CN109476177A - 用于轨道车辆的轴 - Google Patents
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- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002648 laminated material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001416181 Axis axis Species 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B37/00—Wheel-axle combinations, e.g. wheel sets
- B60B37/06—Wheel-axle combinations, e.g. wheel sets the wheels being integral with, or rigidly attached to, hollow axles
- B60B37/08—Wheel-axle combinations, e.g. wheel sets the wheels being integral with, or rigidly attached to, hollow axles the hollow axles being rotatable around fixed axles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/02—Hardening articles or materials formed by forging or rolling, with no further heating beyond that required for the formation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
- C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/28—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for plain shafts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B17/00—Wheels characterised by rail-engaging elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B17/00—Wheels characterised by rail-engaging elements
- B60B17/0006—Construction of wheel bodies, e.g. disc wheels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B35/00—Axle units; Parts thereof ; Arrangements for lubrication of axles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B37/00—Wheel-axle combinations, e.g. wheel sets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
- Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
- Escalators And Moving Walkways (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
Abstract
一种用于轨道车辆的轴,所述轴由经热处理的材料制成,其中,在沿着轴(1)的表面的整个长度(L)的所有圆柱形部分(2a)和过渡部分(2b)中,所述轴(1)的表面形成有增强的感应硬化层(2),所述感应硬化层具有距所述轴(1)的表面的均匀的深度,并且所述感应硬化层(2)接续有具有逐渐减少的增强梯度的过渡层(3)。过渡层(3)的深度等于感应硬化层(2)的深度的至少1.5倍。
Description
技术领域
根据本发明的技术方案涉及一种用于所有型号的轨道车辆的经热处理的轴,该轴由适于热处理的任意钢制成。
背景技术
当轨道车辆行驶时,由于动态效应而发生轴的周期性负载。在用于高速运输的货车组的通常寿命约为20年的情况下,如果考虑轮对的里程数,则20年的寿命相当于数亿个甚至数十亿个负载周期。在这种高周期负载的情况下,存在这样的尝试,即使用如下设计,该设计具有较高的安全系数,并且还使用借助于硬化而经热处理的更好材料。尽管如此,由于表面腐蚀(因为覆层在操作中受损,造成机械缺陷,并且导致在轴的未受保护的部分处造成损坏),而且由于受压连接部处的磨损腐蚀,还由于在维修磨损部件或将磨损部件更换为新部件期间在拆卸轴上的受压部件的过程中造成的损坏,导致轴的寿命缩短和受限。
到目前为止,已经使用不同的创新方法来增加轴的寿命和可靠性。基本创新是对轴材料本身的开发和优化,即对钢材及其化学成分的开发和优化,包括随后的热处理,以使得材料在机械数值(mechanical value)和材料结构方面具有极好的性能。然而,实际上,这样优化的轴材料以及这样优化的轴材料的生产技术和最终热处理技术仅在几个百分点的程度上对所需的性能改进作出了贡献。
作为对轴体自由表面的附加保护,也提供这样的解决方案,该解决方案允许使用特殊的保护盖、保护箔和各种层压材料,以用作轴体的未受保护的自由表面的附加保护,如在EP 1690701中所公开的那样。
用于改善期望的轴性能的另一种方法是使用特殊的金属层和非金属层,这些层使用不同的技术被施加到暴露的轴部分上。在这方面,最古老的方法是在轴座上进行钼层的热喷覆,该方法现在例如由德国标准BN 918260定义。此外,这种解决方案的示例是喷覆,以提供Ni、NiCr、NiBr的材料覆层。这些层以十分之几毫米(通常为0.5至1毫米)的厚度沉积。随后这些层被加工成介于0.1mm至0.3mm之间的最终厚度。然而,就用于这种喷覆的昂贵材料和技术(包括最终加工)而言,该方法仅用于轴的经选定的和最暴露的部分,例如用于轮座、轴承轴颈或用于安装驱动齿轮的座部。
提高轴寿命和轴可靠性的最新的方法是感应硬化,尤其从新干线的高速轴得知。这是从专利FR 2018372或JP 3329263中已知的解决方案。然而,该解决方案仅用于基于钢的材料的特定化学复合物,该材料主要用于日本铁路。这些解决方案的缺点是它们仅在所选定的材料上使用,但主要的缺点是它们为仅应用于轴的最受应力的部分(即用于轴的轴座上,其中,行驶轮被压在所述轴座上)的解决方案。
发明内容
在一种用于轨道车辆的轴设计中消除了上述缺点,其中轴由经热处理的材料制成,该设计本质在于由增强的感应硬化层形成于沿轴表面的整个长度的所有圆柱形部分和过渡部分,所述感应硬化层具有距离轴表面的均匀的深度,并且还接续有过渡层,所述过渡层的增强梯度和所增加的机械数值逐渐减小。
在优选实施例中,过渡层深度等于感应硬化层深度的至少1.5倍。
该轴的这个实施例的优点在于沿着轴的整个长度制造均匀的一定厚度的材料,所述材料具有高强度极限并且硬度为在基础热处理之后所达到的硬度(例如在用于生产轨道轴的标准中所规定的那样)的1.5至2.5倍。
通过正确地选择技术和优化感应硬化参数,以及通过对设备本身的设计,在轴的整个长度上,获得了均匀的不具有显著变化的厚度(尤其是在圆柱形部分和过渡部分之间)的经充分热处理的层。这限制了所谓的材料缺口的形成区域,该缺口是危险的,并且在所述缺口部位中,寿命和/或疲劳强度可能维持为不增加,或者甚至可能减少。因此,所描述的解决方案将确保实现材料的完美的高机械数值,包括在轴的整个长度上的表面上以及在该表面下方深至约6mm处的疲劳值,其中,在更深的10mm的深度处具有这些性能的渐变梯度,其中,存在至基础材料或经基础热处理之后的处于初始状态的材料的参数和特性水平的逐渐过渡,所述基础材料或经基础热处理之后的处于初始状态的材料具有如在针对生产轴的相关标准(例如首先是欧洲标准EN 13261或美国标准AAR M101,并且其中定义了不同等级的钢,包括所述不同等级的钢的化学成分)中所规定的机械性能。
这种在轴的整个长度上具有感应硬化的均匀层的解决方案的另一个优点是高度均匀的残余压缩应力场,即使在最终加工到用于组装轴的状态之后,在表面上的残余压缩应力水平也高达900MPa。加上感应硬化后的材料的高强度,使得在轴的任何位置处产生任何缺陷或初始裂缝都是不可能的。
最后一个优点是,对于高于200km/h的高速,如例如由上述EN 13261标准所定义的那样,如此生产的轴不需要在轴体上进行任何对数毫米厚的覆层的使用来防止来自轨道的道渣冲击到轴的自由的未受保护表面的区域处,并且这种解决方案还允许避免使用用作对轴体的未受保护的自由进行附加保护的任何特殊的保护罩、保护箔和各种层压材料。
附图说明
图1和2示出了轴的一实施例,其中,在用于轨道车辆的轴的整个表面长度上具有感应硬化层。
具体实施方式
示例1
在根据图1的沿着用于轨道车辆的轴的轴表面的整个长度上具有感应硬化层的传统轴的示例性实施例包括轴1的表面、感应硬化层2和过渡层3,所有这些层都沿着轴1的表面的整个长度L。在所有圆柱形部分2a(在座部、轴体、轴颈和用于密封环的座部区域中)中,以及在过渡部分2b中,以及在感应硬化层2所邻接的过渡层3中,增强梯度逐渐降低。感应硬化层2沿轴1的保护表面的整个长度L具有均匀的深度。过渡层3的深度等于感应硬化层2的深度的至少1.5倍。
示例2
根据图2的沿着用于轨道车辆的轴的轴表面的整个长度具有感应硬化层的传统轴的示例性实施例包括轴1的表面、感应硬化层2和过渡层3,其中,所有这些层都沿着轴1的表面的整个长度L延伸。感应硬化层2在所有圆柱形部分2a(在座部、轴体、轴颈和用于密封环的座部区域中)、在过渡部分2b、以及在用于安装驱动齿轮箱的完整区域2c中、以及在邻接的过渡层3中具有逐渐减小的增强梯度。感应硬化层2沿轴1的保护表面的整个长度L具有均匀的深度。过渡层3的深度等于感应硬化层2的深度的至少1.5倍。
工业用途
以上公开的感应硬化层位于轴的整个长度和各个部分上的解决方案旨在用于所有型号的轨道车辆,特别是用于重度受压的轨道车辆和用于高速轨道车辆(其具有高的年度里程,表示为数百万个负载周期)。
Claims (2)
1.一种用于轨道车辆的轴,所述轴优选地用于铁路车辆,所述轴由经热处理的材料制成,其特征在于,在沿着所述轴(1)的表面的整个长度(L)的所有圆柱形部分(2a)和过渡部分(2b)中,所述轴(1)的表面形成有增强的感应硬化层(2),所述感应硬化层具有距所述轴(1)的表面的均匀的深度,并且所述感应硬化层(2)接续有具有逐渐减少的增强梯度的过渡层(3)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于轨道车辆的轴,其特征在于,所述过渡层(3)的深度等于所述感应硬化层(2)的深度的至少1.5倍。
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CZ2016-414A CZ308546B6 (cs) | 2016-07-07 | 2016-07-07 | Náprava pro kolejová vozidla |
CZPV2016-414 | 2016-07-07 | ||
PCT/CZ2017/000045 WO2018006887A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 | 2017-07-04 | Axle for rail vehicles |
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CN109476177A true CN109476177A (zh) | 2019-03-15 |
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US (1) | US20190309382A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3481646A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2019530840A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20190026010A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN109476177A (zh) |
AU (2) | AU2017293982A1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR112019000165A2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA3030074A1 (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ308546B6 (zh) |
HR (1) | HRPK20190242B3 (zh) |
RS (1) | RS1608U1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2734737C2 (zh) |
UA (1) | UA124014C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2018006887A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA201900348B (zh) |
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IT201600081794A1 (it) * | 2016-08-03 | 2018-02-03 | Lucchini Rs Spa | Elemento di protezione di sale montate ferroviarie e relativo metodo di fabbricazione |
AT525536B1 (de) * | 2022-04-27 | 2023-05-15 | Siemens Mobility Austria Gmbh | Welle |
DE202022104384U1 (de) * | 2022-08-02 | 2023-11-14 | Gutehoffnungshütte Radsatz Gmbh | Radsatz mit Pressverbindung für Schienenfahrzeuge |
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JP2010025311A (ja) * | 2008-07-24 | 2010-02-04 | Nsk Ltd | 転がり軸受及びその製造方法 |
JP2012067825A (ja) * | 2010-09-22 | 2012-04-05 | Ntn Corp | 外側継手部材および等速自在継手 |
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2016
- 2016-07-07 CZ CZ2016-414A patent/CZ308546B6/cs unknown
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2017
- 2017-07-04 RU RU2019100564A patent/RU2734737C2/ru active
- 2017-07-04 EP EP17768340.6A patent/EP3481646A1/en active Pending
- 2017-07-04 WO PCT/CZ2017/000045 patent/WO2018006887A1/en unknown
- 2017-07-04 CN CN201780041743.5A patent/CN109476177A/zh active Pending
- 2017-07-04 JP JP2019520771A patent/JP2019530840A/ja active Pending
- 2017-07-04 BR BR112019000165-4A patent/BR112019000165A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2017-07-04 UA UAA201812654A patent/UA124014C2/uk unknown
- 2017-07-04 AU AU2017293982A patent/AU2017293982A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-07-04 US US16/315,184 patent/US20190309382A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-07-04 KR KR1020197003725A patent/KR20190026010A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2017-07-04 RS RS20190001U patent/RS1608U1/sr unknown
- 2017-07-04 CA CA3030074A patent/CA3030074A1/en active Pending
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2019
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- 2019-02-05 HR HRP20190242AA patent/HRPK20190242B3/hr active IP Right Grant
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2023
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US4380480A (en) * | 1981-01-20 | 1983-04-19 | Vallourec | Method of making one-piece tubular axle blanks and the produced axle blanks |
JPH0280539A (ja) * | 1988-09-16 | 1990-03-20 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 窒化用鋼素材 |
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RU2019100564A3 (zh) | 2020-08-28 |
AU2017293982A1 (en) | 2019-01-17 |
JP2019530840A (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
CA3030074A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
RU2019100564A (ru) | 2020-08-07 |
KR20190026010A (ko) | 2019-03-12 |
HRP20190242A2 (hr) | 2019-05-31 |
CZ2016414A3 (cs) | 2018-01-17 |
CZ308546B6 (cs) | 2020-11-18 |
RS1608U1 (sr) | 2019-06-28 |
EP3481646A1 (en) | 2019-05-15 |
BR112019000165A2 (pt) | 2019-04-30 |
AU2023203629A1 (en) | 2023-07-06 |
RU2734737C2 (ru) | 2020-10-22 |
ZA201900348B (en) | 2020-05-27 |
UA124014C2 (uk) | 2021-07-07 |
US20190309382A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
WO2018006887A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
HRPK20190242B3 (hr) | 2020-06-12 |
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