CN109626848B - 夹层玻璃 - Google Patents

夹层玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109626848B
CN109626848B CN201811130922.9A CN201811130922A CN109626848B CN 109626848 B CN109626848 B CN 109626848B CN 201811130922 A CN201811130922 A CN 201811130922A CN 109626848 B CN109626848 B CN 109626848B
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China
Prior art keywords
laminated glass
glass
wedge
section
less
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CN201811130922.9A
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English (en)
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CN109626848A (zh
Inventor
青木时彦
定金骏介
正木裕二
池上彩夏
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AGC Inc
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Asahi Glass Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from JP2018156658A external-priority patent/JP7028102B2/ja
Application filed by Asahi Glass Co Ltd filed Critical Asahi Glass Co Ltd
Publication of CN109626848A publication Critical patent/CN109626848A/zh
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Abstract

本发明抑制在中间膜中添加有隔热剂的具有楔形剖面的夹层玻璃的可见光透射率的降低。本夹层玻璃是具有一对玻璃板、位于所述玻璃板之间的中间膜的夹层玻璃，所述玻璃板中至少一方的剖面为楔形、且成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下，所述中间膜含有隔热剂且剖面的楔角在0.2mrad以下，所述夹层玻璃的由ISO13837A规定的总太阳光透射率在60％以下。

Description

夹层玻璃
技术领域
本发明涉及夹层玻璃。
背景技术
近年来，向车辆的前窗玻璃反射图像以在驾驶员的视线范围中显示规定的信息的抬头显示器(以下也记为HUD)的导入正得到推进，但是驾驶员在识别车外的风景以及由HUD显示的信息时，有时存在重影(透视重影和反射重影)的问题。
于是，为了消除HUD中的重影问题，采用了使前窗玻璃的剖面呈楔形的技术。例如，提出了用2块玻璃板夹持剖面为楔形的中间膜、使整体呈楔形的夹层玻璃(例如，参照专利文献1)。
另一方面，出于车内的舒适性，正在提高对前窗玻璃的隔热性的要求。于是，为了赋予应对了HUD的楔形的夹层玻璃隔热性，例如在中间膜中添加了隔热剂(例如，参照专利文献2)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本专利特开平07-175007号公报
专利文献2：国际公开第2016/052422号文本
发明内容
发明所要解决的技术问题
但是，如果为了提高隔热性而增加中间膜中的隔热剂的量，则存在前窗玻璃的上部、即中间膜厚度大的区域的玻璃的可见光透射率降低而不能满足汽车安全标准的可能性。
本发明鉴于上述问题而完成，目的在于抑制中间膜中添加有隔热剂的、具有楔形剖面而能够消除HUD的重影、且隔热性优良的夹层玻璃中的可见光透射率的降低，并使透过夹层玻璃的识别性良好。
解决技术问题所采用的技术方案
本夹层玻璃是具有一对玻璃板以及位于所述玻璃板之间的中间膜的夹层玻璃，所述玻璃板中至少一方的剖面为楔形、且成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下，所述中间膜含有隔热剂且剖面的楔角在0.2mrad以下，所述夹层玻璃的由ISO13837A规定的总太阳光透射率在60％以下。
发明的效果
通过本发明公开的技术能够抑制在中间膜中添加有隔热剂的、具有楔形剖面的、隔热性高的夹层玻璃的可见光透射率的降低。
附图说明
图1是对车辆用前窗玻璃进行说明的图。
图2是图1所示的前窗玻璃20在XZ方向上切割并从Y方向观察时的部分剖面图。
图3是示例比较例的前窗玻璃的部分剖面图。
图4是对实施例和比较例进行说明的图(其1)。
图5是对实施例和比较例进行说明的图(其2)。
图6是对实施例和比较例进行说明的图(其3)。
图7是对实施例和比较例进行说明的图(其4)。
图8是对实施例和比较例进行说明的图(其5)。
具体实施方式
以下，参照附图对发明的实施方式进行说明。各附图中，同一构成部分用相同符号表示，有时会省去重复的说明。另外，本文以车辆用前窗玻璃为例进行说明，但是不限于此，本发明所涉及的夹层玻璃在车辆用前窗玻璃之外也可应用。另外，为了使本发明的内容易于理解，在图中对大小和形状进行了部分夸张表示。
图1是示例车辆用前窗玻璃的图，是示意性地表示从车内向车外识别前窗玻璃时的状态的图。
如图1(a)所示，前窗玻璃20具有HUD所使用的HUD显示区域R1和HUD不使用的HUD显示外区域R2(透视区域)。HUD显示区域R1是旋转构成HUD的镜并从JIS R3212的V1点观察时的来自构成HUD的镜的光在前窗玻璃20上的照射范围。另外，本说明书中，透视区域是指，JIS标准R3212所规定的试验区域C以及具有后述的信息收发区域时包括该信息收发区域在内的可见光透射率Tv在70％以上的区域。
HUD显示区域R1位于前窗玻璃20的下方，HUD显示外区域R2与HUD显示区域R1相邻并位于前窗玻璃20的HUD显示区域R1的周围。但是，HUD显示区域例如也可像图1(b)所示的HUD显示区域R11和HUD显示区域R12那样分开配置于Y方向的多个位置。或者，HUD显示区域也可仅为HUD显示区域R11和HUD显示区域R12的任一方。或者，HUD显示区域可分开配置于Z方向的多个位置(未图示)。
HUD显示区域R1、R11和R12优选比JIS标准R3212中规定的试验区域A更靠外侧配置。HUD显示区域R1、R11和R12也可配置于JIS标准R3212中规定的试验区域A内。另外，试验区域A设置于试验区域B的内侧，但在图1中省略了图示。在图1中，B和C分别是指JIS标准R3212中规定的试验区域B和C。
前窗玻璃20的周缘部优选存在黑陶瓷层29(遮蔽层)。黑陶瓷层29能够通过在玻璃面上涂布黑陶瓷印刷用油墨并进行烧结来形成。通过使前窗玻璃20的周缘部中存在黑色不透明的黑陶瓷层29，能够抑制支撑前窗玻璃20的周缘部的氨基甲酸酯等树脂因紫外线导致的劣化。
前窗玻璃20可在上边周缘部具有信息收发区域R5。信息收发区域R5例如能够配置在黑陶瓷层29内。信息收发区域R5作为在前窗玻璃20的上边周缘部配置照相机或测距用激光器等情况下的透视区域起作用。
图2是图1所示的前窗玻璃20在XZ方向上切割并从Y方向观察时的部分剖面图。如图2所示，前窗玻璃20是具备玻璃板210、玻璃板220以及中间膜230的夹层玻璃。前窗玻璃20中，玻璃板210和玻璃板220以夹持中间膜230的状态被固定。
作为车辆内侧的玻璃板210的一面、即前窗玻璃20的内表面21与作为车辆外侧的玻璃板220的一面、即前窗玻璃20的外表面22可为平面或弯曲面。
在前窗玻璃20安装于车辆时，厚度从前窗玻璃20的下端侧向上端侧逐渐增加而形成楔形的剖面，楔角为δ。此处，楔角δ是指沿前窗玻璃20的垂直方向上的下端的厚度与上端的厚度之差除以沿前窗玻璃20的垂直方向的距离而得的值(即，平均楔角)。另外，前窗玻璃20从下端侧到上端侧的厚度的增加可以是增加比例一定的单调增加，增加的比例也可部分变化。
前窗玻璃20从下端侧到上端侧的厚度的增加比例变化的情况下，前窗玻璃20的比包含HUD显示区域的中央部更靠近下边侧的楔角大于上边侧的楔角。前窗玻璃20通过以该厚度增加比例进行变化，能够抑制上边侧的可见光透射率的降低，而且能够抑制前窗玻璃20的质量增加。
作为夹层玻璃的前窗玻璃20的楔角δ优选在0.1mrad以上1.0mrad以下，更优选在0.3mrad以上1.0mrad以下。通过使楔角δ在下限值以上，在抑制了HUD重影的基础上能够充分减少透视重影。另外，通过使楔角δ在上限值以下，能够抑制前窗玻璃20的上端侧的可见光透射率的降低，并能在不产生问题的范围内抑制前窗玻璃20的质量增加。楔角δ更优选在0.3mrad以上0.9mrad以下，特别优选在0.3mrad以上0.8mrad以下。
前窗玻璃20中，玻璃板220的剖面形成为楔形，玻璃板210和中间膜230的厚度均匀。玻璃板220中，作为前窗玻璃20的外表面22的面和与中间膜230接触的面所形成的角为楔角δg。
剖面为楔形的玻璃板(图2中为玻璃板220)的楔角δ优选在0.1mrad以上1.0mrad以下，更优选在0.3mrad以上1.0mrad以下。通过使楔角δg在下限值以上，在抑制了HUD重影的基础上能够充分减少透视重影。另外，通过使楔角δg在上限值以下，能够抑制前窗玻璃20的上端侧的可见光透射率的降低，并能在不产生问题的范围内抑制前窗玻璃20的质量增加。楔角δg更优选在0.3mrad以上0.9mrad以下，特别优选在0.3mrad以上0.8mrad以下。
玻璃板和中间膜230的剖面均为楔形的情况下，玻璃板的楔角δg与中间膜230的楔角的合计以达到前窗玻璃20的合适的楔角δ的范围的条件进行调整即可。
图2中，玻璃板210和中间膜230的厚度均匀，玻璃板220的楔角δg和前窗玻璃20的内表面21与外表面22所形成的楔角δ(夹层玻璃整体的楔角)相等。其中，图2的示例中仅有玻璃板220的剖面形成楔形，也可玻璃板220的厚度均匀且玻璃板210的剖面为楔形，还可使玻璃板220和210的剖面均为楔形。玻璃板220和210的剖面均为楔形的情况下，各玻璃板的楔角可相同或不同。
另外，中间膜230的膜厚优选均匀(即楔角为0mrad)，但在夹层玻璃的制造过程中有时会产生若干楔角。这种情况下，中间膜230的楔角在0.2mrad以下则在容许范围内。即，中间膜230的楔角在0.2mrad以下，更优选在0.15mrad以下。通过使中间膜230的楔角在上限值以下，能够抑制中间膜230变厚的部分处的前窗玻璃20的可见光透射率Tv的降低。
玻璃板210和玻璃板220中的一方或双方形成为楔形的情况下，例如在通过浮法制造时，可通过仔细调整制造条件来获得。即，通过调整在熔融金属上行进的玻璃带的宽度方向的两端部处所配置的多个辊的转速，使宽度方向的玻璃截面形成凹形、凸形或锥形，切出具有任意的厚度变化的部位即可。另外，也可研磨调整玻璃板表面以达到规定的楔角。
作为玻璃板210和220，可使用例如钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃、有机玻璃等。位于前窗玻璃20的外侧的玻璃板220从耐划伤性的角度考虑优选为无机玻璃，从成形性的角度考虑优选为钠钙玻璃。另外，从成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下的角度考虑，剖面为楔形的玻璃板优选为钠钙玻璃。
位于前窗玻璃20外侧的玻璃板220的板厚优选最薄部在1.8mm以上3mm以下。玻璃板220的板厚如果在1.8mm以上，则耐飞石性能等强度充分，如果在3mm以下，则夹层玻璃的质量不会过大，从车辆燃油费用的角度考虑是优选的。玻璃板220的板厚的最薄部更优选在1.8mm以上2.8mm以下，进一步优选在1.8mm以上2.6mm以下。另外，玻璃板220的板厚均匀且玻璃板210的剖面为楔形的情况下，位于前窗玻璃的外侧的玻璃板220的板厚的优选范围也如上所述。
位于前窗玻璃20内侧的玻璃板210的板厚在厚度固定的情况下，优选在0.3mm以上2.3mm以下。玻璃板210的板厚如果薄于0.3mm则难以操作，如果厚于2.3mm则无法顺应作为楔膜的中间膜230的形状。玻璃板210的板厚更优选在0.5mm以上2.1mm以下，进一步优选在0.7mm以上1.9mm以下。但是，玻璃板210的板厚不必固定，板厚可根据需要随部位进行变化。另外，位于前窗玻璃20内侧的玻璃板210的剖面为楔形的情况下，最薄部的板厚优选在上述范围内。
前窗玻璃20可以不是弯曲形状而是平板形状，也可以是弯曲形状。前窗玻璃20为弯曲形状的情况下，玻璃板210和220在浮法成形之后以及用中间膜230粘接之前进行弯曲成形。弯曲成形通过加热玻璃使之软化来进行。弯曲成形时玻璃的加热温度约为550℃～700℃。
回到图2的说明，作为粘接玻璃板210和玻璃板220的中间膜230，多使用热塑性树脂，例如，可例举增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂、增塑性聚氯乙烯类树脂、饱和聚酯类树脂、增塑性饱和聚酯类树脂、聚氨酯类树脂、增塑性聚氨酯类树脂、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物类树脂、乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物类树脂等以往用于这种用途的热塑性树脂。
其中，从能够获得透明性、耐候性、强度、粘接力、耐贯穿性、冲击能量吸收性、耐湿性、隔热性以及隔音性等各项性能的平衡良好的中间膜的角度考虑，适合使用增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂。这些热塑性树脂可以单独使用，也可以2种以上组合使用。上述增塑性聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂中的“增塑性”是指通过添加增塑剂而实现了增塑性。对于其它增塑性树脂也表示相同含义。
作为上述聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂，可例举通过使聚乙烯醇(以下，根据需要也称为“PVA”)和甲醛反应而获得的聚乙烯醇缩甲醛树脂、使PVA和乙醛反应而获得的狭义的聚乙烯醇缩乙醛类树脂、使PVA和正丁醛反应而获得的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛树脂(以下，根据需要也称为“PVB”)等，其中，从透明性、耐候性、强度、粘接力、耐贯穿性、冲击能量吸收性、耐湿性、隔热性以及隔音性等各项性能的平衡良好的观点来看，特别适合使用PVB。另外，这些聚乙烯醇缩醛类树脂可单独使用，也可以2种以上组合使用。但是，形成中间膜230的材料不限于热塑性树脂。
中间膜230的膜厚优选最薄部在0.5mm以上，更优选在0.6mm以上。中间膜230的膜厚如果在下限值以上，则作为前窗玻璃所需的耐贯穿性变得充分。另外，中间膜230的膜厚优选最厚部在3mm以下，更优选在2mm以下，进一步优选在1.5mm以下。中间膜230的膜厚如果在上限值以下，则夹层玻璃的质量不会变得过大。
中间膜230通过含有作为隔热剂的红外线吸收剂而具备了红外线遮蔽功能。作为中间膜230所含的红外线吸收剂，只要是具有选择性地吸收红外线的性质的材料，则能够无特别限制地使用。作为红外线吸收剂，能够使用以往公知的无机类或有机类红外线吸收剂。它们可以单独使用，也可以2种以上组合使用。
中间膜230夹持于2片板厚2mm的透明玻璃(后述的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量为0.08质量％的玻璃1)之间的夹层玻璃的状态下测定的780nm的吸光度与550nm的吸光度之比(A)优选在1.8以上，更优选该比在2以上，进一步优选在3以上。近红外光的吸光度(780nm)相对于可见光范围的吸光度(550nm)的比值如果在该范围内，则通过与规定的剖面为楔形的玻璃板进行组合，可见光透射性充分，从而识别性良好，进一步隔热性良好。
作为无机类红外线吸收剂，作为微粒可使用例如钴类色素、铁类色素、铬类色素、钛类色素、钒类色素、锆类色素、钼类色素、钌类色素、铂类色素、掺锡氧化铟(ITO)微粒、掺锑氧化锡(ATO)微粒、复合钨氧化物微粒等。
作为有机类红外线吸收剂，能够使用例如二亚铵类色素、蒽醌类色素、铵类色素、花青类色素、部花青类色素、克酮酸类色素、方酸类色素、甘菊环鎓类色素、聚甲炔类色素、萘醌类色素、吡喃鎓类色素、酞菁类色素、萘酞菁类色素、萘内酰胺类色素、偶氮类色素、缩合偶氮类色素、靛蓝类色素、紫环酮类色素、苝类色素、二噁嗪类色素、喹吖啶酮类色素、异吲哚啉酮类色素、喹酞酮类色素、吡咯类色素、硫靛类色素、金属络合物类色素、二硫醇类金属络合物类色素、吲哚酚类色素、三芳基甲烷类色素等。
其中，从经济性以及对红外线范围的吸收率高于可见光范围的程度的角度考虑，作为无机类红外线吸收剂，优选ITO微粒、ATO微粒、复合钨氧化物微粒，作为有机类红外线吸收剂，优选酞菁类色素。它们可以单独使用，也可以2种以上组合使用。酞菁类色素在近红外线波长区域显示出陡峭的吸收。因此，在要求更宽范围的红外线吸收能的情况下，优选将酞菁类色素和选自ITO微粒、ATO微粒及复合钨氧化物微粒的至少1种组合使用。
作为复合钨氧化物，具体可例举通式：MxWyOz(其中，M元素是选自Cs、Rb、K、Tl、In、Ba、Li、Ca、Sr、Fe、Sn的1种以上的元素，W是钨，O是氧，0.001≤x/y≤1、2.2≤z/y≤3.0)表示的复合钨氧化物。上述通式表示的复合钨氧化物中生成足够量的自由电子，所以有效地发挥作为红外线吸收剂的作用。
另外，上述通式MxWyOz表示的复合钨氧化物的微粒具有六方晶、正方晶、立方晶的晶体结构时，耐久性优良，因此优选包含选自该六方晶、正方晶、立方晶的1个以上的晶体结构。这样的晶体结构中，所添加的M元素的量(x)与钨的量(y)的摩尔比以x/y的值计，在0.001以上、1.0以下，氧的存在量(z)与钨的量(y)的摩尔比以z/y的值计，在2.2以上3.0以下。
进一步，x/y的值优选0.33左右。这是因为，由六方晶的晶体结构算出的理论上的x/y的值为0.33，通过以x/y的值为0.33左右的值的量含有M元素，复合钨氧化物微粒可显示出理想的光学特性。作为这种复合钨氧化物，具体可例举Cs0.33WO3(铯氧化钨)、Rb0.33WO3(铷氧化钨)、K0.33WO3(钾氧化钨)、Ba0.33WO3(钡氧化钨)等。但是，本实施方式中所用的复合钨氧化物并不局限于此，如果x/y和z/y的值在上述范围内，则具有有用的红外线吸收特性。
这种复合钨氧化物已知是在将其微粒均匀分散的膜中、透射率在波长400～700nm之间具有极大值且在波长700～1800nm之间具有极小值的红外线吸收剂。
上述通式MxWyOz表示的复合钨氧化物的微粒可通过以往公知的方法来制造。例如，将钨酸铵水溶液或六氯化钨溶液与元素M的氯化物盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、乙二酸盐、氧化物等的水溶液按照规定的比例混合，使用混合得到的钨化合物起始原料，通过对其在惰性气氛或还原性气体气氛中进行热处理，得到复合钨氧化物微粒。
另外，从提高耐候性的观点来看，上述复合钨氧化物微粒的表面较好是被选自Si、Ti、Zr、Al等的金属的氧化物被覆。被覆方法没有特别限定，通过在分散有复合钨氧化物微粒的溶液中添加上述金属的醇盐，能够被覆复合钨氧化物微粒的表面。
上述ATO微粒和ITO微粒可无特别限定地使用由目前公知的各种制备方法制得的微粒，例如通过利用机械化学法等粉碎金属粉而获得微粒的物理方法，CVD法、蒸镀法、溅射法、热等离子体法、激光法这样的化学干式法，利用热分解法、化学还原法、电分解法、超声波法、激光烧蚀法、超临界流体法、微波合成法等被称为化学湿式法的方法等制备的微粒。
此外，关于这些微粒的晶系，不限定于通常的立方晶，根据需要也能够使用红外线吸收能较低的六方晶ITO。
红外线吸收剂的微粒的平均一次粒径优选在100nm以下，更优选在50nm以下，特别优选30nm以下。平均一次粒径如果在上限值以下，则能够抑制由散射导致发生模糊(雾值、雾度的升高)，在车辆用夹层玻璃的透明性维持方面是优选的。另外，对平均一次粒径的下限值没有特别限定，还可以使用通过目前的技术能够制得的2nm左右的红外线吸收剂微粒。这里，微粒的平均一次粒径是指根据透射型电子显微镜的观察图像测定的粒径。
此外，中间膜230也可具有3层以上的层。例如，通过使中间膜230为3层结构、最中间的层的硬度低于两侧的层的硬度，能够提高夹层玻璃的隔音性。这种情况下，两侧的层的硬度可相同或不同。此处，中间膜230的层的硬度能够作为邵氏硬度进行测定。
通常，HUD的光源位于车内下方，从该位置向夹层玻璃投影。投影像在玻璃板210和220的背面和表面反射，因此为了使两个反射像重合而不发生重影，需要使玻璃板的板厚相对于投影方向平行地变化。玻璃板210的板厚在与筋纹正交的方向上变化时，为了用作投影信息的玻璃，需要在筋纹方向与投影方向正交、即筋纹与车内观察者(驾驶员)的视线呈水平的、因透视偏移导致识别性变差的方向上进行使用。
为了改善识别性，使用玻璃板210、玻璃板220和中间膜230制作的夹层玻璃优选以玻璃板210的筋纹与玻璃板220的筋纹正交的方式进行配置。通过该配置，由玻璃板210单独导致的变差的偏移因筋纹为正交状态的玻璃板220以及粘接玻璃板210和玻璃板220的中间膜230的存在而缓解，除了提高本发明的识别性以外，识别性得到进一步改善。
在制造中间膜230时，例如需要适当选择形成中间膜230的上述树脂材料，使用挤出机，以加热熔融状态进行挤出成形。挤出机的挤出速度等挤出条件设定为均匀的条件。然后，使挤出成形的树脂膜匹配前窗玻璃20的设计，例如根据需要进行拉伸以使上边和下边具有曲率，藉此完成中间膜230。
制作夹层玻璃的过程中，玻璃板210和玻璃板220之间夹持中间膜230来作为层叠体，例如将该层叠体放入橡胶袋中，在-65～-100kPa的真空中以约70～110℃的温度进行粘接。
进一步，通过在例如100～150℃、压力0.6～1.3MPa的条件下加热加压实施压接处理，能够得到耐久性更为优良的夹层玻璃。但是，根据情况，考虑到工序的简化以及夹层玻璃中封入的材料的特性，有时也不使用该加热加压工序。
另外，玻璃板210和玻璃板220之间除了中间膜230以外，也可存在具有电热线、红外线反射、发光、发电、调光、可见光反射、散射、装饰、吸收等功能的膜和装置。
玻璃板210和玻璃板220中的剖面为楔形的玻璃板(玻璃板210和玻璃板220两者的剖面均为楔形的情况下为这两者)的成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下，优选在0.6质量％以下，更优选在0.3质量％以下。通过使成分中换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下，能够提高玻璃板的透明度，夹层玻璃的可见光透射率变大，识别性良好。本说明书中的铁总量是玻璃板的铁总量以氧化物基准的质量百分比表示的量。
玻璃板210和玻璃板220中的剖面不为楔形的玻璃板的成分中换算为Fe2O3的铁总量优选在0.75质量％以下，更优选在0.6质量％以下。
玻璃板210和玻璃板220中的剖面为楔形的玻璃板(玻璃板210和玻璃板220两者的剖面均为楔形的情况下为这两者)中，从识别性的角度考虑，每1mm板厚对应的1000nm的波长的吸光度优选在0.2以下，更优选在0.15以下。
另外，玻璃板210和玻璃板220的板厚合计记为Tmm、中间膜230的膜厚记为tmm时，T/t的最大值优选在4.4以上。通过使T/t的最大值在4.4以上，能够获得夹层玻璃的可见光透射率变大、识别性良好的效果。
前窗玻璃20在例如前窗玻璃20的最厚部的玻璃板210和玻璃板220的板厚合计为T＝3.4mm(玻璃板210：2mm、玻璃板220：最薄部的板厚1.1mm、楔角0.3mrad、纵向长度：1m)、中间膜230的膜厚为t＝0.76(膜厚一定)的情况下，T/t的最大值为4.5。
另一方面，以往的夹层玻璃在例如前窗玻璃的最厚部的一对玻璃板的板厚合计为T＝4.6mm(各2.3mm)、中间膜的膜厚为t＝1.06(最薄部的膜厚0.76mm、楔角0.3mrad、纵向长度：1m)的情况下，T/t的最大值为4.3。
前窗玻璃20的试验区域C中，由ISO13837A规定的总太阳光透射率(以下也简记为Tts)在60％以下，优选在58％以下。原因在于，总太阳光透射率Tts如果在60％以下则隔热性能良好，如果在58％以下则隔热性能得到进一步提高。另外，在作为前窗玻璃20的试验区域C的外侧的具有黑陶瓷层的区域外，总太阳光透射率Tts可具有与试验区域C同等的特性。
作为前窗玻璃20的试验区域C的不具有黑陶瓷层的区域中，由JIS标准R3212规定的可见光透射率Tv优选在70％以上，更优选在72％以上。
作为前窗玻璃20的透视区域和试验区域C的区域的上边和下边的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv优选在3％以下，更优选在2.5％以下，进一步优选在2％以下。原因在于，可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv如果在3％以下，则不会产生取决于前窗玻璃的垂直方向的位置的色调差异的设计性的问题，如果达到2.5％以下、2％以下，则设计性进一步提高。
另外，为了使得安装于车内侧的照相机等信息收发设备不受热的影响、进而以高精度获取车外的可见光信息，信息收发区域R5的总太阳光透射率Tts和可见光透射率Tv优选是与试验区域C同等的特性。
照此，前窗玻璃20中的玻璃板210和220中的至少一方是成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下的剖面为楔形的玻璃板。另外，中间膜230的剖面的角度在0.2mrad以下，前窗玻璃20的总太阳光透射率Tts在60％以下。
藉此，能够抑制前窗玻璃20的厚度大的区域(上边)的可见光透射率Tv的降低，并能减少前窗玻璃20的上边和下边的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv。
另外，图3是示例比较例的前窗玻璃的部分剖面图，是从与图2相同的方向观察时的图。如图3的比较例所示，中间膜230的剖面为楔形、玻璃板210和220的板厚一定的结构因下述理由是不优选的。
添加了隔热剂的中间膜230主要吸收红外线，但对可见光的吸收度不为0，每1mm的厚度对应的可见光的吸光度大于玻璃板210和220。因此，图2和图3中，前窗玻璃20的下边的厚度与上边的厚度虽然相同(楔角δ相同)，但在厚度增加的上边侧，中间膜230的剖面为楔形的图3的可见光透射率Tv降低，识别性也降低。
即，图3的结构存在上边侧的可见光透射率Tv低于70％的可能性。而且，上边和下边的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv变大，进而看上去色调会产生差异，在设计性方面也存在问题。
另一方面，玻璃板210和220通过使玻璃板中的成分中的换算为Fe2O3的的铁总量为特定值，能够使得每1mm板厚对应的可见光的吸光度小于添加有隔热剂的中间膜230。如图2中作为一例所示的那样，通过使每1mm板厚对应的可见光的吸光度小于中间膜230的玻璃板210和220中的至少一方的剖面为楔形，能够使前窗玻璃的厚度增加的上边侧的可见光透射率Tv在70％以上。而且，图2的结构能够减少上边与下边的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv，因此能够提高设计性，进一步能够维持良好的隔热性并抑制HUD的重影。
另外，前窗玻璃的信息收发区域R5位于前窗玻璃的上边周缘部。即，位于与HUD区域的重影对应的前窗玻璃的总厚度特别厚的部分，因此图3的结构可能使得照相机等无法很好地接收可见光信息。通过使信息收发区域R5为本发明的结构，能够有效地解决这些问题。
[实施例]
将图4所示的成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下的玻璃1～3和图5及图6所示的作为添加有隔热剂的中间膜的隔热中间膜1～3适当组合，制造了图7所示构成的夹层玻璃。夹层玻璃的尺寸均为宽1490mm、高1100mm，用于汽车用前窗玻璃时在周缘部具备黑陶瓷等。另外，图6的吸光度比是吸光度比(A)。
另外，图4的“Redox”是换算成Fe2O3的全部铁中换算成Fe2O3的2价铁的质量比例。即，Redox(％)表示为Fe2+/(Fe2++Fe3+)×100。通过将Redox抑制在低水平，能够得到透射率高的玻璃板，因此Redox优选在30％以下。
另外，在图5中，备注栏的“2t”表示膜厚固定为2mm，隔热中间膜3的CWO的浓度低于隔热中间膜2。另外，图7中，例如“2mm”表示厚度固定为2mm，例如“2mm+楔形”表示下边的厚度为2mm的楔形剖面。另外，图7中，例如“楔玻璃2”表示剖面为楔形且玻璃的种类为图4中所示的玻璃2。
如图7所示，在实施例1～12中，使内板(车内侧)或外板(车外侧)的剖面为楔形，中间膜为一定的厚度。另外，在比较例1～12中使中间膜的剖面为楔形，内板和外板为一定的板厚。于是，测定图7所示的实施例1～12和比较例1～12的夹层玻璃的可见光透射率Tv和总太阳光透射率Tts，得到了图8的结果。另外，图8所示的上边、下边的值分别是试验区域C的最靠近下边的部位和最靠近上边的部位的测定值。
由图8可知，成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量％以下的玻璃1～3和隔热中间膜1～3的任意组合中，玻璃板的剖面为楔形时的上边的可见光透射率Tv均高于中间膜的剖面为楔形时的上边的可见光透射率Tv。
另外，玻璃1～3和隔热中间膜1～3的任意组合中，玻璃板的剖面为楔形时的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv低于中间膜的剖面为楔形时的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv。
另外，玻璃1～3和隔热中间膜1～3的任意组合中，总太阳光透射率Tts在60％以下且玻璃板的剖面为楔形时的总太阳光透射率Tts之差ΔTts低于中间膜的剖面为楔形时的总太阳光透射率Tts之差ΔTts。
另外，楔角为0.3mrad时，提高上边的可见光透射率Tv的效果、降低可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv的效果、降低总太阳光透射率Tts之差ΔTts的效果比楔角为0.6mrad时更为显著。即，楔角更大的情况下，相对于中间膜的剖面为楔形的情况，玻璃板的剖面为楔形时的效果更为显著。
照此，确认了在夹层玻璃中，通过使成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁重量在0.75质量％以下的玻璃板的剖面为楔形，能够抑制夹层玻璃的厚度大的区域(上边)处的可见光透射率Tv的降低。另外，确认了能够降低夹层玻璃的上边和下边的可见光透射率Tv之差ΔTv(能够提高设计性)。另外确认到，能够使总太阳光透射率Tts在60％以下，并且能够使玻璃板的剖面为楔形时的总太阳光透射率Tts之差ΔTts低于中间膜的剖面为楔形时的总太阳光透射率Tts之差ΔTts(能够得到均匀的隔热性能)。另外，实施例的夹层玻璃的剖面具有规定值的楔角，因此能够消除HUD的重影。
以上对优选的实施方式等进行了详细说明，但是上述实施方式等没有限制，在不脱离权利要求所记载的范围的情况下，可对上述实施方式等进行各种改变或替换。
符号说明
20 前窗玻璃
21 内表面
22 外表面
29 黑陶瓷层
210、220 玻璃板
230 中间膜
R1、R11、R12 HUD显示区域
R2 HUD显示外区域
R5 信息收发区域
δ、δg 楔角

Claims (8)

1.夹层玻璃，它是具有一对玻璃板和位于所述玻璃板之间的中间膜的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，
所述玻璃板中至少一方的剖面为楔形且成分中的换算为Fe2O3的铁总量在0.75质量%以下，
所述中间膜含有隔热剂且剖面的楔角在0.2mrad以下，
所述夹层玻璃的由ISO13837A规定的总太阳光透射率在60%以下，
具有楔形剖面的所述玻璃板的剖面的楔角在0.3mrad以上1.0mrad以下。
2.如权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述夹层玻璃的剖面的楔角在0.3mrad以上1.0mrad以下。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述夹层玻璃的透视区域的上边和下边的可见光透射率之差在3%以下。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述中间膜的由以下规定的吸光度之比（A）在1.8以上，
吸光度之比（A）：在用2片板厚为2mm的透明玻璃夹持中间膜而得的夹层玻璃的状态下测定的780nm的吸光度与550nm的吸光度之比。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述隔热剂包含选自掺锡氧化铟、掺锑氧化锡、铯氧化钨、酞菁类色素的1种或多种材料。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述夹层玻璃的最厚部的一对所述玻璃板的板厚的合计记为Tmm、所述中间膜的膜厚记为tmm时，T/t的最大值在4.4以上。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述夹层玻璃的上边周缘部具有信息收发区域。
8.如权利要求3所述的夹层玻璃，其特征在于，所述夹层玻璃的上边周缘部具有信息收发区域，
所述信息收发区域设置于所述夹层玻璃的透视区域内。
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