CN109125286A - 用于将治疗剂递送至脑瘤的细菌衍生的、完整的微细胞 - Google Patents
用于将治疗剂递送至脑瘤的细菌衍生的、完整的微细胞 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的名称是用于将治疗剂递送至脑瘤的细菌衍生的、完整的微细胞。完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞的全身性施用导致微细胞以治疗上显著的浓度在脑瘤微环境中快速积聚,而不需要横跨血脑屏障的内皮细胞内吞作用/转胞吞作用或依据常规方法通过其使纳米颗粒进入该微环境的任何其它机制。因此,各种各样的脑瘤,原发性和转移性的,可通过全身性施用由多个这种微细胞组成的治疗有效量的组合物治疗,每个微细胞是抗肿瘤活性剂比如放射性核素、功能性核酸或编码其的质粒或化疗剂的载体。
Description
本申请是分案申请,原申请的申请日为2012年12月12日、申请号为2012800695921、发明名称为“用于将治疗剂递送至脑瘤的细菌衍生的、完整的微细胞”。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年12月13日提交的美国临时申请序列号61/569,907的优先权益处,其内容通过引用将其全部并入本文。
背景技术
原发性脑瘤由衍生自多个不同细胞系的不同组的肿瘤组成。依据世界卫生组织分类(Louis等,2007),中枢神经系统的肿瘤分为星形细胞、少突胶质或其混合(少突星形细胞)。这些肿瘤进一步通过亚型分类,并且基于组织学从I至IV分级,其中等级IV是最具攻击性的。多形性成胶质细胞瘤(GBM),其为原发性恶性脑瘤的最具攻击性形式,占所有原发性脑瘤的大约45%至50%(Wrensch等,2002;Behin等,2003)并且代表年龄35岁以下的成人中第二大癌症死亡原因(Allard等,2009)。
尽管大量的治疗努力,包括肿瘤细胞减灭术、放射治疗和化疗,但是对神经胶质瘤患者的预后仍非常差(Stewart,2002;Stupp等,2005)。大多数最后发展为复发和进行性疾病,在其后中位生存期大约是6个月(Wong等,1999;Lamborn等,2008)。GBM患者的中位生存期约是12–14个月(Stupp等,2005)。
另外,来自原发性肿瘤比如乳腺、肺和皮肤(黑素瘤)的脑转移瘤是显著的并且日益增加的公共健康问题。2009年在美国估计250,000名患者被诊断患有脑转移瘤(Fox等,2011),其大于原发性脑瘤的发病率10倍多(Jemal等,2009)。患有脑转移瘤的患者的预后非常差,并且大部分患者在诊断后仅生存4–6个月。当前治疗方案提供的存活好处比较低(Eichler和Loeffler,2007)。
由于其扩散浸润性质并且邻近重要脑结构,完全外科手术切除神经胶质瘤是几乎不可能的。全身性治疗也被所谓的血脑屏障(BBB)限制。通常,见Cecchelli等(2007)。
该屏障存在于脑的毛细血管内皮内,并且其成为研究目标已超过100年。实际上,从没有将用于脑瘤的大部分药物候选物进行临床的事实(Pardridge,2007)极大地归因于其不能穿过BBB并且实现具有治疗效果的水平(Groothuis,2000)。
尽管在几十年里广泛的努力,在脑癌治疗中的治愈率仍是极差的。因此,脑癌治疗代表了肿瘤学中最大的挑战之一。进一步,BBB是在药物递送至脑瘤中的主要限制因素已成为目前共识。
因此,相当大的努力普遍涉及发现和开发足够小以穿过BBB并且改进GBM患者的存活结果的新药。另外,运送药物经过BBB并且进入脑瘤微环境中的技术处于开发中。
以下是已经研究的试图克服BBB限制的方法。
·高渗BBB破裂(Kroll和Neuwelt,1998)。
·化学屏障修饰(Black等,1997)。
·试图将治疗剂连接至具有横跨BBB的运载蛋白的化合物(Bickel等,2001;Zhang和Pardridge,2007)。
·将药物直接施用至脑瘤和其周围(Hassenbusch等,2002;Hau等,2002;Reardon等,2002;Weber等,2002)。该方法需要将携带药物的晶片放置在肿瘤切除床周围,注入药剂至肿瘤切除腔内或其周围,或直接将药物注入至肿瘤块内。
·对流-加强的递送或“CED”(Bobo等,1994;Morrison等,1994;Hadjipanayis等,2008;Hadjipanayis等,2010)。在CED中,通过注射泵施加小的静水压力差以直接分布注射液至中枢神经系统(CNS)的区域。CED是通过压力梯度提供脑中流体对流的微创外科手术过程,其绕过BBB。通过全身性递送,可将治疗剂递送至脑中而具有最小毒性,因此治疗剂也被递送至通常进入的正常组织和器官。
发明内容
鉴于影响该领域中常规方法的缺点,提供了一种用于全身性施用治疗有效量的由多个完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞组成的组合物的方法,其中多个微细胞的每个包括抗肿瘤剂。出于同样理由,本描述涉及这种组合物制造用于治疗脑瘤的药物的用途。该多个可包括至少约108个微细胞,包括但不限于至少约1010个微细胞。同样地,如本文所描述的组合物可包含少于约10EU游离内毒素和/或每108个微细胞例如每1010个微细胞至多1个母体细菌细胞。
微细胞所包括的抗肿瘤剂可以是放射性核素,例如,比如钇-90、锝-99m、碘-123、碘-131、铷-82、铊-201、镓-67、氟-18、氙-133或铟-111,其可附着至微细胞表面上的蛋白质或糖,或其可附着在微细胞表面上附着的肿瘤靶向配体的表面上。在该文中,该组合物可包含,例如,约30Gy至约100Gy之间的放射性活度。抗肿瘤剂也可以是化疗药物,例如,其中该组合物包含其至多约1mg。此外,抗肿瘤剂可以是功能性核酸或编码功能性核酸的多核苷酸。因此,该功能性核酸可抑制促进肿瘤细胞增殖、血管发生或抵抗化疗和/或抑制细胞凋亡或细胞周期停滞的基因。该类功能性核酸的例子是选自以下的核糖核酸分子:siRNA、miRNA、shRNA、lincRNA、反义RNA和核酶。
依据根据任何上述的某些实施方式,以上提及的多个微细胞的每个可包括对非吞噬哺乳动物细胞表面受体例如肿瘤细胞抗原具有特异性的配体。因此,该配体可包括,例如,特异性识别这种肿瘤细胞抗原的抗体。
本说明书的方法可用于治疗一系列脑瘤,举例但不限于:成胶质细胞瘤、星形细胞肿瘤、少突胶质肿瘤、室管膜瘤、颅咽管瘤、垂体肿瘤、脑的原发性淋巴瘤、松果体肿瘤、脑的原发性生殖细胞肿瘤和其组合。该治疗的肿瘤可以是原发性脑瘤或转移性脑瘤。
从以下详细描述,其它目的、特征和优势将是显而易见的。给出详细描述和具体实施例仅为了阐释,因为在具体实施方式的精神和范围内的多种改变和修饰将从该说明书变得显而易见。
附图简述
图1.对人(U87-MG)和犬脑瘤细胞上EGF受体的定量,所述细胞用抗EGFR MAb处理,接着用R-藻红蛋白结合的山羊抗小鼠IgG处理。使用FACS分析细胞并且与荧光R-藻红蛋白微珠标准品对比。除一抗以外,用相同的方式处理对照细胞。EGFR定量结果揭示,BCD-1、U87-MG、BCD-9、BCD-8和J3T细胞的每个细胞的EGFR浓度(以递减顺序)分别是2,866,854、1,465,755、930,440、774,352和287,622。每个细胞系的结果显示为对照(具有黑色边界的曲线)和抗EGFR MAb处理的(不具有黑色边界的曲线)。
图2.显示细胞增殖(MTS)试验的结果以确定犬和人(U87-MG)脑癌细胞的阿霉素敏感性。误差线,±SEM。
图3.来自FACS分析的代表性直方图显示EGFR微细胞阿霉素与犬和人脑癌细胞结合的效率。在每种情况下,>95%的细胞显示EGFR微细胞阿霉素的显著结合。用非特异性靶向的gp120微细胞阿霉素处理的细胞不显示与细胞的任何结合。抗gp120抗体针对HIV病毒衣壳蛋白gp120,其在任何肿瘤细胞上未发现。
图4.用EGFR微细胞阿霉素和对照gp120微细胞阿霉素处理人和犬脑瘤细胞3小时。在用山羊抗小鼠IgG2a-AF488(绿色荧光,显示为较浅的点画)处理后,可见与肿瘤细胞结合的微细胞,该山羊抗小鼠IgG2a-AF488与用于靶向各自的微细胞的双特异性抗体的抗LPS组分(IgG2a)结合。右手图像或每个垂直图可见阿霉素自发荧光(红色荧光,为较深的点画),并且显示阿霉素在大部分转染细胞的细胞核内。使用Leica荧光显微镜拍摄图像。比例尺,20μm。
图5.在具有晚期脑瘤、用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理后的七条狗中肿瘤稳定/退化。在左手垂直柱中显示在处理每条狗之前(给药前)的MRI扫描。中间和右手垂直柱显示用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理后的MRI扫描,并且显示每个MRI的给药后值。描绘的MRI部分包括矢形的(BCD-1和-6)、轴向的(BCD-2至-5)和冠状的(BCD-7)。每个MRI下方显示肿瘤体积(尺寸以厘米计),并且箭头指示各自肿瘤的位置。
图6.对七条具有脑癌的狗处理后确定血清生物化学参数(BCD-1至BCD7)。每幅图中的水平线代表犬中的正常参考范围。误差线,±SEM。
图7.对七条具有脑癌的狗处理后确定血清血液学参数(BCD-1至BCD7)。每幅图中的水平线代表犬中的正常参考范围。误差线,±SEM。
图8.用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理后,在七条脑癌狗中说明血清TNFα、IL-6和IL-10应答。
图9.描绘用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理后,在7条脑癌狗中(存活的)的抗LPS抗体应答。
图10.图解7条具有脑癌的狗的存活(以天计)(左手y-轴并且用条代表),以及施用的EGFR微细胞阿霉素的剂量值(右手y-轴并且显示为与每个条相关的菱形)。条纹条指示在进行和缓解期的狗。较深的实条指示显示稳定的疾病直到肿瘤复发的狗,可能是由于发展了阿霉素抗性,并且这些狗被安乐死。较浅的实条表示处于缓解期但是由于不相关的感染死亡的狗。
图11.(a)分别显示在三个正交平面(冠状的、矢形的和经轴的)中,共配准的T1对比后MRI和SPECT扫描(i)和(iii),以及融合图像显示(ii)。由箭头指示摄取面积和其位于的区域。该摄取低于脑外焦距,在头的每一侧双向可见,但是其在脑内观察到唯一摄取。
(b)显示另一种动物的结果。经轴视图仅显示MRI(i)和SPECT(iii)。在MRI表明的异常中,强烈摄取是明显的。图像(ii)是T1对比后MRI、SPECT,和融合图像的共配准显示。箭头指示放射性标记的微细胞强烈局部化的区域,其对应在MRI扫描上的异常部分。
(c)显示在注射后30分钟和3小时全身、2D平面图像。伴随甲状腺和一些颈部摄取,早期摄取在肝脏可见,在后期扫描可见一些排泄进入肠。
图12.在Balb/c nu/nu小鼠(每组n=8)中的人胰腺癌(MIA PaCa)异种移植物与游离吉西他滨(Gemcitabine)一起静脉内施用,或与包裹吉西他滨的EGFR-靶向微细胞(EGFR微细胞Gemzar)一起静脉内施用。所有的微细胞处理接收每剂量109个微细胞。处理天数显示在x-轴下方(三角形)。误差线:+/-SEM。该图表显示在施用后指示天数的肿瘤体积。
图13.在Balb/c nu/nu小鼠(每组n=8)的人乳腺癌(MDA-MB-468)异种移植物与游离卡铂(Carboplatin)一起静脉内施用,或与包裹卡铂的非靶向或EGFR-靶向微细胞(EGFR微细胞卡铂)一起静脉内施用。所有的微细胞处理接收每剂量109个微细胞。处理天数显示在x-轴下方(箭头)。误差线:+/-SEM。该图表显示在施用后指示天数的肿瘤体积。
详细描述
本公开提供用于治疗脑瘤的组合物和方法。在这方面,本发明人发现用一种或多种抗肿瘤剂包裹的完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞,当以治疗上显著的浓度全身性施用时,在脑瘤微环境中快速地积聚。该发现是令人意外的,因为直径大约400nm的微细胞比能够穿过血脑屏障(BBB)的颗粒常规理解设为12nm的上限大得多。见Sarin等(2008)和Laquintana等(2009)。
因此,本发明人确定,各种各样的脑瘤,原发性和转移性的,可通过全身性施用治疗有效量的组合物治疗,该组合物由多个这种微细胞组成,每个微细胞是抗肿瘤的活性剂的载体。
(A)定义
除非另有规定,用于该说明书的所有技术和科学术语具有与相关领域技术人员通常所理解的相同的意思。
为了方便,以下提供了在本说明书、实施例和所附权利要求中使用的某些术语和词的意思。整个本说明书定义了其它术语和词。
单数形式“一个(a)”、“一个(an)”和“该(the)”包括复数指代,除非本文另外明确规定。
在本文可互换使用的“癌症(Cancer)”、“瘤(neoplasm)”、“肿瘤(tumor)”、“恶性肿瘤(malignancy)”和“癌瘤(carcinoma)”指展现异常生长表型的细胞或组织,其特征在于细胞增殖控制的显著丧失。本公开的方法和组合物特别应用于恶性细胞、预转移性细胞、转移性细胞和非转移性细胞。
“药物(Drug)”指在动物中,尤其是在哺乳动物和人中产生局部或全身性效果的任何生理学或药理学活性的物质。
在该说明书中互换使用的术语“个体”、“对象”、“宿主”和“患者”指期望对其诊断、处理或治疗的任何哺乳动物对象。个体、对象、宿主或患者可以是人或非人动物。因此,适合的对象可包括但不限于非人灵长类动物、牛、马、狗、猫、天竺鼠、兔、大鼠和小鼠。
术语“治疗(“treatment”、“treating”、“treat”)和类似术语指在脑瘤患者中获得期望的药理学和/或生理学效果。该效果在完全地或部分地防止脑瘤或其症状方面可以是预防性的,和/或在部分或完全稳定化或治愈脑瘤和/或归因于脑瘤的不利效果方面可以是治疗性的。治疗包括哺乳动物,尤其是人的脑瘤的任何治疗。尤其,期望的效果是肿瘤应答,其可以被测量为肿块的减少或肿块增加的抑制。除肿瘤应答以外,整体存活率的增加、无进展存活率或肿瘤复发的时间或不利效果的减少也可临床地用作期望的治疗效果。
(B)治疗
本公开通过实验证据来反映和证实,与本发明人的发现一致,细菌衍生的且完整的微细胞,其直径约为400nm,当静脉(i.v.)施用时,在脑瘤微环境中以治疗上显著的浓度快速地积聚。本发明人也发现该脑瘤穿透不依赖BBB内皮细胞内吞作用/转胞吞作用或依赖任何其它机制——已经提出纳米颗粒是通过这些机制进入脑瘤微环境。因此,从常规知识的优势,这些发现是非常意料不到的。
1.关于穿过BBB的尺寸限制的常规知识
已考虑纳米颗粒作为经过BBB服药的潜在载体(Juillerat-Jeanneret,2008)。在这方面,示例性的是一种纳米颗粒药物递送策略,其旨在通过纳米颗粒与包括BBB的内皮细胞的内腔中的受体结合,接着横跨内皮细胞并且进入脑瘤微环境的内吞作用和转胞吞作用,进行克服。另一方法涉及开发以下讨论的“加强渗透和滞留效应”,以实现颗粒通过BBB的内皮细胞之间的微小间隙。
2.纳米颗粒的转胞吞作用
显示包被聚山梨醇酯80(80)的聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯(PBCA)纳米颗粒能够实现脑递送不以游离形式穿过BBB的许多药物(Kreuter等,1995、1997、2001、2002、2003和2008;Steiniger等,2004)。
因为聚山梨醇酯80选择性地促进在这些纳米颗粒表面上某些血浆蛋白质,尤其是载脂蛋白E和B的吸收(Petri等,2007;Re等,2011),因此它使得这些纳米颗粒与各自的低密度脂蛋白受体能够结合(LDLr;Xin等,2011),该脂蛋白受体已知在与BBB相关的毛细血管内皮细胞中过表达(Dehouck等,1994)。
与LDLr结合后,纳米颗粒通过血管内皮细胞纳入(Zensi等,2009),横跨这些细胞进行胞转,并且然后运送至脑瘤微环境中。
全世界对治疗脑瘤的纳米颗粒的努力开发集中于发现通过胞转与BBB相关的内皮细胞跨越BBB并且进入脑瘤微环境的创新方式。鉴于这些颗粒在细胞内胞转运动期间必须保持完整并且不被溶酶体降解的事实,这是主要的挑战。后者是高度酸性的细胞内区室,其通常降解内吞物质。
该方法另外的严重缺点是LDLr对BBB不唯一的事实。它仅在与BBB相关的内皮细胞中是过表达的。因此,由于这些受体遍及位于整个循环系统的内皮细胞中,所以这些纳米颗粒具有进入大量的正常组织和正常中枢神经系统的可能。至今,还没有发现仅对与BBB相关的血管的唯一的受体,并且因此对正常组织的严重毒性潜在性仍值得关注。
3.被动进入脑瘤
近来证据指示在恶性神经胶质瘤微脉管系统的BBB中的孔大小的生理学上限仅约为12nm(Sarin等,2008)。进一步,已显示分子需要像<400道尔顿一样小(Bickel,2005;Pardridge,2007)以能够穿过在BBB中发现的孔。
该大小约束在本领域的研究和临床中广泛地接受。例如,回顾近来文献得出结论:纳米颗粒需要小于12nm并且具有长的血液半衰期,以穿过恶性神经胶质瘤微脉管系统的BBB(Laquintana等,2009)。
在这方面,研究了多种纳米颗粒,包括脂质体、聚合物纳米颗粒、固体脂质纳米颗粒、聚合物微胶粒和树形分子。在静脉施用后,这些颗粒可外渗进入脑瘤,这是由于脑瘤血管的破裂的BBB,但是也以较小程度上进入正常脑组织(Moghimi等,2005)。
在具有破裂的BBB的脑瘤中纳米颗粒的被动靶向通常与以上提及的加强的渗透性和滞留(EPR)效果相关联,其被认为在药物递送至实体瘤中起到重要作用。例如,Laquintana等(2009)反映了当前观点:典型地范围在50至150nm之间的脂质体保持在微脉管系统内,从而形成胶囊的小化疗药物横跨脂质体膜和横跨具有恶性神经胶质瘤的BBB的孔而扩散。因此,不认为较大的微粒(50至150nm)能够经屏障中的破裂通过BBB外渗。
因此常规理解是,为了经EPR作用被动地穿过BBB并且在脑瘤微环境中达到药理学显著的量,纳米颗粒大小应该<12nm,和大分子,比如药物,应该具有<400道尔顿的分子量。该理解在Pardridge(2010)的综述文章中被强调,其强调“在脑药物开发中单个最重要的因素是有效的脑药物靶向技术的可用性”。
这是因为中枢神经系统(CNS)的大多数候选药物不穿过血脑屏障(BBB)。生物制药,其为大分子药物,不穿过BBB。因此,在没有脑靶向技术的情况下,重组蛋白质、单克隆抗体、肽、短干扰RNA(siRNA)和基因疗法不能用于脑,因为这些药物不穿过BBB。关于小分子,通常假定这些药物的确穿过BBB。然而,>98%的所有小分子不穿过BBB(Pardridge等,2005)。仅具有<400道尔顿(Da)的分子量(MW)的脂溶性小分子经脂类介导穿过BBB。然而,大多数小分子药物或具有MW>400Da,或具有高水溶性,其阻止通过BBB的自由扩散。因此,即使CNS药物开发者关注小分子,很可能仍需要BBB药物靶向技术用于成功完成大部分药物的CNS小分子药物开发程序。
4.进入脑瘤的另外屏障
除了BBB,脑摄取进一步被在脑毛细血管内皮细胞中相对微量的窗孔和胞饮泡,以及被周围细胞外基质、外周细胞和星状细胞足突的存在限制(Hawkins和Davis,2005)。另外地,由于将药物从脑中移出的大量的药物运输蛋白,BBB通常被认为不受药物和大分子的影响。
例如,已显示依赖于ATP的运载蛋白可严格地限制治疗剂的脑穿透,甚至是预测相对容易穿过BBB的具有良好的物理化学性质的那些。这些运载蛋白的大部分属于两个超家族,ATP-结合盒(ABC)和溶质载体蛋白家族。P-糖蛋白(P-gp,ABCB1)、抗乳腺癌蛋白(BCRP,ABCG2)和多药耐性相关蛋白(MRPs,ABCCs)是ABC家族的重要成员。见Schinkel(1999),Borst等(2000),Sun等(2003),Schinkel和Jonker(2003),Kusuhara和Sugiyama(2005),Loscher和Potschka(2005),和Nicolazzo和Katneni(2009)。
因此,本发明人确实令人意外的发现,尽管微细胞显著大于(~400nm)进入脑瘤的纳米颗粒的一致上限大小(<12nm)的事实,但是完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞在脑瘤中积聚。也出乎意料的发现微细胞经破裂的BBB被动地进入脑。在这方面,本发明人令人意外的观察到,与脑瘤相关的血管不仅是BBB类型的。甚至在早期阶段,发现生长肿瘤具有许多血管,尤其是在其核处。这种血管显示完整性的损失;即,该血管具有大穿孔并且是“渗漏的”,不像BBB类型血管。违反常规理解,因此,与微细胞一样大的微粒,即,比以上讨论的BBB的一致孔大小限制大的多,然而小于渗漏的血管壁中的穿孔;因此,它们可通过这些穿孔被动地外渗并且进入脑瘤微环境。
此外,依据该发现,本发明人发现相对大尺寸的完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞事实上是积极(positive)的,甚至是在脑瘤微环境中如何快速地实现治疗上显著的微细胞浓度的关键因素。微粒越小,即,微粒将越可能被血管中的血流动限制。相比之下,微细胞是相对更大质量的微粒,并且因此它们被血流动产生的力影响较小。因此,微细胞更可能沿着路径通过毛细血管,这导致对毛细血管的内皮细胞壁重复的碰撞。该纯粹的物理现象增加了微细胞作为更大的微粒被推动通过渗漏脉管系统中的穿孔的可能性,如本发明人发现,该穿孔是肿瘤中破裂的BBB的标志。
在人脑中有大于1千亿的毛细血管,呈现大约400英里的全长,但这些毛细血管的内皮细胞内的体积仅约1μL/g脑(Pardridge,2011)。根据该发现,相信脑中血管的非常高的密度也有助于微细胞在脑瘤中快速、高浓度的积聚。
认识到与BBB相关的毛细血管内腔的直径因此可以如1μm那么小,本发明人领悟到与完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞(~400nm)一样大的微粒约是与BBB相关的毛细血管的直径的一半,并且因此将快速地从其中空隙大于400nm大小的破裂的BBB外渗。另一方面,因为在哺乳动物身体的正常脉管系统中的穿孔不超过约100μm大小,所以依据该发现,全身性引入的完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞被保留在通常的血管系统中,直到它们被在网状内皮系统中的专门的吞噬细胞清理,或直到它们被动地从渗漏脉管系统外渗进入脑瘤微环境。
因此,当以相等数量静脉施用两种类型的纳米颗粒时,例如,直径小于12nm的纳米颗粒和完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞,则会预期较小微粒的循环浓度会快速地下降,因为它们会从正常组织的血液循环中外渗,该正常组织中的脉管系统具有大于12nm的孔。例如,已知肝脏和胃肠组织具有约100nm的正常脉管系统穿孔(Wisse等,2008),并且周围皮肤具有~40nm范围的穿孔。相比之下,微细胞太大以至于不能从正常脉管系统中离开;因此,预期它们在正常血液循环中保持高浓度,从而较大数量会外渗进入脑瘤微环境,如上所述。
根据一个实施方式,因此,本公开提供用于脑瘤的疗法,其需要施用治疗有效量的由多个完整的、细菌衍生的、携带抗肿瘤剂的微细胞组成的组合物。包含微细胞的组合物的施用优选地是全身性的,例如,静脉或动脉内。
(C)抗肿瘤剂
正如指出,本公开的微细胞组合物在将抗肿瘤剂递送至脑瘤中是有用的。在该文中,词“抗肿瘤剂”指阻止或抑制肿瘤细胞的生长、发展、成熟或扩散的化学或生物学药物。
在该公开的文中,与常规医疗实践一致,选择用于治疗给定的脑瘤患者的抗肿瘤剂取决于若干因素。这些因素包括但不限于患者的年龄、卡氏评分(Karnofsky Score)和患者以前可能接受过哪些治疗。通常,见Principles或Practice of Neuro-Oncology,M.Mehta(Demos Medical Publishing 2011),和Principles Of Neuro-Oncology,D.Schiff或P.O’Neill,eds.(McGraw-Hill2005)
更通常,推荐对给定脑癌适用的护理标准,首先,临床考虑应告知要使用的活性剂的选择。该观点将指导,例如,从以下表1中复制的列表的活性剂选择,其为洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学公布的适于治疗脑瘤的抗肿瘤剂。
表1.用于治疗脑瘤的已知抗肿瘤剂
根据本公开,药物也可选自以下详述的类别之一,用于包裹进入完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞,然后其被施用以治疗脑癌。
·多官能烷化剂,例举环磷酰胺(Cytoxan)、氮芥(Mechlorethamine)、美法仑(Melphalan(Alkeran))、苯丁酸氮芥(Chlorambucil(Leukeran))、噻替派(Thiopeta(Thioplex))、白消安(Busulfan(Myleran))。
·烷化药物,例举丙卡巴肼(Matulane)、达卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine)(DTIC)、六甲蜜胺(Hexalen)、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂(Platinol)、卡铂、异环磷酰胺(Ifosafamide)、奥沙利铂(Oxaliplatin)。
·抗代谢药,例举甲氨蝶呤(MTX)、6-硫嘌呤(Thiopurines)(巯基嘌呤(Mercaptopurine)[6-MP]、硫鸟嘌呤(Thioguanine)[6-TG])、巯基嘌呤(Purinethol)、硫鸟嘌呤、磷酸氟达拉滨(Fludarabine phosphate)、克拉屈滨(Cladribine):(Leustatin)、喷司他丁(Pentostatin)、氟尿嘧啶(Flurouracil(5-FU))、阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine(ara-C))、阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine)。
·植物碱、萜类和拓扑异构酶抑制剂,例举长春碱(Vinblastine(Velban))、长春新碱(Vincristine(Oncovin))、长春地辛(Vindesine)、长春瑞滨(Vinorelbine)、鬼臼毒素(Podophyllotoxins)(依托泊苷(etoposide){VP-16}和替尼泊苷(teniposide){VM-26})、喜树碱(Camptothecins)(拓扑替康(topotecan)和伊立替康(irinotecan))、紫杉烷(Taxanes)比如紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)(泰素)和多烯紫杉醇(Docetaxel)(多西他赛(Taxotere))。
·抗生素,例举阿霉素(Adriamycin、Rubex、Doxil)、柔红霉素(Daunorubicin)、伊达比星(Idarubicin)、更生霉素(Cosmegen)、普卡霉素(Mithramycin)、丝裂霉素(Mitomycin):(Mutamycin)、博莱霉素(Blenoxane)。
·激素剂,例举雌激素和雄激素抑制剂(他莫昔芬(Tamoxifen)和氟他胺(Flutamide))、促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(亮丙瑞林(Leuprolide)和戈舍瑞林(Goserelin(Zoladex)))、芳香酶抑制剂(氨鲁米特(Aminoglutethimide)和阿那曲唑(Anastrozole(Arimidex)))。
·多种抗癌药物,例举安吖啶(Amsacrine)、天冬酰胺酶(Asparaginase(El-spar))、羟基脲(Hydroxyurea)、米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone(Novantrone))、米托坦(Mitotane(Lysodren))、视黄酸衍生物(Retinoic acid Derivatives)、骨髓生长因子(沙格司亭(sargramostim)和非格司亭(filgrastim))、氨磷汀(Amifostine)。
·干扰叶酸代谢的药物,例如,培美曲塞(Pemetrexed)。
·DNA低甲基化药物,例如,阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine)、地西他滨(Decitabine)。
·聚(二磷酸腺苷[ADP]-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)途径抑制剂,比如Iniparib、Olaparib、Veliparib。
·PI3K/Akt/mTOR途径抑制剂,例如,依维莫司(Everolimus)。
·组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂,例如,伏立诺他(Vorinostat)、恩替诺特(Entinostat)(SNDX-275)、莫替司他(Mocetinostat)(MGCD0103)、帕比司他(Panobinostat)(LBH589)、罗咪酯肽(Romidepsin)、丙戊酸(Valproic acid)。
·细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDK)抑制剂,例如,夫拉平度(Flavopiridol)、奥罗莫星(Olomoucine)、Roscovitine、Kenpaullone、AG-024322(Pfizer)、Fascaplysin、Ryuvidine、Purvalanol A、NU2058、BML-259、SU 9516、PD-0332991、P276–00。
·热激蛋白(HSP90)抑制剂,例如,格尔德霉素(Geldanamycin)、坦螺旋霉素(Tanespimycin)、阿螺旋霉素(Alvespimycin)、根赤壳菌素(Radicicol)、鱼藤素(Deguelin)、BIIB021。
·鼠双微体2(MDM2)抑制剂,例如,顺式咪唑啉(Cis-imidazoline)、苯并二氮杂二酮(Benzodiazepinedione)、螺-羟吲哚(Spiro-oxindoles)、异喹啉(Isoquinolinone)、噻吩(Thiophene)、5-脱氮黄素(Deazaflavin)、色胺(Tryptamine)。
·间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)抑制剂,例如,氨基吡啶(Aminopyridine)、二氨基嘧啶(Diaminopyrimidine)、吡啶并异喹啉(Pyridoisoquinoline)、吡咯吡唑(Pyrrolopyrazole)、吲哚咔唑(Indolocarbazole)、吡咯并嘧啶(Pyrrolopyrimidine)、二苯胺基嘧啶(Dianilinopyrimidine)。
·聚[ADP核糖]聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂,例举苯甲酰胺(Benzamide)、二氮杂萘酮(Phthalazinone)、三环吲哚(Tricyclic indole)、苯并咪唑(Benzimidazole)、吲唑(Indazole)、吡咯并咔唑(Pyrrolocarbazole)、二氮杂萘酮(Phthalazinone)、异吲哚啉酮(Isoindolinone)。
本公开中可使用的活性剂不限于以上列举的那些药物类别或具体药物。不同的发现平台持续获得针对癌细胞的独特分子特征的新药;实际上,已发现成千上万的这种化学和生物学药物,此处仅列出了其中的一些。但是,依据本公开的发现,完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞适应包裹多种多样活性剂——亲水或疏水的——的令人意外的能力意味着基本上任何这种药物当包裹在微细胞中时具有治疗脑癌的潜力。
原则上,用于治疗脑瘤的给定抗肿瘤剂的潜在适应性部分地随药物是否被有效地递送至脑中变化。由于本发现的益处,凭借该益处携带药物的微细胞跨越BBB并且特定地将药物有效载荷递送进脑瘤中,在治疗脑瘤中否则不会证明有效的许多药物现在将是用于这种治疗的可行的候选物。因此,在该说明书中,“抗肿瘤剂”词语不限于对脑癌治疗具有已知功效的药物,但是也包括确定具有一种或多种以上提及的抗肿瘤细胞的活性的药物。
同样,该类抗肿瘤剂的示例是放射性核素、化疗药物和多功能性核酸,包括但不限于调控RNA。
1.放射性核素
“放射性核素”是具有不稳定核的原子,即,其特征在于过量可用能量被赋予核内新产生的放射微粒或原子电子。因此,放射性核素经历放射性衰变,和放射伽马射线(一种或多种)和/或亚原子微粒。本领域已知大量的放射性核素,并且已知其许多适于医疗用途,比如钇-90、锝-99m、碘-123、碘-131、铷-82、铊-201、镓-67、氟-18、氙-133和铟-111。
已发现放射性核素在核医学中广泛的用途,具体地用作破坏肿瘤细胞的β射线发射剂。因此,放射性核素适合用作本公开中的抗肿瘤剂。
放射性核素可通过任何已知技术与完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞关联。因此,蛋白质或其它微细胞表面部分(见下文)可以用放射性核素标记,其使用商业上可获得的标记手段,比如使用皮埃尔碘化(Pierce Iodination)试剂——皮埃尔生物技术公司(PierceBiotechnology Inc.)(罗克福德(Rockford),IL)的产品,在Rice等(2011)详述。可选地,放射性核素可并入微细胞内部的蛋白质。
在后一种情况中,用编码外源蛋白质的质粒DNA转化产生微细胞的细菌菌株。当微细胞在细胞不对称分裂期间形成时,质粒DNA的若干拷贝分离为微细胞细胞质。由质粒DNA,在存在放射标记的氨基酸的情况下,在使得外源蛋白质在微细胞内部表达的条件下,所得的重组微细胞被温育,并入携带放射性核素的氨基酸。依据Clark-Curtiss和Curtiss的方案(1983),例如,重组微细胞在包含35S-甲硫氨酸的最小生长培养基中温育,从而新表达的质粒编码的蛋白质并入35S-甲硫氨酸。可使用相似方法以使得重组微细胞如期望的被其它放射性标记包裹。
例如,使用Fukuda描述的已经确立的方案(1994),在微细胞表面上的寡糖也可以被放射标记。微细胞特有的这种寡糖的示例是在衍生自格兰氏阴性细菌的微细胞表面上发现的脂多糖(LPS)的O-多糖组分(见以下)。
在这方面,优选的方法是放射性标记用于将微细胞靶向至特定肿瘤的双特异性抗体。见下文部分G和美国专利公开2007/0237744,其内容通过引用并入本文。即,“包被”在微细胞上的双特异性抗体暴露显著量的另外的表面蛋白质用于放射性标记。因此,可能实现与包被抗体的微细胞相关的放射性标记的较高比活性。相比之下,非包被的微细胞的放射性标记,即,当放射性核素仅标记特有的部分时,可产生较弱的标记(较低的比活性)。在一个实施方式中,认为较弱的标记的出现是因为衍生自格兰氏阴性细菌的微细胞的与外膜相关的蛋白质被LPS掩盖,如以下进一步讨论,该LPS包括覆盖微细胞表面的O-多糖的长链。
对于治疗脑瘤,本公开的组合物将以一次给药或多次给药被递送,其完全提供一定程度的肿瘤内放射,如果不消除全部肿瘤,至少足以减少肿块。可根据具体情况沿着这样的思路监测治疗的进展。然而,通常而言,在组合物中包裹的放射性活度的量典型地大概约为30至50Gy,虽然本发明也涉及更高量的放射性活度,即约50至100Gy,这给出了在约30Gy和约100Gy之间的整体范围。
在一些情况下,包裹在组合物中放射性活度的量甚至可以低于以上提及的,前提是微细胞携带的放射性核素被高效和特定的递送至脑瘤。因此,在一方面,组合物包含从约20至40Gy,或约10至30Gy,或约1至约20Gy,或少于10Gy。
2.化疗药物
本公开中使用的抗肿瘤剂也可以是化疗药物。在该说明书中,“化疗药物”、“化疗剂”和“化疗”可互换地使用以指示能够杀死或破坏肿瘤细胞的药物。化疗剂可以是小分子药物或生物药物,如以下进一步详述。
“小分子药物”亚类包括有机化合物,其特征在于具有(i)对生物学过程的影响和(ii)与大分子对比,相对低的分子量。小分子药物通常约为800道尔顿或更少,其中“约”指示合格的分子量值经历测量精度的变化和大概几个道尔顿或十几道尔顿的实验误差。因此,小分子药物可具有约900道尔顿或更少,约800或更少,约700或更少,约600或更少,约500或更少,或约400道尔顿或更少的分子量。更具体地,小分子化疗药物可具有约400道尔顿或更多,约450道尔顿或更多,约500道尔顿或更多,约550道尔顿或更多,约600道尔顿或更多,约650道尔顿或更多,约700道尔顿或更多,或约750道尔顿或更多的分子量。在另一种实施方式中,包裹在微细胞中的小分子化疗药物具有在约400和约900道尔顿之间,在约450和约900道尔顿之间,在约450和约850道尔顿之间,在约450和约800道尔顿之间,在约500和约800道尔顿之间,或在约550和约750道尔顿之间的分子量。
为了该描述的目的,相比之下,“生物药物”被定义以指示通过生物学过程可产生的任何生物学活性的大分子,不包括以下讨论的“多功能性核酸”和通过大小限定为小分子药物的多肽,如以上所限定。因此,“生物药物”亚类不包括小分子药物和多功能性核酸亚类并且不与其重叠。生物药物的示例是,天然的或重组的或例如使用药物化学和药物设计的工具合成地制造的治疗性蛋白质和抗体。
此前广泛理解大于400道尔顿的分子不能够穿过在BBB中发现的孔(Bickel,2005;Pardridge,2007);因此,它们不适于治疗脑瘤。然而,当包裹在微细胞中时,这种化疗药物绕过BBB到达靶向的脑瘤细胞。
此外,设计用于化疗目的的某些分子,无论小分子药物或生物药物,然而由于不能接受的毒性或其它安全考虑在临床前或临床试验期间失败。本发明人已显示将化疗药物包裹在微细胞中,接着全身性递送至肿瘤患者,比如脑瘤患者,导致药物递送至肿瘤细胞。进一步,甚至在肿瘤细胞被破坏和包含药物的细胞质被释放至附近正常组织后,该结果对正常组织没有毒性。这是因为药物已经与肿瘤细胞结构比如DNA结合,并且不再攻击正常细胞。因此,本发明对于将高毒性的化疗药物递送至肿瘤患者是尤其有用的。
在该说明书中的词“高毒性的化疗药物”或“剧毒性化疗药物”指与其对于靶向癌症的有效剂量相比,具有相对低的致死剂量的化疗药物。因此,在一方面,高毒性的化疗药物对于靶向癌症具有低于其半数有效剂量(ED50)的半数致死剂量(LD50),该靶向癌症比如(1)对其设计该药物的癌症类型,(2)其中对该药物运行临床前或临床试验的第一种癌症类型,或(3)其中该药物在所有测试的癌症中显示最高功效的癌症类型。例如,高毒性的化疗药物可具有的LD50低于药物对于靶向癌症的ED50的约500%、400%、300%、250%、200%、150%、120%或100%。在另一方面,高毒性的化疗药物的最大亚致死剂量(即,不引起严重的或不可逆的毒性的最高剂量)低于其对于靶向癌症的最小有效剂量,例如,最小有效剂量的约500%、400%、300%、250%、200%、150%、120%、100%、90%、80%、70%、60%或50%。
因此,根据本描述的一个实施方式,对象中的脑瘤通过包括全身性施用治疗有效量的由多个完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞组成的组合物的方法治疗,其每个微细胞包括高毒性的化疗药物。以下讨论的美登素类(Maytansinoids)和倍癌霉素类(duocarmycins)代表如此使用的剧毒性化疗药物类。
在该上下文中适合的癌症化疗药物包括氮芥(nitrogen mustards)、亚硝化单胞菌(nitrosorueas)、乙烯亚胺(ethyleneimine)、烷基磺酸盐(alkane sulfonate)、四嗪(tetrazine)、铂化合物、嘧啶类似物、嘌呤类似物、抗代谢药、叶酸类似物、蒽环类(anthracyclines)、紫杉烷(taxanes)、长春花生物碱(vinca alkaloids)、拓扑异构酶抑制剂(topoisomerase inhibitor)和激素剂,等等。
作为小分子药物亚类的例子的化疗药物是放线菌素D、Alkeran、Ara-C、阿那曲唑、BiCNU、比卡鲁胺(Bicalutamide)、博莱霉素、白消安、卡培他滨(Capecitabine)、卡铂、碳铂(Carboplatinum)、卡莫司汀、CCNU、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、CPT-11、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、胞嘧啶阿糖核苷、环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、更生霉素、柔红霉素、右雷佐生(Dexrazoxane)、多烯紫杉醇、阿霉素(Doxorubicin)、DTIC、表柔比星(Epirubicin)、乙烯亚胺、依托泊苷、氟尿苷(Floxuridine)、氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶、氟他胺、福莫司汀、吉西他滨、六甲铵、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊立替康、洛莫司汀、氮芥、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托坦、米托蒽醌、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、帕米膦酸盐、喷司他丁、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、类固醇、链脲菌素(Streptozocin)、STI-571、链脲菌素、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、四嗪、硫鸟嘌呤、噻替哌、雷替曲塞、拓扑替康、曲奥舒凡、曲美沙特、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞滨、VP-16和希罗达(Xeloda)。
美登素类(分子量:~738道尔顿)是美登素的一组化学衍生物,其具有强的细胞毒性。虽然由于毒性考虑,认为对于人类患者使用不安全,但是依据本发明,美登素类适于经微细胞递送至脑瘤患者。
倍癌霉素类(分子量:~588道尔顿)是首先从链霉素细菌分离的一系列相关天然产品。它们也具有强的细胞毒性,但是认为对于人使用是不安全的。像美登素类一样,倍癌霉素类是用于本发明的适合的化疗药物。
生物化疗药物的亚类包括但不限于天冬酰胺酶、AIN-457、巴比纽珠单抗(Bapineuzumab)、贝利木单抗(Belimumab)、Brentuximab、Briakinumab、卡那单抗(Canakinumab)、西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)、达妥珠单抗(Dalotuzumab)、地诺单抗(Denosumab)、依帕珠单抗(Epratuzumab)、Estafenatox、法利珠单抗(Farletuzumab)、芬妥木单抗(Figitumumab)、加利昔单抗(Galiximab)、吉妥珠单抗(Gemtuzumab)、吉瑞昔单抗(Girentuximab)(WX-G250)、赫赛汀(Herceptin)、替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab)、英妥珠单抗(Inotuzumab)、易普利单抗(Ipilimumab)、美泊利单抗(Mepolizumab)、莫罗单抗(Muromonab)-CD3、他那莫单抗(Naptumomab)、奈昔木单抗(Necitumumab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、奥克珠单抗(Ocrelizumab)、奥法木单抗(Ofatumumab)、奥昔珠单抗(Otelixizumab)、奥佐米星(Ozogamicin)、帕昔单抗(Pagibaximab)、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、帕妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)、雷莫芦单抗(Ramucirumab)、瑞利珠单抗(Reslizumab)、利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)、REGN88、苏兰珠单抗(Solanezumab)、他尼珠单抗(Tanezumab)、替利珠单抗(Teplizumab)、替伊莫单抗(Tiuxetan)、托西莫单抗(Tositumomab)、曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)、特利姆单抗(Tremelimumab)、维珠单抗(Vedolizumab)、扎鲁木单抗(Zalutumumab)和Zanolimumab。
该组合物可包含至多约1mg的化疗药物。可选地,化疗药物的量至多约750μg、500μg、250μg、100μg、50μg、10μg、5μg、1μg、0.5μg或0.1μg。在另一方面中,当不被包裹进微细胞使用时,组合物包含化疗药物的量少于所述治疗有效量的药物的约1/1,000或可选地少于约1/2,000、1/5,000、1/10,000、1/20,000、1/50,000、1/100,000、1/200,000或1/500,000。依据本公开的仍另一方面,组合物可包含至少约1nmol的化疗药物。因此,本公开也包括其中化疗药物的量至少分别约2nmol、约3nmol、约4nmol、约5nmol、约10nmol、约20nmol、约50nmol、约100nmol和约800nmol的实施方式。
3.功能性核酸
“功能性核酸”指当引入宿主细胞中时,特异性干扰蛋白质的表达的核酸分子。关于治疗脑瘤,根据本公开,优选的是,经完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞递送至肿瘤细胞的功能性核酸有效载荷抑制促进肿瘤细胞增殖、血管发生或抵抗化疗和/或抑制细胞凋亡的或细胞周期停滞的基因(即,“肿瘤促进基因”)。
通常的情况是,本公开中使用的功能性核酸分子通过与蛋白质的转录物相互作用具有减少蛋白质表达的能力。本公开的该类微细胞有效载荷包括调控RNA,比如siRNA、shRNA、短RNA(典型地长度少于400个碱基)、小分子RNA(miRNA)、核酶和诱饵RNA、反义核酸和LincRNA等等。在这方面,“核酶”指具有以核苷酸碱基序列特异性方式重复地切割其它RNA分子的酶活性的RNA分子。“反义寡核苷酸”指与一部分的具体基因转录物互补的核酸分子,使得该分子可与转录物杂交和阻挡其翻译。反义寡核苷酸可包括RNA或DNA。“LincRNA”或“长的基因间非编码RNA”词语包括编码长于200个核苷酸的转录物的非蛋白质。LincRNA可调节基因的转录、拼接和/或翻译,例如,如Khalil等,Proc Nat’l Acad。USA 106:11667-72(2009)所讨论。
每种类型的调控RNA可以是功能性核酸分子的来源,其如上所述抑制肿瘤促进基因,并且因此,其适于根据本公开使用。因此,在本公开的一个优选的实施方式中,完整的微细胞携带介导转录后的基因沉默RNA干扰(RNAi)机制的siRNA分子,可利用其靶向肿瘤促进基因。例如,见MacDiarmid等,Nature Biotech.27:645-51(2009)(抗体呈递微细胞递送剂,和化疗药物、siRNA,其阻止对药物产生抗性),以及Oh和Park,Advanced Drug DeliveryRev.61:850-62(2009)(递送治疗性siRNA以分别治疗乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫颈癌、肝癌、肺癌和前列腺癌)。
如指出,“siRNA”通常指从长约10至约30个核苷酸的双链RNA分子,其被命名是因为它们特异性干扰蛋白质表达的能力。优选地,siRNA分子长是12-28个核苷酸,更优选地长15-25个核苷酸,仍更优选地长19-23个核苷酸和最优选地长21-23个核苷酸。因此,siRNA分子的长度可以是12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28或29个核苷酸。
一条链的长度表示siRNA分子的长度。例如,描述为长21个核糖核苷酸(21-mer)的siRNA可包括对19个连续的碱基配对退火的RNA的两条相反链。在每条链上两条剩下的核糖核苷酸形成“悬挂”。当siRNA包含两条不同长度的链时,较长的链表示siRNA的长度。例如,包含长21个核苷酸的一条链和长20个核苷酸的第二条链的dsRNA构成21-mer。
帮助特定地设计siRNA和调控RNA的工具通常是现成的。例如,基于计算机的siRNA设计工具在网络www.dharmacon.com是可用的。
在另一种优选的实施方式中,本公开的完整的微细胞携带miRNA,像siRNA,其能够介导转录后的基因沉默RNA干扰(RNAi)机制。也像siRNA,可利用通过miRNA介导的基因沉默效果以靶向肿瘤促进基因。例如,见Kota等,Cell 137:1005-17(2009)(在鼠肝癌模型中miRNA经转染的递送导致抑制癌细胞增殖、肿瘤特异性细胞凋亡,并且明显避免疾病进展,而没有毒性),以及Takeshita,等,Molec.Ther.18:181-87(2010)(合成miRNA经瞬时转染的递送抑制转移性前列腺肿瘤细胞在骨组织上的生长)。
虽然二者都介导RNA干扰,已指出miRNA和siRNA不同。在这方面,“miRNA”通常指一类17至27个核苷酸的单链RNA分子(而不是如在siRNA的情况中的双链)。因此,miRNA分子的长度可以是17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27个核苷酸。优选地,miRNA分子长是21-25个核苷酸。
在miRNA和siRNA之间的另一不同是前者通常不完全补充mRNA靶。另一方面,siRNA必须完全地与mRNA靶互补。因此,siRNA通常导致单一的特定靶的沉默,而miRNA是混杂的。
另外,虽然二者都装配进入RISC(RNA-诱导的沉默复合物),但在RISC装配前,siRNA和miRNA在它们各自的初步加工中不同。在Chu等,PLoSBiology 4:1122-36(2006),和Gregory等,Methods in Molecular Biology 342:33-47(2006)中详细描述了这些不同。
许多数据库充当miRNA存储库。例如见miRBase(www.mirbase.org)和tarbase(http://diana.cslab.ece.ntua.gr/DianaToolsNew/index.php?r=tarbase/index)。在常规用法中,miRNA典型地以前缀“-mir”结合顺序号命名。例如,在小鼠mir-352后发现的新的miRNA将命名为小鼠mir-353。
此外,帮助设计包括miRNA的调控RNA的工具是现成的。在这方面,基于计算机的miRNA设计工具在网络wmd2.weigelworld.org/cgi-bin/mirnatools.pl是可得的。
如以上指出,在该公开中使用的功能性核酸可抑制促进肿瘤细胞增殖、血管发生或抵抗化疗的基因。该抑制的基因自身也可抑制细胞凋亡或细胞周期停滞。以下提供了功能性核酸可靶向的基因的例子。
该公开的多功能性核酸优选地靶向促进药物抗性、抑制细胞凋亡或促进肿瘤表型的蛋白质的基因或转录物。本领域已实现在这些背景下的功能性核酸策略的成功应用,但是不具有微细胞载体的好处。见,例如,Sioud(2004),Caplen(2003),Nieth等(2003),Caplen和Mousses(2003),Duxbury等(2004),Yague等(2004)和Duan等(2004)。
有助于药物抗性的蛋白质构成功能性核酸的优选的靶。该蛋白质可有助于获得性药物抗性或内在药物抗性。当患病细胞比如肿瘤细胞最初应答药物,但是在随后的治疗周期变得难治疗时,获得该抗性表型。在获得性药物抗性中涉及的有用的靶包括ATP结合盒运载蛋白比如P-糖蛋白(P-gp、P-170、PGY1、MDR1、ABCB1、MDR-相关蛋白质,多药耐性蛋白质1)、MDR-2和MDR-3。MRP2(多药抗性相关蛋白质)、BCR-ABL(断点簇区域–阿贝尔森原癌基因)、与STI-571抗性相关的蛋白质、与肺抗性相关的蛋白质、环氧合酶-2、核因子κ、XRCC1(X射线交叉互补组1)、ERCC1(切除交叉互补基因)、GSTP1(谷胱甘肽S-转移酶)、突变体β-微管蛋白和生长因子比如IL-6是在获得性药物抗性中涉及的另外的靶。
有助于药物抗性的具体有用的靶包括ATP结合盒运载蛋白比如P-糖蛋白、MDR-2、MDR-3、BCRP、APT11a和LRP。
有用的靶也包括促进细胞凋亡抗性的蛋白质。这些包括Bcl-2(B细胞白血病/淋巴瘤)、Bcl-XL、A1/Bfl 1、黏着斑激酶、二氢二醇脱氢酶和p53突变体蛋白质。
有用的靶进一步包括致癌的和突变的肿瘤抑制蛋白。这些的例子是β-链蛋白、PKC-α(蛋白质激酶C)、C-RAF、K-Ras(V12)、DP97Dead box RNA解旋酶、DNMT1(DNA甲基转移酶1)、FLIP(Flice样抑制蛋白),C-Sfc、53BPI、多梳族蛋白EZH2(zeste同系物的增强子)、ErbB1、HPV-16E5和E7(人乳头瘤病毒早期5和早期7)、Fortilin&MCI1P(骨髓细胞白血病1蛋白)、DIP13α(DDC相互作用蛋白13a)、MBD2(甲基CpG结合域)、p21、KLF4(Kruppel样因子4)、tpt/TCTP(转录控制肿瘤蛋白)、SPK1和SPK2(鞘氨醇激酶)、P300、PLK1(Polo样激酶-1)、Trp53、Ras、ErbB1、VEGF(血管内皮细胞生长因子)、BAG-1(BCL2-相关抗死亡基因1)、MRP2、BCR-ABL、STI-571抗性相关蛋白、肺抗性相关蛋白、环氧合酶-2、核因子κ、XRCC1、ERCC1、GSTP1、突变体β-微管蛋白和生长因子。
作为靶,全局调节元件也是有用的,例举细胞质多腺苷酸化元件结合蛋白(CEPB)。例如,CEPB4在成胶质细胞瘤和胰腺癌中过表达,其中蛋白质激活数百种与肿瘤生长相关的基因,并且其在健康细胞中检测不到(Oritz-Zapater等,2011)。因此,根据本描述,可通过施用下述组合物实现成胶质细胞瘤的治疗,所述组合物包含完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞,其包括抵抗CEPB4过表达的试剂,比如siRNA或破坏脑瘤细胞的CEPB4表达的其它功能性核酸分子。
(D)脑瘤
如上面详述,血管完整性丢失是所有脑瘤类型和阶段的特征的事实意思是根据本公开的方法可适于用于治疗任何脑瘤。在这方面,“脑瘤”意味着颅内或脊髓中央管室中的实体瘤。
有大于120种类型的脑瘤。大部分医学机构使用世界卫生组织(WHO)分类系统以鉴定脑瘤。WHO通过细胞起源和细胞如何表现对脑瘤分类,从最小攻击性(良性)至最大攻击性(恶性)。一些肿瘤类型被指定级别,范围从I级(最小恶性)至IV级(最大恶性),其表示生长速度。取决于肿瘤类型,分级系统有变化。个体肿瘤的分类和级别有助于预测其可能的行为。最频繁诊断的类型包括听神经瘤、星状细胞瘤(包括I级-毛细胞型星状细胞瘤、II级-低级星状细胞瘤、III级-间变性星状细胞瘤,和IV级-成胶质细胞瘤(GBM))、脊索瘤、CNS淋巴瘤、颅咽管瘤、其它神经胶质瘤(脑干胶质瘤、室管膜瘤、混合型胶质瘤、视神经胶质瘤和室管膜下室管膜瘤)、髓母细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、转移性脑瘤、少突胶质瘤、垂体肿瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)、其它脑-相关病况,和神经鞘瘤。
儿童中,这些脑瘤类型是很常见的:脑干胶质瘤、颅咽管瘤、室管膜瘤、青少年毛细胞型星状细胞瘤(JPA)、髓母细胞瘤、视神经胶质瘤、松果体肿瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)和横纹肌样瘤。
本技术可用于治疗任何脑瘤,包括但不限于以上提及的类型和级别,只要已经触发血管发生。在实践中,至少当肿瘤被MRI可检测时,即,当其已经生长至使得需要新血管形成的大小时,该基准适合。因此,本发明方法适于治疗任何以下阶段的原发性脑瘤或转移性继发性脑瘤:
I级:组织是良性的。细胞看上去几乎与正常脑细胞一样,并且细胞生长缓慢。
II级:组织是恶性的。与I级肿瘤的细胞相比,细胞看上去与正常细胞较不一样。
III级:恶性组织的细胞看上去与正常细胞非常不同。异常细胞活跃地生长。这些异常表现的细胞称为间变性的。
IV级:恶性组织的细胞看上去非常异常并且容易非常快速生长。
已知不同的肿瘤类型在它们的细胞表面上过表达某些受体。例如,转移至脑的乳腺癌容易具有较大的比例的过表达HER2受体的转移性乳腺癌细胞(Palmieri等,2007)。同一作者显示脑转移瘤中EGF受体表达也非常高。在另一例子中,已经显示α3β1整联蛋白受体在已经转移至脑的肺癌细胞中过表达(Yoshimasu等,2004)。
据上述,因此,根据本描述的对源自具体原发性癌症的脑转移瘤的治疗可改变以使用包裹试剂的微细胞的靶向配体,其特异性适于原发性癌症。因此,对于源自原发性乳腺癌的脑转移瘤,治疗可使用展现HER2特异性的配体,该配体附着至微细胞。相似地,为了治疗由原发性肺癌造成的脑转移瘤,配体将是展现α3β1特异性的配体,比如抗α3β1抗体等等。
依据常规技术,全身性施用像抗HER2的单克隆抗体,如Roche/Genentech产品中的曲妥珠单抗,理解为不治疗源自原发性乳腺癌的脑转移瘤。该理解源于抗体活性剂不能有效地穿过血脑屏障,足以在脑转移性肿瘤中实现治疗上显著的浓度。例如,见Stemmler等(2007)(脑脊液中曲妥珠单抗水平仅在受损的血-脑屏障的条件下增加,比如癌扩散或放射疗法)。因此,所有更令人意外的和显著的是如本文描述的组合物通过配体以上述提到的方式靶向治疗转移性脑癌的效果。
(E)微细胞
“微细胞”指细菌细胞的衍生物,其没有染色体(“无染色体”)并且由二分裂期间细胞分裂与DNA分离配合的失调造成。微细胞不同于其它小囊泡,比如所谓的“膜泡”(尺寸为~0.2μm或更小),其在某些情况下自然产生和释放,但是其不是由于特定的基因重排或游离基因表达。出于同样理由,完整的微细胞不同于细菌外壳,其不是由于特定的基因重排或游离基因表达产生。该公开中使用的细菌衍生的微细胞是非常完整的,并且,因此不同于特征在于外膜或限定膜破裂或降解、甚至去除的其它无染色体形式的细菌细胞衍生物。见美国专利号7,183,105的111栏54行及以下。作为本公开的微细胞特征的完整的膜使得治疗有效载荷滞留在微细胞中,直到有效载荷在肿瘤细胞中摄取后被释放。
从细菌细胞,比如大肠杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,可制备在该公开中使用的微细胞。原核染色体复制与正常二分裂有关,其涉及中期细胞膜形成。在大肠杆菌中,例如,min基因比如min CD的突变可消除在细胞分裂期间细胞极膜形成的抑制,导致正常子细胞和少染色体微细胞的产生。见deBoer等,1992;Raskin&de Boer,1999;Hu&Lutkenhaus,1999;Harry,2001。
除min操纵子突变以外,少染色体微细胞也在一系列影响膜形成的其它基因重排或突变后,例如,在枯草杆菌的divIVB1中产生。见Reeve和Cornett(1975)。微细胞也可在干扰涉及细胞分裂/染色体分离的蛋白质的基因表达水平后形成。例如,minE的过表达导致极性分裂和微细胞的产生。相似地,少染色体微细胞可由染色体分离中的缺陷产生,例如,枯草杆菌中的smc突变(Britton等,1998)、枯草杆菌中的spoOJ缺失(Ireton等,1994)、大肠杆菌中的mukB突变(Hiraga等,1989)和大肠杆菌中的parC突变(Stewart和D’Ari,1992)。进一步,CafA在复制后可提高细胞分裂速度和/或抑制染色体分配(Okada等,1994),导致链细胞和少染色体微细胞的形成。
因此,由格兰氏阳性或格兰氏阴性起源的任何细菌细胞可制备本公开的微细胞。更进一步,如以上指出,用于本公开的微细胞应具有完整的细胞壁(即“完整的微细胞”),并且应与不归因于特定基因重排或游离基因表达的其它小囊泡如膜泡区分和分离。
在给定的实施方式中,用于微细胞的母体(源)细菌可以是格兰氏阳性的,或它们可以是格兰氏阴性的,如提及的。在一方面,因此,该母体细菌是选自Terra-/Glidobacteria(BV1)、蛋白菌(BV2)、包括螺旋菌、鞘脂杆菌和浮游菌的BV4的一种或多种。依据另一方面,该细菌是选自比如杆菌、梭菌或无壁菌/柔膜细菌的硬壁菌(BV3),或比如放线菌目或双歧杆菌的放线菌(BV5)的一种或多种。
在仍进一步的方面,该细菌是选自以下的一种或多种:原始细菌(Eobacteria)(绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)、异常球菌(Deinococcus)-栖热菌(Thermus))、蓝藻细菌(Cyanobacteria)、热脱硫杆菌(Thermodesulfobacteria)、嗜热细菌(thermophiles)(产水菌(Aquificae)、热袍菌(Thermotogae))、α,β,γ(肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae))、δ或ε变形细菌(Proteobacteria)、螺旋菌(Spirochaetes)、纤维杆菌(Fibrobacteres)、绿菌(Chlorobi)/拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、衣原体(Chlamydiae)/疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)、浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)、产金菌(Chrysiogenetes)、脱铁杆菌(Deferribacteres)、梭杆菌(Fusobacteria)、芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadetes)、硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirae)、互养菌(Synergistetes)、网团菌(Dictyoglomi)、黏胶球形菌芽孢杆菌(LentisphaeraeBacillales)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillaceae)、利斯特氏菌(Listeriaceae)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcaceae)、乳杆菌(Lactobacillales)、肠球菌(Enterococcaceae)、乳杆菌(Lactobacillaceae)、明串珠菌(Leuconostocaceae)、链球菌(Streptococcaceae)、梭菌(Clostridiales)、盐厌氧菌(Halanaerobiales)、热厌氧菌(Thermoanaerobacterales)、支原体(Mycoplasmatales)、虫原体(Entomoplasmatales)、厌氧支原体(Anaeroplasmatales)、无胆留原体(Acholeplasmatales)、Haloplasmatales、放线菌亚目(Actinomycineae)、放线菌科(Actinomycetaceae)、棒杆菌亚目(Corynebacterineae)、分枝杆菌科(Mycobacteriaceae)、诺卡氏菌科(Nocardiaceae)、棒状杆菌科(Corynebacteriaceae)、弗兰克氏菌亚目(Frankineae)、弗兰克氏菌科(Frankiaceae)、微球菌亚目(Micrococcineae)、短杆菌科(Brevibacteriaceae)和双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)。
为了药物用途,本公开的组合物应包括尽可能完全与免疫原组分和其它有毒污染物分离的微细胞。在WO 2004/113507中描述了纯化细菌衍生的微细胞以去除游离内毒素和母体细菌细胞的方法,其通过引用将其全部并入本文。简要地说,纯化过程实现以下的去除:(a)较小的囊泡,比如膜泡,其大小通常小于0.2μm,(b)从细胞膜释放的游离内毒素,和(c)母体细菌,不论活的或死的,以及它们的碎屑,其也是游离内毒素的来源。在诱导母体细胞形成细丝、抗生素杀死活的细菌细胞和抗游离内毒素的抗体后,用去除较小囊泡和细胞碎屑的0.2μm过滤器,去除母体细胞的0.45μm过滤器,等等,可实现该去除。
纯化过程的基础是本发明人的发现:尽管它们的细菌来源不同,但是所有完整的微细胞大小大约是400nm,即,大于膜泡和其它较小囊泡,并且仍小于母体细菌。通过使用固态,比如电子显微镜,或通过液基技术,例如,动态光散射,可完成微细胞的尺寸测定。通过每个这种技术获得的大小值可具有误差范围,并且这些值在技术之间可有所不同。因此,经电子显微镜可测量的干燥状态的微细胞大小大约是400nm±50nm。另一方面,动态光散射可测量相同的微细胞大小大约是500nm±50nm。另外,可再次使用动态光散射测量包裹药物的、配体靶向的微细胞大约是600nm±50nm。
该大小值的散射在实践中非常适用,例如,为了微细胞与免疫原组分和其它有毒污染物分离的目的,如上所述。即,完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞特征在于其细胞质被刚性膜围绕,其给了微细胞刚性的、球形结构。该结构在透射电子显微镜是明显的,其中在刚性膜的外部界限之间横跨微细胞测量微细胞直径。该测量提供了以上提及的400nm±50nm的大小值。
衍生自格兰氏阴性细菌的微细胞的另一结构元素是脂多糖(LPS)的O-多糖组分,经脂质A锚钩将其嵌入外膜。该组分是重复糖残基单元的链,每条链具有四至五个糖的像70至100个那么多的重复单元。因为这些链不是刚性的,所以在液体环境中,如体内,它们可采用波动、柔软的结构,该结构产生海藻在珊瑚海环境中的通常表现;即,链随液体移动,同时仍锚定微细胞膜。
受O-多糖组分的影响,动态光散射可提供约500nm至约600nm的微细胞大小值,如以上指出。然而,来自相似的格兰氏阴性和格兰氏阳性细菌的微细胞容易地穿过0.45μm过滤器,其证实有效的微细胞大小是400nm±50nm。以上提及的散射大小包括在本发明中,并且尤其,通过词组“大小大约400nm”和类似词中的限定词“大约”指示。
关于有毒污染物,本公开的组合物可包含少于约350EU游离内毒素。在这方面,示例性的游离内毒素的水平分别为约250EU、约200EU、约150EU、约100EU、约90EU、约80EU、约70EU、约60EU、约50EU、约40EU、约30EU、约20EU、约15EU、约10EU、约9EU、约8EU、约7EU、约6EU、约5EU、约4EU、约3EU、约2EU、约1EU、约0.9EU、约0.8EU、约0.7EU、约0.6EU、约0.5EU、约0.4EU、约0.3EU、约0.2EU、约0.1EU、约0.05EU和约0.01EU。
本公开的组合物也可包含至少约108个微细胞,例如,至少约5x 108。可选地,组合物可包含约109或1010个的微细胞,例如,5x 109,1x 1010或5x 1010个微细胞。此外,在任何这种数量的微细胞中,本公开的组合物可包含少于约10个污染母体细菌细胞,例如,少于约9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2或1个母体细菌细胞。
(F)将抗肿瘤剂包裹至微细胞
抗肿瘤剂,比如核酸可编码的蛋白质和多功能性核酸,通过转化入载体母体细菌细胞中,比如编码抗肿瘤剂的质粒,可被引入微细胞。当微细胞从母体细菌细胞形成时,微细胞保留质粒和/或表达产物抗肿瘤剂的某些拷贝。在WO 03/033519中提供了将表达产物包裹在微细胞中的更多细节,其内容通过引用将其全部并入本公开。
在WO 03/033519中呈现的数据表明,例如,携带哺乳动物基因表达质粒的重组微细胞可被递送至吞噬细胞和非吞噬细胞。该申请也描述产生微细胞的母体细菌菌株的遗传转化,其中在游离型复制的质粒DNA上携带异源核酸。当母体细菌和微细胞分离时,一些游离DNA被分离入微细胞。所得的重组微细胞容易被哺乳动物吞噬细胞吞没,并且在细胞内吞噬溶酶体中降解。此外,一些重组DNA逸出吞噬溶酶体膜和被运送至哺乳动物细胞核,在此重组基因被表达。
核酸也可直接被包裹至微细胞。因此,通过在缓冲液中共温育多个完整的微细胞与核酸,可直接将核酸包裹在完整的微细胞中。缓冲组合物可根据本领域熟知的条件变化,以便使完整微细胞中核酸的载荷量最佳。缓冲液也可变化,取决于待装载于微细胞中的核酸的核苷酸序列和长度。一旦包裹,核酸保持在微细胞内,并且被保护免于降解。例如,对无菌盐水中温育的包裹siRNA的微细胞的延长温育研究显示没有siRNA渗漏。
在其它实施方式中,针对不同的mRNA靶的多种核酸可包裹在相同的微细胞中。这种方法可用于减轻药物抗性和细胞凋亡抗性。例如,癌症患者常规地展现对化疗药物的抗性。通过比如多药抗性(MDR)泵的基因和抗细胞凋亡基因的过表达可介导这种抗性,等等。为了减轻(combat)该抗性,微细胞可包裹对MDR相关基因治疗上显著浓度的功能性核酸,并且在化疗前施用至患者。更进一步,由于大部分分子靶经历突变并且具有多个等位基因,在相同的微细胞中包裹针对不同的mRNA靶的多种功能性核酸可提高治疗成功。在WO 2009/027830中提供了将核酸直接包裹至微细胞中的更多细节,其内容通过引用将其全部并入本公开。
小分子药物,不论亲水的或疏水的,通过在包含微细胞的细胞外培养基和微细胞细胞质之间产生药物浓度梯度可被包裹在微细胞中。当细胞外培养基包含高于微细胞细胞质的药物浓度时,药物自然地沿着该浓度梯度移动进入微细胞细胞质。然而,当该浓度梯度相反时,药物不移出微细胞。
为了用通常不可于水溶的药物装载微细胞,药物最初可溶解在适当的溶剂中。例如,紫杉醇可在1:1的乙醇和cremophore EL(聚氧乙烯蓖麻油)的掺混物中溶解,接着在PBS中稀释以获得紫杉醇在水介质中被部分稀释并且携带最小量的有机溶剂的溶液,以确保该药物仍在溶液中。微细胞可在该最终培养基中温育,以装载药物。因此,本发明人发现,甚至疏水的药可扩散进入细胞质或微细胞膜,以实现高的和治疗上显著的细胞质药物装载。这是意想不到的,因为微细胞膜由疏水的磷脂双分子层组成,预期其防止疏水的分子扩散至细胞质。
以下实施例10阐明将多种多样的代表性小分子药物装载进入微细胞,阐释不同大小和化学性质:阿霉素、紫杉醇、氟紫杉醇、顺铂、长春碱、莫那撒尔(Monsatrol)、胸苷酸合成酶(TS)抑制剂OSI-7904、伊立替康、5-氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨和卡铂。此外,全面来说(across the board),包裹小分子药物的微细胞所得物显示显著的体外和体内抗肿瘤药效。因此,本文呈现的这些数据清楚地表明微细胞装载方法的有效性和通用性。
(G)将微细胞导向特定哺乳动物细胞
依据该公开的进一方面,如上所述,将微细胞的组合物经配体导向靶标哺乳动物肿瘤细胞。在一些实施方式中,该配体是“双特异性的”。即,配体对于微细胞和哺乳动物(肿瘤)细胞组分显示特异性,使得它引起给定的微细胞与靶细胞结合,从而后者吞没前者。在WO 05/056749和WO05/079854中进一步描述了使用双特异性配体将微细胞靶向至肿瘤细胞,其各自的内容通过引用将其全部并入本文。一旦这种配体被附着至微细胞,保持配体的空闲特异性(“单特异性”),直到其与靶标(肿瘤)哺乳动物细胞相互作用。
配体可从微细胞或它们的母体中表达并且然后显示在微细胞表面上。可选地,配体可附着至(“包被在”)微细胞的细胞膜上,例如,通过配体-受体相互作用。在每种情况下,配体不需要对微细胞的特异性并且仅显示对哺乳动物细胞特征组分的特异性。即,此类组分不需要是肿瘤细胞本身唯一的,或甚至是治疗的具体种类肿瘤细胞特有的,只要肿瘤细胞在它们的细胞表面存在该组分。当静脉施用时,微细胞在肿瘤微环境中快速积聚,如本发明人发现(也见以下实施例)。取决于上述渗漏肿瘤脉管系统出现的积聚,实现了将微细胞包裹的治疗有效载荷靶向递送至肿瘤的细胞。仍然,保持与本公开一致,配体靶向待治疗肿瘤的组分是有帮助的并且有时候是优选的。
在任一情况中,如上所述,当本公开施用的组合物包含的微细胞在脑瘤微环境中积聚时,接触并且结合靶向肿瘤细胞,诱发它们摄取进入细胞,其然后受治疗有效载荷影响。该有效载荷可以是细胞毒素药物,例如,阿霉素或任何其它抗肿瘤药物,如上所述。有效载荷也可以是siRNA或miRNA,例如,抗细胞凋亡RNAi序列,比如抗Bcl2。
本发明人发现该靶向递送方法广泛适用于一系列哺乳动物肿瘤细胞,包括微细胞的特定附着和内吞作用正常地难治疗的细胞。例如,由针对抗HER2受体或抗EGF受体的抗体组成的配体有效地结合微细胞至一系列靶向的非吞噬细胞上的各自受体。这些细胞包括肺癌细胞、卵巢癌、脑癌细胞、乳腺癌细胞、前列腺和皮肤癌细胞。
因此实现的结合在每种类型非吞噬细胞的微细胞的快速内吞作用之前。更通常地,本公开的适合的靶细胞的特征在于表达当结合配体时有利于内吞作用的细胞表面受体。宿主细胞通常是抗附着的。因此,当被配体附着时,宿主细胞激活其内吞作用机制以去除配体。
术语“内吞作用”包括(1)吞噬作用和(2)胞饮作用,其本身是包括下述的类别:(2a)大胞饮作用,其不需要受体结合,以及(2b)网格蛋白介导的内吞作用,(2c)细胞膜穴样内陷-介导的内吞作用和(2d)网格蛋白/细胞膜穴样内陷非依赖性内吞作用,其所有往往利用新-内体/溶酶体路径。本发明人发现,微细胞上的配体和哺乳动物细胞表面受体之间的相互作用激活具体的内吞作用路径,包括受体介导内吞作用(rME)至新-内体/溶酶体区室。通过这种内吞作用路径,本发明人进一步发现微细胞能够释放它们的有效载荷进入靶哺乳动物细胞的细胞质。在有效载荷是编码核酸的情况下,核酸不仅不在新-内体/溶酶体区室中完全降解,而且也在靶哺乳动物细胞中表达。
根据本公开,可用于上述靶向递送方法的配体包括结合至靶细胞上的表面组分和结合至微细胞上表面组分的任何剂。优选地,靶细胞上的表面组分是受体。配体可包括多肽和/或糖组分。抗体是优选的配体。
例如,携带对表面组分如靶哺乳动物脑瘤细胞上肿瘤抗原特异性的抗体可有效地用于将微细胞靶向待治疗脑瘤的靶细胞。细胞表面受体的例子包括表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体(VEGFR)、血小板-衍生的生长因子受体(PDGFR)和胰岛素样生长因子受体(IGFR),其在包括脑瘤的一系列实体瘤中都高度表达;和叶酸受体,其在一些垂体腺瘤中过表达。双特异性配体也可靶向至突变体或变体受体例如IL-13Rα2受体,其在50%至80%的人GBMs中表达(Debinski等,2000;Jarboe等,2007;Okada等,2008;Wykosky等,2008),但是不同于其生理学等同物IL4R/IL13R,其在正常组织中表达(Hershey2003)。正常脑细胞中基本上没有IL13Rα2(Debinski和Gibo 2000)。另外地,转移至脑的肿瘤可过表达某些受体并且这些受体也可以是适合的靶。例如,一个研究显示(Da Silva等,2010)乳腺癌的脑转移瘤表达酪氨酸激酶受体的HER家族的所有成员。HER2被扩增并且在20%的脑转移瘤中过表达,EGFR在21%的脑转移瘤中过表达,HER3在60%的脑转移瘤中过表达并且HER4在22%的脑转移瘤中过表达。有趣的是,HER3表达在位于脑中的乳腺癌细胞中增加。
优选的配体包括抗体和/或抗体衍生物。在其目前的使用中,术语“抗体”包括通过体外或体内产生免疫原应答获得的免疫球蛋白分子。因此,“抗体”类别包括单克隆抗体和人源化抗体,以及抗体衍生物,比如单链抗体片段(scFv)、双特异性抗体等。大量不同的双特异性蛋白质和基于抗体的配体是已知的,如Caravella和Lugovskoy(2010)的综述文章所表明,其通过引用以其全部并入本文。本公开可使用的抗体和抗体衍生物也可通过重组DNA技术获得。
(H)制剂和施用途径和方案
本公开的组合物的制剂可以单位剂量形式呈现,例如,在安瓿或小瓶中,或在多剂量容器中,有或没有添加的防腐剂。制剂可以是溶液、悬液或在油性或水性载体中的乳液,并且可包含配制试剂,比如悬浮剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。适合的溶液是与接受者的血液等压的并且例子是盐水、林格氏溶液和葡萄糖溶液。可选地,制剂可为冻干的粉末形式,用于与适合的载体重构,例如,无菌、无热源水或生理盐水。制剂也可以是长效制剂形式。这种长效制剂可通过植入(例如,皮下或肌内)或通过肌内注射施用。
在一些方面中,提供包含微细胞的组合物,其包括治疗有效量的抗肿瘤剂。根据本公开,“治疗有效”量的抗肿瘤剂是所讨论的试剂例如siRNA或化疗药物当施用至对象时引起药理学应答的剂量。
因此,在本公开的上下文中,治疗有效量可通过参考当施用携带治疗有效载荷的微细胞时,动物模型或人对象中的脑瘤的预防或缓解或脑瘤的症状调整,如下面进一步描述。对于具体的对象,在给定的情况证明“治疗有效量的”量可能不是对100%的相似地治疗脑瘤的对象有效,甚至即使这种剂量被熟练的从业者认为是“治疗有效量”。在这方面,适当的剂量也随着例如脑瘤的类型、阶段和严重性而改变。在任何情况下,根据本公开的体外测试(实施例3和4)和体内测试(实施例5、7和8)以及定量药物体内分布的方法(实施例9)的本说明,当考虑整个说明书时,使得人们知道药物候选物的临床前和临床测试,以通过常规实验确定具体症状的活性剂的治疗有效量。类似地,当“治疗上有效”用于指药物组合物中微细胞的数量时,可基于什么抗肿瘤剂包裹进入微细胞和该试剂在治疗脑瘤中的功效确定数量。在这方面,可用临床或病理学参数比如肿块测量治疗效果。因此,肿块的减少或减少的增加可用于测量治疗效果。
本公开的制剂可局部或全身性地经多种途径施用并且至哺乳动物身体的多个部位,以实现期望的治疗效果(一种或多种)。在具体方面中,施用的途径是静脉注射。
一般而言,本公开的制剂可以通过途径测试限定的适当的剂量使用,以获得最佳的生理学效果,同时使任何潜在毒性最小化。可根据多种因素选择剂量方案,包括患者的年龄、体重、性别、医学状况;脑瘤的严重性或阶段、施用的途径,和患者的肾脏和肝功能。
在获得最大功效和最小副作用的范围内实现微细胞和治疗剂的浓度的最佳精度可以并且典型地将需要基于靶向位点和靶向细胞的药剂利用率的动力学的方案。当确定治疗方案的最佳浓度时,可考虑微细胞或药剂的分布、平衡和消除。可分别调整微细胞和治疗剂的剂量,以实现期望的效果。
此外,可使用药物动力学/药效学模拟系统最优化制剂的剂量施用。因此,可选择一个或更多个剂量方案并且药物动力学/药效学模型可用于确定一种或多种剂量方案的药物动力学/药效学特征。基于具体的这些特征,然后可选择一种剂量方案进行施用,实现期望的药物动力学/药效学应答。例如,见WO 00/67776。
本公开的制剂可施用为一周至少一次至脑瘤患者,数周的疗程。因此,制剂可施用一周至少一次,数周至数月的时期。
更具体地,发明的制剂可施用为每天至少一次,约2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30或31天。可选地,制剂可施用为约每天一次或约每2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30或31天或更多天一次。
在本公开的另一种实施方式中,制剂可施用为约每周一次或约每2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20周或更多周一次。可选地,制剂可施用为每周至少一次,约2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20周或更多周。
可选地,制剂可施用为约每月一次或约每2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12月或更多月一次。
制剂可以单日剂量施用。可选地,总的日剂量可以每天两次、三次或四次的分开剂量施用。
以下实施例仅仅是说明性的,而不是限制性的,并且提供本公开的更完全理解。
实施例1.制备包裹阿霉素的、靶向犬科EGFR的微细胞
微细胞衍生自伤寒沙门菌,S.typhimurium的minCDE-染色体缺失突变体,纯化,用阿霉素(dox)包裹并且经包括抗微细胞表面O-多糖和抗犬科EGFR特异性的双特异性单克隆抗体(MAb)的连接靶向,(命名为EGFR微细胞阿霉素),如以前由MacDiarmid等(2007)描述。
首先表征EGFR微细胞阿霉素的它们对静脉施用至具有晚期脑癌的七条狗的适应性(狗命名为BCD-1至BCD-7)。两条另外的狗,BCD-8和BCD-9,出现在兽医看护中心,但是没有被研究,因为它们脑瘤的更晚期并且被安乐死。脑活组织切片检查样品提供用于体外研究的各自的脑瘤细胞。
实施例2.表征结合犬科脑瘤细胞的抗人EGFR单克隆抗体
在人(Smith等,2001)和狗(Higgins等,2010)的~60%的GBM病例中EGFR的上调和过表达是熟知的。考虑到特定犬科EGFR单克隆抗体的非可用性,在犬科和人脑瘤细胞系中测试商业上可获得的抗人EGFRMAb以确定MAb对在犬科脑瘤细胞上EGFR的交叉反应性。
在可行的地方,脑瘤活组织切片检查样品从病例研究狗获得。来自BCD-1、-8和-9的组织样品用包含10%胎牛血清(FCS)和链霉素的达贝克改良型培养液(Dulbecco’smodified Eagle’s medium)(DMEM)培养基中1mg/ml的胶原酶处理10min。未消化的组织通过双层的无菌纱布片过滤去除。通过用5ml培养基稀释细胞并且在1,200g下离心5min,胶原酶消化被停止。用另外5ml培养基冲洗细胞,接着重复离心并且再悬浮。然后细胞被铺板在组织培养烧瓶中。
从Translation Genomics Research Institute(Phoenix,AZ,USA)的Dr.MichaelBerens获得狗GBM细胞系,J3T(Rainov等,2000)。所有犬科脑瘤细胞培养维持在用10%(vol/vol)FCS、100U/ml青霉素、100U/ml链霉素、2mM l-谷氨酸盐和2mM非必需氨基酸补充的DMEM中。
人GBM-星状细胞瘤上皮细胞系(U87-MG)从美国典型培养物保藏所(AmericanType Culture Collection)(ATCC)获得,并且在具有5%胎牛血清(FBS)的OPTI-MEM培养基(Invitrogen,USA)中生长。
通过从具有2mM EDTA/PBS的烧瓶分离,收集细胞,并且分成1x 106个细胞/管。细胞在封闭液(具有2%BSA和0.1%叠氮化钠的PBS)中被冲洗两次,并且在封闭液中在冰上温育10min,接着用1μg/μl抗人EGFR单克隆抗体(IgG2a;Calbiochem)在冰上温育45min。在用封闭液冲洗两次后,细胞用R-藻红蛋白结合的山羊抗小鼠IgG(Molecular Probes/Invitrogen)在冰上温育45min,并且伴随轻度搅拌。在封闭液中冲洗两次后,细胞在PBS中再悬浮,并且用于流式细胞仪分析。作为对照,使用PBS而不是原发性抗体以确定自发荧光。
使用CXP细胞仪软件(贝克曼库尔特(Beckman Coulter))用流式细胞仪FC 500测量染色的细胞悬液。通过分析型流式细胞仪确定EGF受体的数目,与荧光R-藻红蛋白微珠标准(Quantum R-PE MESF珠;Bang Laboratories Inc,Fishers,IN,USA)对比。通过绘制每珠当量R-藻红蛋白分子的给定数目对其平均荧光强度的对数产生校准曲线。细胞荧光强度被外推至标准荧光校准曲线上。在从阴性对照减去后,平均荧光值转化成每个细胞结合抗体的数目。
结果显示(图1),MAb与在犬科(J3T、BCD-1、-8和-9)和人(U87-MG)脑癌细胞上的EGFR强有力地结合。
使用FACS分析的受体定量研究显示(图1),BCD-1、U87-MG、BCD-9、BCD-8和J3T细胞的每个细胞的EGFR浓度(以递减顺序)分别是2,866,854、1,465,755、930,440、774,352和287,622。这表明每种细胞类型过表达EGFR。
因此,在对犬科和人脑癌细胞体外结合测定后,确认抗人EGFR MAb对犬科EGFR的结合交叉反应性。
因此,为了实现脑瘤细胞的主动靶向,选择抗人EGFR MAb以包被包裹阿霉素的微细胞。
实施例3.确定犬科脑癌细胞对化疗药物阿霉素的敏感性
在使用包裹阿霉素的、EGFR-靶向的微细胞治疗具有晚期脑癌的狗之前,确定犬科脑瘤细胞对化疗药物阿霉素是敏感还是耐药是重要的。
将犬科脑瘤细胞BCD-1、-8、-9和J3T和人脑瘤细胞系U87-MG接种于96孔板,每个孔5x 103个细胞。在37℃,5%CO2下细胞被温育过夜。
将阿霉素添加至包含血清浓度范围从1.7nM至8,600nM的100μL相关培养基中的细胞,并且温育72小时。
为了测量阿霉素的细胞毒素效果,进行MTS细胞增殖试验。将20uL的MTS溶液(CellTitreAqueous One MTS试剂–Promega)添加至每个孔,并且在黑暗中温育30分钟。在波长490nm下读取吸光度。在PrismGraphPad(La Jolla,CA,USA)中使用非线性回归和4参数曲线拟合分析数据。
细胞增殖试验显示所有以上细胞系对阿霉素是同样敏感的(图2)。
实施例4.EGFR微细胞阿霉素与犬科脑瘤细胞的结合效率
犬科和人肿瘤细胞分别用特异性和非特异性靶向的微细胞EGFR微细胞阿霉素和gp120微细胞阿霉素转染2小时,并且在清洗非黏附微细胞后,用Alexa-Fluor 488荧光染料(AF-488)标记的抗小鼠IgG2a MAb处理细胞。该gp120MAb针对人免疫缺陷病毒1被膜糖蛋白gp120,并且在该研究中测试的任何脑瘤细胞系的表面上未发现。然后使用FACS分析细胞。结果显示(图3),在每种情况中,当用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理时,>95%的细胞发出强烈的荧光,并且当用对照gp120微细胞阿霉素处理时,细胞显示没有荧光。
使用荧光显微镜以直接可见EGFR微细胞阿霉素与脑瘤细胞的结合,以及癌细胞中阿霉素的细胞内递送,进一步确认观察的结合效率。
使用EGFR微细胞阿霉素转染犬科脑瘤和人对照细胞系。在转染三小时后,并且清洗过量非结合的微细胞,通过用抗IgG2a-AF488标记EGFR靶向MAb显示仍附着至细胞系的微细胞。结果显示(图4),特异性靶向微细胞(EGFR微细胞阿霉素)与人和犬科脑癌细胞大量的结合,而对照微细胞不这样。另外地,大部分用EGFR微细胞阿霉素处理的细胞显示细胞核中的阿霉素自发荧光,表明显著数目的微细胞在细胞内的溶酶体中被内吞、溶解,并且阿霉素已被细胞内释放。本申请的作者之前描述并发表了(MacDiarmid等,2007)将药物经双特异性抗体靶向的、包裹药物的微细胞细胞内递送至不同的肿瘤细胞系的机制。
以上结果提供了用阿霉素包裹微细胞并且将其靶向至EGFR的原理。
实施例5.用EGFR微细胞阿霉素治疗七条晚期脑癌狗和抗肿瘤药效
该研究中的狗是作为患者送至澳大利亚悉尼的Veterinary Specialist Centre(VSC)或Small Animal Specialist Hospital(SASH)的宠物狗。对其中标准治疗被狗主人拒绝的患者,或其中不存在有意义的标准治疗的晚期疾病病例,提供研究参与。按照全国卫生与医学研究委员会(National Health and Medical Research Council)的护理和使用实验室动物的澳大利亚准则,以及在EnGeneIC Animal Ethics Committee批准下,治疗狗。从所有的主人获得签署的知情同意。所有的患者在当时或由于任何原因的死亡时,经历剖检检查。
在可行的情况,通过组织学或细胞学诊断所有的脑瘤。临终诊断是基于在磁共振成像(MRI)和临床症状的特征性表现的组合。在这些脑瘤病例中组织学诊断被认为太有侵入性,并且通过剖检确认诊断。
取决于肿瘤的组织学类型和解剖学部位,以及临床状态,改变使用的阶段方法。这些包括,但不限于物理检查、全部血球数、血清生物化学特征、尿液检验、凝结特征、胸部放射性照片、腹部超声和磁共振成像(MRI)。用1.5T Phillips Achieva进行MRI扫描。
假如它们具有适当的表现状态,以及血液和血清生物化学参数,狗对经历治疗的该研究是合格的。所有的狗在进入研究后具有可测量的疾病,但是在疾病或疾病负担的阶段没有限制。允许患者继续药物治疗以帮助预防癫痫发作和CNS水肿。也允许继续以前规定的用于伴随条件的药物治疗。在试验期间不允许替代性治疗。
每周用每剂量1x 1010 EGFR微细胞阿霉素进行治疗。经无菌放置的周围静脉导管(左头静脉)施用治疗,在2分钟内注入2ml。
患者入院,并且经颈静脉穿刺收集3ml血。这被放置在EDTA钾中用于血液学和血清凝结活性管中用于生物化学。施用EGFR微细胞阿霉素前和施用微细胞后4小时收集另外5ml。整个临床治疗期监测狗,并且到EGFw微细胞阿霉素治疗后4小时,在没有任何毒副作用的情况下,将狗送回家。
将血放置在无菌管中,在室温(20至22℃)下,在1,580x g下离心15min,并且无菌地收集血清。浆液在-80℃下储存,直到需要细胞因子或抗体应答曲线。在治疗前,患者用0.5mg/kg的马来酸氯苯那敏(chlorpheniramine maleate)和0.2mg/kg的地塞美松磷酸钠(dexamethasone sodium phosphate)预给药15分钟。
在七条晚期脑癌狗中进行病例研究,其经历临床观察和脑的MRI的初始临床阶段。
命名BCD-1至BCD-7的犬科患者显示晚期脑瘤的典型临床症状,包括癫痫发作、共济失调、部分肢体瘫痪、周边视觉的部分损失和攻击性行为(见下文表2)。
在狗中每周施用一次1x 1010个EGFR微细胞阿霉素(2ml)的静脉(i.v.)推注,并且每周进行临床评价、血清血液学、生物化学、免疫应答(对微细胞优势抗原的抗体效价,LPS)和细胞因子应答研究。大约每8周进行一次脑的MRI扫描,以确定抗肿瘤应答。在狗中施用的微细胞的剂量由20条具有晚期血管肉瘤的狗的研究和猕猴的毒理学试验预先确定(数据未显示)。
结果显示,在EGFR微细胞阿霉素大约五至十五次给药后,在临床阶段时间确定脑瘤的异常临床症状(表2)回到正常。
通过MRI扫描评估应答。根据实体瘤的实体肿瘤疗效标准(Response Criteria InSolid Tumors)(RECIST v 1.1)将应答分类。另外,使用以下公式评估脑瘤体积:长x宽x高x(π/6)。完全应答(CR)被定义为所有已知严重疾病的消失,部分应答(PR)被定义为肿瘤大小从基线下降≥50%,但不是CR,稳定的疾病被指定为不满足该标准或CR、PR或进行性疾病的肿瘤,并且进行性疾病(PD)被定义为肿瘤大小增加≥25%或新病灶的出现。
MRI扫描显示,所有狗中的肿瘤生长已停滞,并且在一个病例中,EGFR微细胞阿霉素仅给药五次后,BCD-2没有大肿块的证据(图5)。
实施例6.尽管用EGFR微细胞阿霉素重复给药,在具有脑癌的狗中没有毒性
针对胃肠道功能障碍的症状(厌食、腹泻、呕吐和肠炎)和体质症状(嗜睡/疲劳),由客户调查表评估毒性。每周在每次治疗前确定血液学和生物化学毒性。在狗和猫v1.0化疗或生物学抗肿瘤治疗后,根据兽医合作肿瘤组(Veterinary Co-operative OncologyGroup)——有害事件的常见术语标准(VCOG-CTCAE)将毒性分级。
整个治疗过程体重保持不变。在给药后第一个小时内体温从38.5℃增加至39℃,并且到4小时回到正常。
用EGFR微细胞阿霉素给药前和给药4h后收集来自狗的血清(5ml)。由IDEXXLaboratories(悉尼,澳大利亚)进行血清生物化学和血液学特征的评价(图6和7)。犬的参考范围由IDEXX Laboratories提供。
血清生物化学参数保持在正常参考范围内(图6)。在初始临床阶段时,所有的狗显示肝酶丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的显著提高,可能是因为对于难以控制的癫痫发作,所有狗用糖皮质激素(强的松龙)以每天一次从0.5至2mg/kg的剂量范围和苯巴比妥(1mg,一天两次)接受常规治疗。对所有狗常规地进行肝超声,并且未显示肝肿瘤的任何症状。整个研究中肝脏保持正常,指示尽管EGFR微细胞阿霉素重复给药,但是在肝脏中没有有害事件。
血液学指示整个研究中所有狗也保持在正常范围内(图7)。
实施例7.在用EGFR微细胞阿霉素重复给药后,脑癌狗中的细胞因子和抗体应答
在根据制造商的说明验证每个ELISA后,使用由R&D Systems(USA)提供的ELISAduoset试剂盒分析犬科血清的犬科炎性细胞因子TNFα、IL-6和抗炎性细胞因子IL-10。使用TMB底物(Sigma)开发高结合微孔板(Greiner),并且在Biotek uQuant读片器中在450nm读取。
炎性细胞因子TNFα应答随每条狗变化,并且显示没有一致模式。尽管重复给药,三条狗(BCD-2、-4和-6)显示TNFα没有提高(图8)。直到分别9次和10次给药,BCD-5和BCD-7也显示TNFα没有提高,而随后的3次和7次给药分别显示显著的升高,但是没有临床有害症状。BCD-1在临床阶段时间具有提高的TNFα,并且随后的97次给药的EGFR微细胞阿霉素显示没有TNFα进一步的提高。
炎性细胞因子IL-6显示以下趋势,其中在给药4小时后(图8),在IL-6中有小尖峰,到24小时其回到正常。随后的给药不导致IL-6尖峰的增加并且该趋势在每次给药后保持相同。BCD-4是例外,其IL-6在整个研究保持正常(288天中39次给药)。
有趣的是,当在TNFα和IL-6中有尖峰时,抗炎性细胞因子IL-10提高(图8)。非常确定的是,在用多种介质比如细菌LPS活化之后,单核细胞和巨噬细胞分泌IL-10(Sabat等,2010)。
从鼠伤寒沙门菌纯化的LPS(Sigma)铺板在包被缓冲液(10mM Na Carbonate pH9.6)中的孔(250ng/孔)中,并且在4℃下温育过夜。平板用包含PBS中1%BSA的封闭缓冲液在37℃下封闭1h。将血清样品的连续稀释液添加至每个平板并且在4℃下温育过夜。冲洗之后,用山羊抗犬IgG辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)缀合物(RDI)检测结合的抗体。
抗体效价被定义为给出半最大光密度(450nm)读数的血清稀释度倒数。KC Junior软件用于为每个血清样品拟合2个参数曲线。重复分析所有样品,并且数据代表平均数的标准误差。
O-多糖血清抗体效价(图9)显示典型应答,其显示给药三次(在三周内)IgG效价增加20倍,并且达到一个平台,而在研究每条狗的整个过程不进一步提高。这并不令人意外,因为LPS的O-多糖组分已知是T-细胞非依赖性1型抗原,并且这些抗原主要通过刺激促有丝分裂受体如Toll样受体(TLR)活化B细胞。
实施例8.施用的EGFR微细胞阿霉素重复给药数和具有晚期脑癌的狗的存活率
有趣的是,狗BCD-1至BCD-7分别存活822、709、471、288、408、140和101天,并且分别接收EGFR微细胞阿霉素的97次、43次、44次、39次、32次、20次和13次给药(图10)。BCD-2、-3和-5是进行的,并且BCD-2超过300天未接受给药,没有肿瘤的复发。BCD-4存活288天,并且保持稳定的疾病,但是死于肾感染。宰后分析揭示死亡与脑瘤无关。令人意外地,尽管非常大量的全身性施用的EGFR微细胞阿霉素给药,没有不利事件的临床症状。
实施例9.具有晚期脑癌的两条狗脑中EGFR微细胞的体内成像
纳米颗粒体内生物分布,特别在大动物物种中,已经由于微粒的非常小尺寸,每个微粒携带足够的荧光分子确保可视化的能力和体内任何具体器官中实现的浓度而受阻。另外地,当前理解由于存在BBB,大于12nm的纳米颗粒将不能进入脑瘤。然而,所有7条狗中显著的抗肿瘤药效观察促使我们确定EGFR微细胞阿霉素是否的确以某种方式进入脑瘤,尽管它们禁止~400nm的大尺寸。
EGFR微细胞被用123碘放射标记,并且将1x 1010个微细胞静脉施用在BCD-3和BCD-5中。使狗镇静并且使用单光子发射计算的X射线断层术(SPECT)成像。两条狗也具有先前的MRI扫描,以清楚地显示肿瘤大小和位置。
动物被注射大约40MBq的放射性标记[123I]-EGFR微细胞,并且在接下来4h的不同时间点成像。所有成像在配备低能量的Picker 3000XP三探测器SPECT(单光子发射计算的X射线断层术)γ照相机中进行,所有目的平行孔瞄准仪。所有获取物使用设置为159keV±10%的光峰窗口。成像之前,给予动物一些轻微的麻醉。一条狗(BCD-3)在注射后30分钟和3小时以仰卧位非X射线断层术成像,以研究生物学分布。在两个时间点每个床位置,在256×256的矩阵中收集覆盖头和躯干的多个平面图像2分钟,并且获取后结合以给出全身的2D扫描。使用3°径向递增的120个投影(总共360°),每个投影20秒,所有X射线断层术(SPECT)图像在128×128矩阵中获得。所有数据转移至离线核医疗学工作站(HERMES,NuclearDiagnostic,Stockholm,Sweden)并且使用迭代再建算法(OSEM,8个子集,4个迭代)再建。图像用2.0的软件变焦再建,以给出测量1.78×1.78×2.56mm(X×Y×Z)的体素。图像用10级Butterworth过滤器和1.25周期.像素-1的截止被再建后过滤。先前对狗获得的MRI扫描被输入工作站并且在软件中配准解剖学(MRI)和功能(SPECT)扫描。
全身扫描(图11ci和ii)显示,从最早时间点(注射30分钟后)在肝脏中标记的[123I]-EGFR微细胞的强烈摄取。这个事实,加上缺乏甲状腺的早期可视化,指示良好标记的微细胞。在以后的图像中可见进入肠的排泄物,这是一些颈部双侧腺摄取和少量存在的(推测的)游离[123I]-碘化物的甲状腺摄取。
脑的SPECT图像(图11ai-iii和11biii;SPECT)显示,与MRI扫描上看到的脑瘤相应的区域中的放射性焦点(图11ai-iii和11bi;MRI)。对照MRI和SPECT重叠的图像后共配准的T1(图11ai-iii和11bii;SPECT/MRI)显示聚焦的放射性位于每条狗的肿瘤的核中。
这些实施例表明具有晚期脑瘤的病例中100%的抗肿瘤药效,这是本公开实现的前所未有的结果。在以下考虑下,它也是非常令人意外的结果。
1.大小近似于阿霉素(579.98道尔顿)的药物,比如紫杉醇(853.9道尔顿)和长春碱(810.9道尔顿),以前从来不认为用于全身性(i.v.)递送和脑瘤的治疗。考虑到约400道尔顿的一致截止值,如以上讨论,完全不预期它们穿过BBB。
2.十年的研究已获得作为仅FDA-认可的用于治疗脑癌的药物的替莫唑胺;这是因为,它是具有分子量194.15道尔顿的唯一药物,即低于认为的穿过BBB的400-道尔顿截止值。
3.即使被认为用于脑瘤的治疗,在常规化疗中阿霉素在一般患者(60kg)中以100mg至125mg的剂量正常地施用。这相当于每静脉注射剂量100,000μg至125,000μg,认为是在治疗一些癌症中实现治疗效果的最小值。依据本公开,相比之下,携带1x 1010个EGFR微细胞阿霉素的阿霉素剂量约是4μg,其少于常规阿霉素化疗施用剂量的25,000-倍至31,250-倍。根据本公开,与常规实践的这种偏离,将结合癌症治疗的当前理解劝阻临床医师在任何情况下不考虑这样低药物剂量的前景,更不必说在脑癌情况的前景。
4.依据本公开的微细胞递送载体的使用与以上讨论的一致大小限制矛盾,其又通过脑瘤中突破的BBB的传统观点被告知。然而,本公开获得的数据显示完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞以显著的浓度快速地进入脑瘤,例如,使放射标记的微细胞在脑瘤微环境中能够成像。该结果也表明在每个治疗的对象中高的显著的肿瘤稳定/退化,强调有效治疗范例的前所未有的成就,与本公开一致,用于以前仅由极差的结果代表的临床肿瘤学领域。
实施例10.将多种小分子药物包裹进入微细胞
该实施例阐明了将多种小分子药物装载进入微细胞的可行性,以及所得物——包含包裹小分子药物的微细胞的组合物——的显著的抗肿瘤药效。涉及的小分子药物是:
A. 阿霉素,
B. 紫杉醇,
C. 氟紫杉醇,
D. 顺铂,
E. 长春碱,
F. 莫那撒尔,
G. 胸苷酸合成酶(TS)抑制剂OSI-7904
H. 伊立替康,
I. 5-氟尿嘧啶,
J. 吉西他滨,和
K. 卡铂。
阿霉素、长春碱和紫杉醇的包裹。在本发明人的出版物MacDiarmid等,CancerCell 11:431-45(2007)中阐明了将阿霉素、荧光长春碱和氟紫杉醇包裹进入完整的微细胞的有效性。MacDiarmid等Cancer Cell(2007)的图1E,不同的荧光颜色显示分别用大量的阿霉素(DOX)、长春碱(VIN)和紫杉醇(PAC)包裹的微细胞。
一旦包裹,阿霉素、氟紫杉醇和顺铂不渗漏出微细胞。MacDiarmid等Cancer Cell(2007)进一步使用动力学阐明,不仅药物(阿霉素、氟紫杉醇和顺铂)被充分装载进入完整的微细胞,一旦包裹,这些药物不渗漏出完整的微细胞(见在文中的图2A)。
在治疗乳腺癌异种移植物中,包裹阿霉素和紫杉醇的微细胞是有效的。此外,在MacDiarmid等Cancer Cell(2007)的图4A中呈现的数据显示人乳腺癌异种移植物用包裹阿霉素或紫杉醇的微细胞有效地处理。
包裹单星素的微细胞的抗肿瘤效果。本发明人公开的另一篇文章,MacDiarmid等,细胞周期17:1-7(2007)呈现的数据阐明包裹单星素的微细胞在抑制包含人乳腺癌异种移植物的小鼠中肿瘤生长的有效性(见文中图1A)。
如在图1A中所显示,单星素被有效地包裹进入完整的微细胞,并且人乳腺癌异种移植物用包裹单星素的微细胞有效地处理。
用胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂OSI-7904包裹的微细胞的抗肿瘤效果。人结肠癌异种移植物,类似地,用装载药物的微细胞有效地处理。MacDiarmid等(2007)的图1B显示装载OSI-7904的微细胞比脂质体制剂OSI-7904L更有效,其剂量比OSI-7904L的脂质体制剂少~385倍。因此微细胞递送载体明显增加OSI-7904的治疗指数。
伊立替康耐性的人结肠癌异种移植物的有效治疗。伊立替康也被包裹进入完整的微细胞。进一步,在本发明人的另一出版物MacDiarmid等,Nature Biotechnology 27:643-51(2009)的图5A和5A中阐明在用包裹shRNA-MDR1的微细胞、接着伊立替康靶向的微细胞双顺序治疗后伊立替康耐性的人结肠癌异种移植物的有效治疗。
5-氟尿嘧啶耐性的人结肠癌异种移植物的有效治疗。像伊立替康一样,5-氟尿嘧啶也被包裹进入完整的微细胞,并且在用包裹shRNA-MDR1的微细胞、接着5-氟尿嘧啶靶向的微细胞双顺序治疗后实现了5-氟尿嘧啶耐性的人结肠癌异种移植物的有效治疗。见MacDiarmid等,(2009)的补充图4A和4B。
用包裹吉西他滨的微细胞有效的治疗人胰腺癌异种移植物。图12说明人胰腺癌异种移植物用包裹吉西他滨的微细胞有效地治疗。
Balb/c nu/nu小鼠中的人胰腺癌(MIAPaCa)异种移植物静脉施用游离Gemzar或EGFR靶向的、包裹Gemzar的微细胞(EGFR微细胞Gemzar)。图12显示虽然携带的微细胞剂量仅~50ng Gemzar,就抗肿瘤药效而言,EGFR微细胞Gemzar治疗的抗肿瘤药效与给定的游离Gemzar一样,游离Gemzar每次以400,000ng的剂量给药。
治疗人乳腺癌异种移植物的卡铂。在图13中表明包裹卡铂的微细胞治疗人乳腺癌异种移植物的效果。
Balb/c nu/nu小鼠中的人乳腺癌(MDA-MB-468)异种移植物静脉施用游离卡铂或包裹卡铂的非靶向微细胞或EGFR靶向的、包裹卡铂的微细胞(EGFR微细胞卡铂)。在图13中的结果显示EGFR微细胞卡铂治疗对实现肿瘤稳定是高度有效的,即使卡铂的剂量低于游离卡铂剂量的~1,000倍。
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Claims (31)
1.组合物用于制造治疗脑瘤的药物的用途,其中所述组合物包括多个完整的、细菌衍生的微细胞,其中:
(A)所述多个微细胞的每个(i)包括特异性识别肿瘤细胞抗原的抗体和(ii)包括抗肿瘤剂;和
(B)所述脑瘤具有其壁中有穿孔的血管,通过其,所述微细胞能够被动地外渗。
2.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述抗肿瘤剂是放射性核素。
3.权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述放射性核素选自钇-90、锝-99m、碘-123、碘-131、铷-82、铊-201、镓-67、氟-18、氙-133和铟-111。
4.权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述放射性核素被附着至所述微细胞表面上的蛋白质或糖。
5.权利要求4所述的用途,其中所述放射性核素被附着至与所述微细胞的表面相连的双特异性抗体。
6.权利要求2-5任一项所述的用途,其中所述组合物包含约30Gy至约100Gy放射性活度。
7.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述抗肿瘤剂是化疗药物。
8.权利要求7所述的用途,其中所述化疗药物具有大于约400道尔顿的分子量。
9.权利要求7或8所述的用途,其中所述化疗药物具有的LD50低于所述化疗药物对靶向癌症的ED50。
10.权利要求7-9任一项所述的用途,其中所述组合物包含至多约1mg的所述化疗药物。
11.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述抗肿瘤剂是功能性核酸或编码功能性核酸的多核苷酸。
12.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述功能性核酸抑制促进肿瘤细胞增殖、血管发生或抵抗化疗和/或抑制细胞凋亡或细胞周期停滞的基因。
13.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述功能性核酸选自siRNA、miRNA、shRNA、lincRNA、反义RNA或核酶。
14.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述抗肿瘤剂是编码促进细胞凋亡的基因的多核苷酸。
15.权利要求1-14任一项所述的用途,其中所述多个微细胞的每个包括对非吞噬哺乳动物细胞表面受体具有特异性的配体。
16.权利要求15所述的用途,其中所述受体是肿瘤细胞抗原。
17.权利要求1-16任一项所述的用途,其中所述多个微细胞包括至少约108个微细胞。
18.权利要求17所述的用途,其中所述多个微细胞包括至少约1010个微细胞。
19.权利要求1-18任一项所述的用途,其中所述组合物包含少于约10EU游离内毒素。
20.权利要求1-19任一项所述的用途,其中所述组合物包含每108个微细胞至多1个母体细菌细胞。
21.权利要求1-20任一项所述的用途,其中所述脑瘤选自:成胶质细胞瘤、星形细胞肿瘤、少突胶质肿瘤、室管膜瘤、颅咽管瘤、垂体肿瘤、脑的原发性淋巴瘤、松果体肿瘤、脑的原发性生殖细胞肿瘤和其组合。
22.权利要求21所述的用途,其中所述脑瘤是转移性脑瘤。
23.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述脑瘤是成胶质细胞瘤。
24.权利要求23所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤是II级、III级或IV级肿瘤。
25.权利要求23所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤是III级或IV级肿瘤。
26.权利要求23所述的用途,其中在所述肿瘤中血管发生已经开始。
27.权利要求23所述的用途,其中在所述肿瘤中血管化已经开始。
28.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤是II级、III级或IV级肿瘤。
29.权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤是III级或IV级肿瘤。
30.权利要求1所述的用途,其中在所述肿瘤中血管发生已经开始。
31.权利要求1所述的用途,其中在所述肿瘤中血管化已经开始。
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