CN109588216B - 适用于多种中药的种植方法 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种适用于多种根茎类的中药材种植方法,种植过程中施用了菌渣发酵肥,可提高药材中的有效成分含量。土霉素菌渣中蛋白质、多糖等有机质含量较高,将土霉素菌渣和葛渣混合后进行好氧发酵,可产生纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶、酸性蛋白酶等多种复合酶体系及活性成分,制得的菌渣发酵肥可用于多种中药材的种植,提高中药中的有效成分含量和产量,尤其适用于延胡索、白术和黄精等根茎类药材。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种中药的种植方法,尤其涉及一种适用于多种中药的种植方法。
背景技术
我国中药材的种植目前普遍存在盲目扩大情况,一些重要性状鉴别方面与药典标准相比发生了许多变化,如元参、丹参、防风、白芨、赤芍、甘草,这些药材饮片有的质地松泡、个大、木质多、口尝后味淡、嚼之杂质多,部分药品无原本的味道,其药效较低,难以起到治疗作用。这些药材是人工种植的,且生长时间短,是被大量使用生长素或种植方法不当的结果。在药材的生长期人为添加生长素,工业肥料,缩短了其的生长年限,药材虽外观漂亮,但其有效成分的含量就没有了保障。如地黄中的梓醇含量,河南武陟产的含量为0.810%,浙江仙居产的为0.001%,差距达800倍,还有中药白芷饮片,本应该香气浓烈,断面灰白,片香味较淡,断面白色,粉性差,皮部看不到油点,还有厚朴,特别是“靴筒朴”正品内部棕色,有多数细小发亮结晶,气香味带辛辣感,在临床发现这些特征不明显,药材市场上大部分是嚼之无味,如同嚼蜡。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种适用于多种根茎类的中药材种植方法,可提高药材中的有效成分含量。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,种植过程中施用了菌渣发酵肥。
所述菌渣发酵肥的制备方法为:
(1)向葛渣中加入质量分数为4.5%的三亚乙基四胺水溶液和质量分数为1.5%的异氟尔酮乙醇溶液,搅拌均匀后加热至85℃,保持60min,然后自然冷却至室温,即得预处理后的葛渣;
(2)将预处理后的葛渣、土霉素菌渣、麸皮按质量比3:1:2混合,再调整混合物料含水率为50-60%,灭菌后将黑曲霉种子悬液接入混合物料中,接种量为5%,控制混合物料堆积厚度为10-15cm,然后在30℃好氧发酵48-56h,发酵产物在50℃烘干,粉碎,即得。
步骤(1)所述三亚乙基四胺水溶液和异氟尔酮乙醇溶液的用量分别为葛渣重量的30%和20%。
步骤(2)所述黑曲霉种子悬液是通过如下方法得到的:黑曲霉经活化培养后,接种到斜面培养基(麸皮10g,水500mL,加热煮沸30min,过滤后取上清液加入2%琼脂)上,30℃培养3d,用无菌水洗下孢子,制备成孢子悬液(浓度2×107个/mL)。然后将黑曲霉孢子悬液以5%接种量接入种子培养基(麸皮500g,水500mL),30℃培养5d即可。
使用时将本发明菌渣发酵肥在中药种植常规施肥时拌入肥料中即可,按肥料重量的10-40%拌入肥料中。
所述葛渣是葛根生产淀粉后的副产品,来源于江西横峰葛佬葛产业开发有限公司,含水率为6.5-7%,淀粉含量≥35%,蛋白质含量≥5%。
所述土霉素菌渣是生产土霉素的副产品,来源于江西国药有限责任公司,呈土黄色,含水率为70-75%,粗蛋白含量≥80mg/g。
本发明所述百分数,如无特别说明,均为质量百分数。
抗生素废菌渣中,由于存在残留的培养基和少量的抗生素及其降解物,对生态环境存在潜在的危害。葛根主要用来生产淀粉,葛渣除少数用来造纸和作饲料外,大部分被废弃,造成资源浪费,同时还污染环境。土霉素菌渣中蛋白质、多糖等有机质含量较高,将土霉素菌渣和葛渣混合后进行好氧发酵,可产生纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶、酸性蛋白酶等多种复合酶体系及活性成分,制得的菌渣发酵肥可用于多种中药材的种植,提高中药中的有效成分含量,且药材产量未受影响,尤其适用于延胡索、白术和黄精等根茎类药材。
具体实施方式
实施例1:一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,种植过程中施用了菌渣发酵肥。
所述菌渣发酵肥的制备方法为:
(1)向葛渣中加入质量分数为4.5%的三亚乙基四胺水溶液和质量分数为1.5%的异氟尔酮乙醇溶液,搅拌均匀后加热至85℃,保持60min,然后自然冷却至室温,即得预处理后的葛渣;
(2)将预处理后的葛渣、土霉素菌渣、麸皮按质量比3:1:2混合,再调整混合物料含水率为50-60%,灭菌后将黑曲霉种子悬液接入混合物料中,接种量为5%,控制混合物料堆积厚度为10-15cm,然后在30℃好氧发酵48-56h,发酵产物在50℃烘干,粉碎,即得。
步骤(1)所述三亚乙基四胺水溶液和异氟尔酮乙醇溶液的用量分别为葛渣重量的30%和20%。
步骤(2)所述黑曲霉种子悬液是通过如下方法得到的:黑曲霉经活化培养后,接种到斜面培养基(麸皮10g,水500mL,加热煮沸30min,过滤后取上清液加入2%琼脂)上,30℃培养3d,用适量无菌水洗下孢子,制备成孢子悬液(浓度2×107个/mL)。然后将黑曲霉孢子悬液以5%接种量接入种子培养基(麸皮500g,水500mL),30℃培养5d即可。
实施例2:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
所述菌渣发酵肥的制备过程中不加土霉素菌渣,仅采用预处理后的葛渣和麸皮进行发酵,其余同实施例1。
实施例3:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
所述菌渣发酵肥的制备过程中不加预处理后的葛渣,仅采用土霉素菌渣和麸皮发酵,其余同实施例1。
实施例4:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
所述菌渣发酵肥的制备过程中葛渣不进行预处理,直接用葛渣与土霉素菌渣和麸皮发酵,其余同实施例1。
实施例5:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
所述葛渣的预处理步骤为:向葛渣中加入质量分数为4.5%的三亚乙基四胺水溶液,搅拌均匀后加热至85℃,保持60min,然后自然冷却至室温,即得预处理后的葛渣;所述三亚乙基四胺水溶液的用量为葛渣重量的30%。
其余同实施例1。
实施例6:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
所述葛渣的预处理步骤为:向葛渣中加入质量分数为1.5%的异氟尔酮乙醇溶液,搅拌均匀后加热至85℃,保持60min,然后自然冷却至室温,即得预处理后的葛渣;所述异氟尔酮乙醇溶液的用量为葛渣重量的20%。
其余同实施例1。
按常规种植方法和实施例1-6的种植方法在江西樟树种植基地分别种植黄精、延胡索和白术,实施例1-6的种植方法种植黄精是在常规种植方法的基础上,每次施肥时拌入肥料重量20%的实施例1-6制得的菌渣发酵肥,实施例1-6的种植方法种植延胡索是在常规种植方法的基础上,每次施肥时拌入肥料重量30%的实施例1-6制得的菌渣发酵肥,实施例1-6的种植方法种植白术是在常规种植方法的基础上,每次施肥时拌入肥料重量35%的实施例1-6制得的菌渣发酵肥。待药材收获时分别测定黄精、延胡索和白术中的有效成分含量。
(1)将收获的三年生黄精清洗干净后用蒸馏水冲洗3次,于烘箱中60℃烘干,粉碎,过60目筛,摇匀,保存备用。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量;采用铝盐显色法测定总黄酮含量;采用香草醛-硫酸比色法测定皂苷含量。
表1 黄精中有效成分含量比较
分组 | 多糖(mg/g) | 黄酮(mg/g) | 皂苷(mg/g) |
常规工艺种植 | 126.36 | 52.79 | 23.52 |
实施例1 | 212.45 | 97.91 | 38.38 |
实施例2 | 124.13 | 54.67 | 24.68 |
实施例3 | 127.76 | 50.29 | 21.52 |
实施例4 | 129.69 | 51.80 | 23.76 |
实施例5 | 123.22 | 52.94 | 22.48 |
实施例6 | 126.15 | 53.18 | 20.95 |
(2)将收获的一年生延胡索洗净、烘干后,采用高效液相色谱法测定延胡索乙素、原阿片碱的含量。
表2 延胡索中有效成分含量比较
(3)将收获的一年生白术洗净、烘干后,采用高效液相色谱法测定白术内酯Ⅰ和白术内酯Ⅲ含量。
表3 白术中有效成分含量比较
分组 | 白术内酯Ⅰ(mg/g) | 白术内酯Ⅲ(mg/g) |
常规工艺种植 | 0.095 | 0.126 |
实施例1 | 0.283 | 0.378 |
实施例2 | 0.087 | 0.109 |
实施例3 | 0.116 | 0.116 |
实施例4 | 0.092 | 0.124 |
实施例5 | 0.098 | 0.131 |
实施例6 | 0.105 | 0.126 |
Claims (4)
1.一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,种植过程中施用了菌渣发酵肥;所述菌渣发酵肥的制备方法为:
(1)向葛渣中加入质量分数为4.5%的三亚乙基四胺水溶液和质量分数为1.5%的异氟尔酮乙醇溶液,搅拌均匀后加热至85℃,保持60min,然后自然冷却至室温,即得预处理后的葛渣;
(2)将预处理后的葛渣、土霉素菌渣、麸皮按质量比3:1:2混合,再调整混合物料含水率为50-60%,灭菌后将黑曲霉种子悬液接入混合物料中,接种量为5%,控制混合物料堆积厚度为10-15cm,然后在30℃好氧发酵48-56h,发酵产物在50℃烘干,粉碎,即得。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述三亚乙基四胺水溶液和异氟尔酮乙醇溶液的用量分别为葛渣重量的30%和20%。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述黑曲霉种子悬液是通过如下方法得到的:
黑曲霉经活化培养后,接种到斜面培养基上,30℃培养3d,用适量无菌水洗下孢子,制备成浓度为2× 107个/mL孢子悬液;然后将黑曲霉孢子悬液以5%接种量接入种子培养基,30℃培养5d即可;
其中,所述斜面培养基的配方为:麸皮10g,水500mL,加热煮沸30min,过滤后取上清液加入2%琼脂;
所述种子培养基的配方为:麸皮500g,水500mL。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种适用于多种中药的种植方法,其特征在于,使用时将所述菌渣发酵肥在中药种植常规施肥时拌入肥料中即可,按肥料重量的10-40%拌入肥料中。
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