified, commercially available reagents and materials.
Example 1
A method for preventing the color fading of flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
dolomite powder 3000.0kg hm-2；3000.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 40.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a Magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) 30.0 kg.hm-2。
High ridge deep planting is carried out (the ridge height is 30% higher than that of local production).
And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
The method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
(1) before the tobacco planting soil is ploughed, dolomite powder and biochar are uniformly scattered into a tobacco field, then the tobacco field is ploughed, and the dolomite powder and the biochar are uniformly mixed in a soil plough layer.
(2) After the tobacco field is ploughed, the tobacco field is leveled, crushed and ridged. The ridging needs to realize the flat and straight furrows, full ridge bodies and fine ridge surfaces. On the basis of conventional ridging, the height of the ridge is improved by 30 percent.
(3) Two small ditches with the depth of about 9cm are reclaimed on two sides of a land for determining to plant the tobacco by adopting a double-strip fertilization method for applying the base fertilizer, a special compound fertilizer for the tobacco (a compound fertilizer purchased from Haibeifeng fertilizer industry Co., Ltd. in Hubei, 15-15-15) is scattered to serve as a lower-layer fertilizer, and then the ditches are leveled and ridged. Then, a small ditch with the depth of about 9cm is opened at the position of the ridge line, and the mixture of peanut bran, boron fertilizer (borax) and magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) is scattered to serve as the upper-layer fertilizer, so that the upper-layer fertilizer and the lower-layer fertilizer are combined in a double-double mode to form a double-strip fertilization method;
(4) the transplanting method adopts a well cellar type transplanting method, wherein a transplanting well cellar is made on the ridge bodies covered with the film or the non-mulching film ridge bodies with better soil moisture content before tobacco seedlings are transplanted according to the determined transplanting planting distance by using a special well cellar manufacturing tool, the well cellar is required to be circular in shape, the diameter is 8-9 cm, and the depth of the well cellar is 30% deeper than that of a well cellar manufactured by a local farmer. The tobacco seedling leaves are lifted vertically to transplant the tobacco seedlings, the roots of the tobacco seedlings are downward, and the tobacco seedlings are vertically lower than the well cellar.
(5) And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
Example 2
A method for preventing the color fading of flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
dolomite powder 3500.0 kg.hm-2；3500.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 45.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a Magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) 35.0 kg.hm-2。
High ridge deep planting is carried out (the ridge height is 30% higher than that of local production).
And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
The method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
(1) before the tobacco planting soil is ploughed, dolomite powder and biochar are uniformly scattered into a tobacco field, then the tobacco field is ploughed, and the dolomite powder and the biochar are uniformly mixed in a soil plough layer.
(2) After the tobacco field is ploughed, the tobacco field is leveled, crushed and ridged. The ridging needs to realize the flat and straight furrows, full ridge bodies and fine ridge surfaces. On the basis of conventional ridging, the height of the ridge is improved by 30 percent.
(3) And (3) applying the base fertilizer by adopting a double-strip fertilization method, reclaiming two small ditches with the depth of about 9cm at two sides of the land for determining the tobacco planting, scattering the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco as a lower-layer fertilizer, and then leveling and ridging the ditches. Then, a small ditch with the depth of about 9cm is opened at the position of the ridge line, and the mixture of peanut bran, boron fertilizer (borax) and magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) is scattered to serve as the upper-layer fertilizer, so that the upper-layer fertilizer and the lower-layer fertilizer are combined in a double-double mode to form a double-strip fertilization method;
(4) the transplanting method adopts a well cellar type transplanting method, wherein a transplanting well cellar is made on the ridge bodies covered with the film or the non-mulching film ridge bodies with better soil moisture content before tobacco seedlings are transplanted according to the determined transplanting planting distance by using a special well cellar manufacturing tool, the well cellar is required to be circular in shape, the diameter is 8-9 cm, and the depth of the well cellar is 30% deeper than that of a well cellar manufactured by a local farmer. The tobacco seedling leaves are lifted vertically to transplant the tobacco seedlings, the roots of the tobacco seedlings are downward, and the tobacco seedlings are vertically lower than the well cellar.
(5) And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
Example 3
A method for preventing the color fading of flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
dolomite powder 4000.0kg hm-2；4000.0kg·hm-2Biochar; 2000kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer (borax) 50.0 kg.hm-2(ii) a 40.0kg hm magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide)-2。
High ridge deep planting is carried out (the ridge height is 30% higher than that of local production).
And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
The method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
(1) before the tobacco planting soil is ploughed, dolomite powder and biochar are uniformly scattered into a tobacco field, then the tobacco field is ploughed, and the dolomite powder and the biochar are uniformly mixed in a soil plough layer.
(2) After the tobacco field is ploughed, the tobacco field is leveled, crushed and ridged. The ridging needs to realize the flat and straight furrows, full ridge bodies and fine ridge surfaces. On the basis of conventional ridging, the height of the ridge is improved by 30 percent.
(3) And (3) applying the base fertilizer by adopting a double-strip fertilization method, reclaiming two small ditches with the depth of about 9cm at two sides of the land for determining the tobacco planting, scattering the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco as a lower-layer fertilizer, and then leveling and ridging the ditches. Then, a small ditch with the depth of about 9cm is opened at the position of the ridge line, and the mixture of peanut bran, boron fertilizer (borax) and magnesium fertilizer (magnesium hydroxide) is scattered to serve as the upper-layer fertilizer, so that the upper-layer fertilizer and the lower-layer fertilizer are combined in a double-double mode to form a double-strip fertilization method;
(4) the transplanting method adopts a well cellar type transplanting method, wherein a transplanting well cellar is made on the ridge bodies covered with the film or the non-mulching film ridge bodies with better soil moisture content before tobacco seedlings are transplanted according to the determined transplanting planting distance by using a special well cellar manufacturing tool, the well cellar is required to be circular in shape, the diameter is 8-9 cm, and the depth of the well cellar is 30% deeper than that of a well cellar manufactured by a local farmer. The tobacco seedling leaves are lifted vertically to transplant the tobacco seedlings, the roots of the tobacco seedlings are downward, and the tobacco seedlings are vertically lower than the well cellar.
(5) And (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
Example 4
Before the tobacco field is ploughed, dolomite powder and charcoal are applied in the manner of example 1; after the tobacco field is ploughed, flattening and crushing soil, and ridging by the method in the embodiment 1; the method in example 1 is used for base fertilizer application, tobacco seedling transplantation and flue-cured tobacco harvesting, and other cultivation measures are carried out according to the national production standard (GB/T23221-2008), namely a treatment 1 (new method), and a traditional cultivation measure (reference document 'influences of different cultivation modes and potassium dressing time on photosynthetic characteristics, potassium content and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco') is used as a treatment 2 (comparison). When the flue-cured tobacco enters the mature period, the field agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco and the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated, and meanwhile, the change conditions of the pigment content and the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco under the indoor storage condition and the economic characters of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated. The test was conducted in 2017 in southern Guangdong province, Yunyan 87 as the test variety.
TABLE 1 pigment content in upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco in maturity stage at Nanxiong nozzle
TABLE 2 pigment content in the middle of the mature period of Nanxiong nozzle flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 3 pigment content in lower leaf of flue-cured tobacco in maturity stage at south Xionglu gate
As is clear from tables 1 to 3, the flue-cured tobacco from the Nanxiong nozzle was increased in the chlorophyll a content of its middle leaf by 0.094mg g at the mature stage by the method of example 1-1The improvement is 11.69 percentage points; the chlorophyll b content is increased by 0.011 mg.g-1The yield is improved by 3.14 percentage points; the carotenoid content is increased by 0.037mg g-1And the improvement is 33.04 percentage points. The contents of the pigments of the upper leaves and the lower leaves of the flue-cured tobacco are improved. It is demonstrated that the method of example 1 can significantly increase the content of each pigment in each part of flue-cured tobacco.
TABLE 4 agricultural trait of the field in the mature period of flue-cured tobacco at the south Male Water gap
As can be seen from Table 4, after the method in example 1 is used, the plant height of the flue-cured tobacco at the mature stage of the Nanxiong nozzle is increased by 3.25cm and 4.11 percentage points; the stem circumference is improved by 1.10cm and 10 percentage points; the number of the blades is increased by 0.5, and is increased by 3.22 percentage points; the leaf area is increased by 423.25cm2And 23.90 percentage points are increased. It is shown that the method in example 1 can significantly improve the agronomic traits of the flue-cured tobacco in the mature period.
TABLE 5 economic traits of cured tobacco at the southern Xiong nozzle
As can be seen from Table 5, after the method in example 1 is used, the first-class smoke proportion of the flue-cured tobacco at the water gap of Nanxiong is improved by 3.8 percent and improved by 9.19 percent; the middle-grade and top-grade smoke proportion is improved by 3.78 percent and is improved by 4.23 percent; the yield is improved by 92.06kg/hm2The yield is improved by 3.81 percentage points; the yield is improved by 7218.06 yuan/hm2The improvement is 12.46 percentage points. The method in the embodiment 1 can obviously improve the medium-grade and high-grade tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco and effectively improve the income of tobacco growers.
The color difference values L, a and B can accurately reflect the color of the flue-cured tobacco, wherein L (from black to white, which represents brightness, is 0-100), a (from green to red, -A to + A), and B (from blue to yellow, -B to + B). The more the color difference value is reduced, the more serious the fading of the flue-cured tobacco is. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 to 3, after the method in example 1 is used, when the flue-cured tobacco is stored indoors for 90 days, the color difference L value of the middle leaves is reduced by 9.20%, and the contrast is reduced by 9.26%; the middle leaf a value is reduced by 9.94 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 20.00 percent; the middle leaf b value decreased by 27.81% and the control by 29.89%. The upper leaf color difference L value is reduced by 8.32 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 13.62 percent; the upper leaf a value is reduced by 20.14 percent, and the control is reduced by 18.06 percent; the upper leaf b value decreased by 27.80% and the control by 37.21%. The method in the embodiment 1 can obviously slow down the reduction of the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the color fading capability of the flue-cured tobacco.
As can be seen from FIGS. 4 to 6, after the method in example 1 is used, when the flue-cured tobacco is stored indoors for 30 days, the chlorophyll a content in the middle of the flue-cured tobacco is reduced by 47.83%, and the chlorophyll a content in the flue-cured tobacco is reduced by 69.23% in the control; the chlorophyll b content in the middle leaf is reduced by 41.67 percent, and the chlorophyll b content in the control is reduced by 64.28 percent; the carotenoid content in the middle leaf was reduced by 50.33%, and the control by 79.26%. The upper chlorophyll a content is reduced by 39.39%, and the control is reduced by 58.06%; the upper chlorophyll b content is reduced by 28.12%, and the control is reduced by 48.21%; the carotenoid content of the upper leaves was reduced by 37.30%, compared with 57.89%. The method of example 1 can significantly slow down the degradation of the content of each pigment of the flue-cured tobacco under indoor storage conditions, and significantly improve the fading resistance of the flue-cured tobacco.
Example 5
Before the tobacco field is ploughed, dolomite powder and charcoal are applied in the manner of example 2; after the tobacco field is ploughed, flattening and crushing soil, and ridging by the method in the embodiment 2; the method of example 2 was used for base fertilizer application, tobacco seedling transplantation and flue-cured tobacco harvest, and the remaining cultivation measures were carried out according to the production standard (same as example 4), which is treatment 1 (new method), and the conventional cultivation measures (same as example 4) were treatment 2 (comparison). When the flue-cured tobacco enters the mature period, the field agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco and the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated, and meanwhile, the change conditions of the pigment content and the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco under the indoor storage condition and the economic characters of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated. The test was conducted in 2017 in Zhongshan county, congratulations, Guangxi, with the test variety Yunyan 87.
TABLE 6 content of pigment in upper leaves of cured tobacco in Congzhou mountain
TABLE 7 content of pigment in middle leaf of cured tobacco in Congzhou mountain
TABLE 8 lower leaf pigment content of cured tobacco in Hozhou Zhongshan
As is clear from tables 6 to 8, the cured tobacco of Hoodia's Zhongshan has an increased chlorophyll a content in its middle leaves of 0.104 mg/g at the mature stage by the method of example 2-1The yield is improved by 11.29 percentage points; chlorophyll b content is increased by 0.014mg g-1The improvement is 3.44 percentage points; the carotenoid content is increased by 0.051mg g-1And 47.66 percentage points are increased. The contents of the pigments of the upper leaves and the lower leaves of the flue-cured tobacco are improved. It is demonstrated that the method of example 2 can significantly increase the content of each pigment in each part of the flue-cured tobacco.
TABLE 9 agricultural trait Condition of Hao Zhou Zhong shan cured tobacco in mature period field
As can be seen from Table 9, after the method of example 2 was used, the plant height of cured tobacco in congratulation State Yao mountain was increased by 5.70cm and 5.58 percentage points at the mature stage; the stem circumference is improved by 0.04cm and 0.38 percentage point; the number of the blades is increased by 1.2, and the number is increased by 6.45 percentage points; the leaf area is increased by 151.48cm2And the improvement is 12.08 percentage points. It is shown that the method in example 2 can significantly improve the agronomic traits of the flue-cured tobacco in the mature period.
TABLE 10 economic trait of Hao Zuo Zhong shan cured tobacco
As can be seen from Table 10, the method in example 2 was usedThen, the first-class tobacco ratio of the flue-cured tobacco in the congratulation Zhou-shan is improved by 2.78 percent and is improved by 7.08 percent; the middle-grade and top-grade smoke proportion is improved by 4.08 percent and is improved by 4.73 percent; the yield is improved by 269.83kg/hm2The yield is improved by 13.13 percentage points; the yield is improved by 8535.57 yuan/hm2And the improvement is 18.06 percentage points. By using the method in the embodiment 2, the middle-to-first-grade tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved, the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco are improved, and the income of tobacco growers is effectively improved.
The color difference values L, a and B can accurately reflect the color of the flue-cured tobacco, wherein L (from black to white, which represents brightness, is 0-100), a (from green to red, -A to + A), and B (from blue to yellow, -B to + B). The more the color difference value is reduced, the more serious the fading of the flue-cured tobacco is. From fig. 7-9, after the method in example 2 is used, when the cured tobacco in the congratulation state bellied mountain is stored indoors for 90 days, the color difference L value of the middle leaves is reduced by 8.62%, and the contrast is reduced by 10.24%; the middle leaf a value is reduced by 12.93 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 20.32 percent; the middle leaf b value decreased by 18.81% and the control by 39.36%. The upper leaf color difference L value is reduced by 5.67 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 10.26 percent; the upper leaf a value is reduced by 13.04 percent, and the control is reduced by 24.66 percent; the upper leaf b value decreased by 16.28% and the control by 30.77%. The method in the embodiment 2 can obviously slow down the reduction of the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the color fading capability of the flue-cured tobacco.
From fig. 10 to 12, after the method in example 2 is used, when the cured tobacco in the congratulatory state bellshan is stored indoors for 30 days, the chlorophyll a content of the middle leaf is reduced by 45.16%, and the comparison is reduced by 70.37%; the chlorophyll b content in the middle leaf is reduced by 46.51 percent, and the chlorophyll b content in the control is reduced by 69.23 percent; the carotenoid content in the middle leaf was reduced by 43.80% compared to 74.02%. The upper chlorophyll a content is reduced by 30.95%, and the control is reduced by 53.85%; the upper chlorophyll b content decreased 38.30%, the control decreased 65.31%; the carotenoid content of the upper leaves was reduced by 33.33%, and that of the control by 54.05%. The method of example 2 can significantly slow down the degradation of the content of each pigment of the flue-cured tobacco under indoor storage conditions, and significantly improve the fading resistance of the flue-cured tobacco.
Example 6
Before the tobacco field is ploughed, dolomite powder and charcoal are applied in the manner of example 3; after the tobacco field is ploughed, flattening and crushing soil, and ridging by the method in the embodiment 3; the method of example 3 was used for base fertilizer application, tobacco seedling transplantation and flue-cured tobacco harvest, and the remaining cultivation measures were carried out according to the production standard (same as example 4), which is treatment 1 (new method), and the conventional cultivation measures (same as example 4) were treatment 2 (comparison). When the flue-cured tobacco enters the mature period, the field agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco and the pigment content of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated, and meanwhile, the change conditions of the pigment content and the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco under the indoor storage condition and the economic characters of the flue-cured tobacco are investigated. The test was conducted in 2017 in fuchuan county, congratulations, guangxi, with the test variety yunyan 87.
TABLE 11 content of pigment in upper leaves of the mature period of Ganzhichuan cured tobacco
TABLE 12 content of pigment in middle leaf of mature period of Gaozhichuan cured tobacco
TABLE 13 pigment content of lower leaves of the mature period of Gaozhichuan cured tobacco
As is clear from tables 11 to 13, the cured tobacco of Haozhikawa in the mature stage had its chlorophyll a content in its middle leaves increased by 0.097mg g after the method of example 3 was used-1The yield is improved by 9.63 percentage points; the chlorophyll b content is improved by 0.016 mg/g-1The yield is improved by 3.67 percentage points; the carotenoid content is increased by 0.031mg g-1And the improvement is 23.48 percentage points. The contents of the pigments of the upper leaves and the lower leaves of the flue-cured tobacco are improved. It is shown that the method of example 3 can be significantly appliedThe content of each pigment of each part of the flue-cured tobacco is improved.
TABLE 14 agricultural trait conditions of Haozhihua Fuchuan flue-cured tobacco in mature period
As can be seen from table 14, after the method in example 3 was used, the plant height of cured tobacco in hogfasu was increased by 2.86cm and 2.52 percentage points during the mature period; the stem circumference is improved by 0.42cm and 3.70 percentage points; the number of the blades is increased by 1, and the number is increased by 6.02 percent; the leaf area is increased by 219.01cm2And the improvement is 15.50 percentage points. It is shown that the method in example 3 can significantly improve the agronomic traits of the flue-cured tobacco in the mature period.
TABLE 15 economic trait of Hozurich flue-cured tobacco
As can be seen from table 15, the first-class smoke percentage of cured tobacco from shizhoufagawa was increased by 4.86%, and 12.14% after the method of example 3 was used; the middle-grade and top-grade smoke proportion is improved by 8.56 percent and is improved by 10.15 percent; the yield is improved by 212.33kg/hm2The yield is improved by 11.10 percentage points; the yield is improved by 9148.23 yuan/hm2And the improvement is 20.80 percentage points. The method in the embodiment 3 can obviously improve the medium-to-high grade tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco and effectively improve the income of tobacco growers.
The color difference values L, a and B can accurately reflect the color of the flue-cured tobacco, wherein L (from black to white, which represents brightness, is 0-100), a (from green to red, -A to + A), and B (from blue to yellow, -B to + B). The more the color difference value is reduced, the more serious the fading of the flue-cured tobacco is. As can be seen from FIGS. 13 to 15, after the method in example 3 is used, when the cured tobacco from Hezhoufagawa is stored indoors for 90 days, the color difference L of the middle leaves is reduced by 7.84%, and the contrast is reduced by 8.26%; the middle leaf a value is reduced by 17.30 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 17.88 percent; the middle leaf b value decreased by 31.13% and the control by 31.18%. The upper leaf color difference L value is reduced by 7.71 percent, and the contrast is reduced by 8.93 percent; the upper leaf a value is reduced by 11.72 percent, and the control is reduced by 19.23 percent; the upper leaf b value decreased by 25.51% and the control by 30.85%. The method in example 3 can slow down the decrease of the color difference value of the flue-cured tobacco and improve the color fading capability of the flue-cured tobacco.
From fig. 16-18, it can be seen that when the flue-cured tobacco of hogfasu was stored indoors for 30 days after the method of example 3, the chlorophyll a content in the middle leaf thereof was reduced by 35.71%, and the control was reduced by 75.76%; the chlorophyll b content in the middle leaf is reduced by 44.23%, and the chlorophyll b content in the control is reduced by 62.22%; the carotenoid content in the middle leaf was reduced by 39.86%, and the control by 65.67%. The upper chlorophyll a content is reduced by 41.18%, and the control is reduced by 64.71%; the upper chlorophyll b content is reduced by 42.31%, and the control is reduced by 60.00%; the carotenoid content of the upper leaves is reduced by 36.84 percent, and the carotenoid content of the control is reduced by 57.14 percent. The method of example 3 can significantly slow down the degradation of the content of each pigment of the flue-cured tobacco under indoor storage conditions, and significantly improve the fading resistance of the flue-cured tobacco.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for preventing the color fading of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is characterized in that: the method comprises the following operations:
applying 3000.0-4000.0 kg hm-2Dolomite powder, 3000.0-4000.0 kg.hm-2The biochar is applied by 1500-2000 kg.hm-2Peanut bran; applying 40.0-50.0 kg.hm boron fertilizer-2Applying 30.0-40.0 kg.hm magnesium fertilizer-2(ii) a The raw materials are all used as base fertilizers for one-time application;
the boric fertilizer is borax; the magnesium fertilizer is magnesium hydroxide;
carrying out high-ridge deep planting: ridge height is 30% higher than local production;
and (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
2. The method for preventing discoloration of flue-cured tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein:
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 3000.0kg hm-2；3000.0 kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer 40.0kg hm-2(ii) a Magnesium fertilizer 30.0 kg.hm-2。
3. The method for preventing discoloration of flue-cured tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein:
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 3500.0 kg.hm-2；3500.0 kg·hm-2Biochar; 1500kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer 45.0kg hm-2(ii) a 35.0 kg.hm magnesium fertilizer-2。
4. The method for preventing discoloration of flue-cured tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein:
the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials: dolomite powder 4000.0kg hm-2；4000.0 kg·hm-2Biochar; 2000kg hm-2Peanut bran; boric fertilizer 50.0kg hm-2(ii) a 40.0 kg.hm magnesium fertilizer-2。
5. The method for preventing the discoloration of flue-cured tobacco leaves according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) before the tobacco planting soil is ploughed, dolomite powder and biochar are uniformly scattered into a tobacco field, then the tobacco field is ploughed, and the dolomite powder and the biochar are uniformly mixed in a soil plough layer;
(2) after the tobacco field is ploughed, flattening and crushing soil;
(3) two small ditches with the depth of 8-12 cm are reclaimed on two sides of a land for determining to plant tobacco by applying a base fertilizer by adopting a double-strip fertilization method, a special compound fertilizer for tobacco is scattered to serve as a lower-layer fertilizer, then the ditches are leveled and ridged, the ridging needs to be realized that the furrows are flat and straight, the ridge bodies are full, and the ridge surfaces are finely ground; on the basis of conventional ridging, the height of the ridge is improved by 30 percent; then, a small ditch with the depth of 8-12 cm is opened at the position of the ridge line, and a mixture of peanut bran, boric fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer is scattered to serve as an upper-layer fertilizer, so that the upper-layer fertilizer and a lower-layer fertilizer are combined in a double-double mode to form a double-strip type fertilization method;
(4) the transplanting method adopts a well cellar type transplanting method, wherein a transplanting well cellar is dug on a film-covered ridge body or a non-mulching film ridge body with better soil moisture content before tobacco seedlings are transplanted according to a determined transplanting planting distance by using a special well cellar manufacturing tool, the well cellar is required to be circular in shape, the diameter is 8-9 cm, and the depth of the well cellar is 30% deeper than that of a well cellar manufactured by a local farmer; transplanting tobacco seedlings by vertically lifting tobacco seedling leaves, enabling the roots of the tobacco seedlings to face downwards, and vertically lowering the tobacco seedlings into a well cellar;
(5) and (3) postponing harvesting: the lower leaves are normally harvested, the main veins are more than 1/2 white and bright, the basic color of the tobacco leaves is green, the color of the leaves turns yellow slightly, green mung beans appear, the leaf tips droop obviously, and more than 1/2 antler hairs fall off; the middle leaf is delayed for 3-5 days, the main vein is white and bright, the branch vein 2/3 is white, the leaf surface of the tobacco leaves is more than 2/3 yellow, and yellow to yellowish white mature spots are formed; the upper leaves are delayed for 5-7 days, the main veins and the branch veins become white and bright, the tobacco leaves are basically all yellow, only the base parts of the rest leaves are a little green and are in yellow and medium white penetration, the leaf tips begin to scorch, and more mature spots exist.
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