CN108812058B - Method for culturing straw mushrooms - Google Patents
Method for culturing straw mushrooms Download PDFInfo
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- CN108812058B CN108812058B CN201810676886.XA CN201810676886A CN108812058B CN 108812058 B CN108812058 B CN 108812058B CN 201810676886 A CN201810676886 A CN 201810676886A CN 108812058 B CN108812058 B CN 108812058B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms. The method for culturing the straw mushrooms comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of culture material pretreatment, fruiting room material spreading, culture material secondary fermentation, inoculation, spawn running and fruiting management. The invention adopts a layered material paving method, and the mushroom dreg layer, the threshed corn cob layer and the mushroom dreg layer are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, so that the material temperature and humidity of the culture material are ensured, the middle layer of the culture material has good air permeability, the growth of hypha is fast, the spawn running time of the culture material is shortened by 2-3 days compared with the conventional raw materials such as straw, cottonseed hulls and the like, and compared with the traditional earthing and fruiting, the culture material does not contain soil, and the convenience is provided for the reutilization of mushroom dreg.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms.
Background
CN107950296A discloses a straw mushroom compost, which comprises the following components by mass: 30-40 parts of cottonseed meal, 20-30 parts of fruit and vegetable residues, 10-15 parts of bagasse, 15-20 parts of straw, 5-15 parts of sawdust, 10-15 parts of corncob, 5-10 parts of decomposed chicken manure and 1-3 parts of lime. The biological conversion rate of the compost disclosed by the invention can provide nutrients required by growth of straw mushrooms, the fruiting is fast, the yield is high, and the economic benefits of farmers are obviously increased.
CN106631265A provides a straw mushroom compost which comprises the following components in parts by mass: 35-40 parts of cotton meal, 12-15 parts of bagasse, 15-20 parts of straw, 5-8 parts of peanut shell, 1-2 parts of rape straw, 1-3 parts of sawdust, 3-6 parts of corncob, 1-3 parts of decomposed chicken manure and 3-5 parts of lime. The invention can provide nutrients required by the growth of the straw mushrooms, and the straw mushrooms cultivated by the compost of the invention have the advantages of fast germination, strong growth, regular growth and high yield.
The two culture materials comprise traditional livestock and poultry fertilizers, such as decomposed chicken manure, and although the decomposed chicken manure can provide nutrition for growth of straw mushrooms, the two culture materials also bring environmental problems while providing the nutrition. The two schemes adopt corncobs, and the defects can be as follows: the corncobs used in the two schemes are crushed corncobs, the particles are small, the water absorption is strong, the air permeability of the culture material is poor, the oxygen deficiency phenomenon is easily caused in the straw mushroom spawning and fruiting processes, and the fruiting quality and the yield are affected.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the culture method of the straw mushroom, which has the advantages of short spawn running time, good mushroom shape, high commodity rate and high yield.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for culturing straw mushrooms comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of culture material
S1, fermenting mushroom dregs: uniformly mixing 95 parts of mushroom dregs and 5 parts of lime, adding water according to the weight ratio of 1:1.5, uniformly mixing, and stacking for fermentation;
when building a pile, the pile height is 50-60 cm, the width is 1-1.5 m, the length is 2-3 m, vent holes are formed on the surface of the fermented material pile at intervals of 30cm, and the diameter of each vent hole is 12-15 cm; when the temperature of the fermented material reaches 60-65 ℃, keeping for 22-24 h;
turning the stacks for the first time, keeping the temperature for 22-24 h when the temperature of the stacks rises to 60-65 ℃ again, turning the stacks for the second time, keeping the temperature for 22-24 h when the temperature of the stacks rises to 60 ℃ for the third time, turning the stacks for the third time, and conveying the stacks to a mushroom outlet room while the stacks are hot after turning is completed for later use;
s2, threshing corn cob: rolling the whole root of the threshed corn cobs until the threshed corn cobs longitudinally split into four petals, soaking the threshed corn cobs in 30 wt% lime water for 5-7 days, and then entering a mushroom house for later use;
(2) mushroom growing room paving material
Firstly, laying a layer of mushroom dregs fermented in the step (1) on a fruiting shelf, wherein the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 5-6 cm;
then laying a layer of the threshed corn cobs soaked in the step (1) with the thickness of 10-12 cm;
finally, a layer of fermented mushroom dregs is paved on the threshed corn cobs, and the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 8-10 cm;
(3) secondary fermentation of culture material
After the cultivation material enters a mushroom house for spreading, carrying out secondary fermentation, namely firstly raising the temperature of the mushroom house and the material temperature to 70 ℃, keeping for 10 hours, then lowering the temperature to 50-52 ℃, keeping for 3-4 days, then lowering the temperature to 33-38 ℃, starting inoculation, carrying out secondary fermentation, and fermenting for 5-8 days; obtaining a culture material;
(4) inoculation of
Inoculating, namely kneading and crushing the strains, uniformly scattering the crushed strains on the surface of the material, and slightly tamping the crushed strains to ensure that the strains are fully contacted with the culture material;
(5) spawn running and fruiting management
After sowing, controlling the temperature of the mushroom house to be 30-32 ℃ and the air humidity to be 85-95%, not requiring illumination, properly ventilating and controlling CO2Concentration 1500-; growing bacteria for 7-9 days, spraying lime water on the surface of the culture medium after hypha grows over the culture medium, scattering light, increasing ventilation, and controlling CO2The concentration is 1000-;
all parts above refer to parts by weight.
When turning, a turner is adopted to turn the piles, and lime water is used for adjusting the culture material to keep the water content of the culture material at 63-65%.
In the step (4), inoculation is carried out in a broadcasting mode, and the inoculation amount per square meter is 1-1.2 kg.
The mass concentration of the lime water sprayed in the step (5) is 1 percent, and the spraying amount is 500g/m2。
And (2) covering the fermentation bacterial residues obtained in the step (1) through S1 with a plastic film after piling, and fermenting in an environment without rain.
The feeding amount of the culture materials is as follows:
the lower layer is added with 6kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs2The corncob is put into the middle layer at a ratio of 4kg/m2Adding 10kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs into the upper layer2。
The invention has the outstanding characteristics that:
(1) materials such as cow dung, chicken manure and the like in the traditional formula are not used, and the production process and the production environment are safe and sanitary;
(2) the upper and lower layers of the paving material are mushroom dregs, the density is high, the material is favorably stored, the humidity of the culture material is favorably maintained, and the mushroom dregs are rich in nutrition and provide sufficient nutrients for the spawn running and fruiting of the straw mushrooms; the straw mushroom spawn running and fruiting need a large amount of oxygen, the middle layer of the compost of the invention is a corn cob, the hole is bigger, the air permeability is good, the hypha growth is fast, and the spawn running time is shortened by 2-3 days compared with the spawn running time of the conventional straw, cottonseed hull and other raw materials; the upper layer is covered with a layer of mushroom dregs, so that the earthing link in the traditional method is reduced, and the labor intensity is reduced;
(3) the earthing link is not provided, the culture material does not contain soil, and convenience is provided for reutilization of the mushroom dregs;
(4) the production cycle is short: the method for cultivating straw mushrooms also greatly shortens the production period, only needs about 11 days from inoculation to mushroom picking, and produces the mushrooms 2-3 days earlier than the traditional cultivation method;
(5) uniform fruiting, moderate size of mushroom body, good shape, high commodity rate, high yield (5.62 kg/m), and high conversion rate (28.1%).
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a compost laid in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in comparative example 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in comparative example 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in comparative example 3;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in comparative example 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in comparative example 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of the compost laid in example 2;
FIG. 8 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the cultivation of Volvariella volvacea in example 1;
FIG. 9 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the cultivation of Volvariella volvacea in example 2;
FIG. 10 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the cultivation of Volvariella volvacea in example 3;
FIG. 11 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the culture of Volvariella volvacea of comparative example 1;
FIG. 12 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the culture of Volvariella volvacea of comparative example 2;
FIG. 13 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the culture of Volvariella volvacea of comparative example 3;
FIG. 14 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the culture of Volvariella volvacea of comparative example 4;
FIG. 15 is a photograph of Volvariella volvacea obtained in the culture of Volvariella volvacea of comparative example 5;
the mushroom cultivation medium comprises a mushroom residue layer I, a threshed corn cob layer I, a mushroom residue layer II, a mushroom residue layer III, a threshed corn cob layer II and a mushroom fruiting frame; the components of the mushroom dreg layers are the same, and the thicknesses of the mushroom dreg layers are different; the same layers of threshed corn cobs are identical in composition and different in thickness.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples so that those skilled in the art may better understand the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Example 1
The method for culturing the straw mushrooms comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of culture material
Fermentation of mushroom dregs: mixing the bacterial residues and 5% lime uniformly, adding a proper amount of water according to the material-water ratio of 1:1.5, stirring uniformly, and stacking for fermentation; when building a pile, making air holes at the interval of 30cm on the surface of the fermented material pile, wherein the diameter of the air holes is about 12cm, the temperature of the fermented material reaches above 60 ℃, keeping for 24h, turning the pile for the first time by using a turner, keeping for 24h when the temperature of the pile rises to 60 ℃ again, turning the pile for the second time, keeping for 22h when the temperature of the pile rises to 60 ℃ for the third time, turning the pile for the third time by using the turner, and then conveying the pile to a mushroom house for spreading when the pile is hot;
3 times of turning and stacking, wherein the fermentation period is about 5-6 days, and in the turning and stacking process, the reasonable water content of the compost is adjusted by lime water according to the water content of the compost so that the water content is kept at about 64%; the compost is well covered by a plastic film after being piled up so as to be beneficial to moisture preservation and heat preservation, and the rain is strictly forbidden in the fermentation process;
removing corn cob: simply rolling the whole corn cob without grains, namely rolling the whole corn cob into four petals, then soaking the corn cob into lime water with the lime concentration of 30% (mass concentration) for about 6 days, and entering a fruiting room for spreading after the corn cob is completely soaked;
(2) mushroom growing room paving material
Firstly, laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) on a fruiting layer frame, wherein the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 6 cm;
then laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer I) with the thickness of 12 cm;
finally, another layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer II) is laid on the corn cobs, and the thickness of the mushroom dregs layer II is 10 cm; the material spreading mode has the advantages that the upper and lower layers of material spreading are mushroom dregs, the density is high, the preservation of the humidity of the material and the material is facilitated, the middle layer of corn cob has large pores and good air permeability, and the growth and fruiting of hypha are facilitated;
the picture during stacking is shown in figure 1, and during stacking, the upper layer mushroom dregs, the middle corn cob layer and the lower layer mushroom dregs are all stacked into a cuboid shape, namely, the transverse or longitudinal section of each layer is a regular rectangle.
The lower layer is added with 6kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs2The corncob is put into the middle layer at a ratio of 4kg/m2Adding 10kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs into the upper layer2；
(3) Secondary fermentation of culture material
After the cultivation material enters a mushroom house for spreading, carrying out secondary fermentation, firstly raising the temperature of the mushroom house and the material temperature to 70 ℃ for 10 hours (the temperature raising process needs about 20-24 hours), then lowering the temperature to 52 ℃ for 4 days (the temperature lowering process needs about 20 hours), then lowering the temperature to below 38 ℃, starting inoculation, and the secondary fermentation process is about 7 days in total;
(4) inoculation of
Inoculating by adopting a broadcast sowing mode, namely, breaking strains, uniformly scattering the strains on the surface of the material, and slightly tamping the strains to ensure that the strains are fully contacted with the culture material, wherein the inoculation amount per square meter is about 1 kg;
(5) spawn running and fruiting management
After sowing, controlling the temperature of the mushroom house to be about 31 ℃, controlling the air humidity to be about 90 percent, properly ventilating without illumination and controlling the ventilation quantity to ensure that CO is used2The concentration is about 2000ppm, so as to be beneficial to the germination and growth of the hypha of the straw mushroom; allowing mycelia to grow over the culture medium for about 8 days, spraying lime water (with a mass concentration of 1%) onto the surface of the culture medium in an amount of 500g/m2Stimulating fruiting; at the same time, scattering light is given, ventilation quantity is increased, and CO is controlled2The concentration is about 1500ppm, and the relative humidity of air is maintained above 90%, and fruiting is started.
In the attached figure 8, the upper and lower layers of the spreading materials are mushroom dregs, which are beneficial to heat preservation and moisture preservation, the middle layer of the corn cob is beneficial to ventilation, the straw mushroom grows quickly, and the yield is high.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is: and (4) cultivating the straw mushrooms by using the fermented mushroom dregs.
Spreading fermented mushroom residue on fruiting shelf with thickness of 22cm and spreading amount of 25kg/m2(ii) a The rest is exactly the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
Firstly, laying a layer of soaked corn cobs on a fruiting layer frame, wherein the thickness of the corn cobs is 12cm, and then laying a layer of fermented fungus residues on the corn cobs, wherein the thickness of the fermented fungus residues is 16 cm; the rest is exactly the same as in example 1.
Similarly, the inventor also carries out the following experiment, firstly, a fermented mushroom dreg layer with the thickness of 16cm is paved on the fruiting layer frame, and then soaked corn cobs with the thickness of 12cm are paved above the mushroom dreg layer; the rest is exactly the same as in example 1. The inventor passes through the experiment, discovers so setting up, and the straw mushroom hardly goes out the mushroom because the maize stick layer gap is very big, and the hypha can't link together after the inoculation grows, and the gas permeability is too big moreover, the loss of water is too fast, leads to the unable mushroom that goes out of later stage top layer drying. Therefore, the comparative significance is not great, and the present invention does not refer to it as a comparative example.
Comparative example 3
Firstly, laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) on a fruiting shelf, wherein the thickness of the fermented mushroom dregs is 6cm, then laying a layer of soaked 1-2 cm square blocky corncobs (namely, threshing corn cobs are broken into small blocks), the thickness of the corncobs is 12cm, and finally laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs on the corncobs, wherein the thickness of the fermented mushroom dregs is 10 cm; the rest is exactly the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 4
And (2) laying the fruiting room, which specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer I) on a fruiting layer frame, wherein the thickness of the corn cobs is 6 cm;
laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) with the thickness of 6 cm;
then laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer II) again, wherein the thickness of the corn cobs is 6 cm;
finally, a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer II) is laid on the corn cobs, and the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 10 cm;
comparative example 5
Firstly, laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) on a fruiting layer frame, wherein the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 5 cm;
laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer I) with the thickness of 6 cm;
then laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer II) with the thickness of 5 cm;
laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer II) above the fungus residue layer II, wherein the thickness of the corn cobs is 6 cm;
and laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer III) with the thickness of 6 cm.
In the above comparative examples, the thickness of the middle and the edge of each layer of the bed frame (mushroom growing frame) was as uniform as possible, so the cross section and the longitudinal section of the material were almost rectangular.
The contrast effect is as follows:
in the embodiment 1, the upper and lower layers of the paving materials are mushroom residues, the density is high, the humidity of the materials and the humidity of the materials are favorably preserved, the mushroom residues and the corncobs are rich in nutrition, sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth and fruiting of the hypha of the straw mushroom, the corncobs in the middle layer are large in pores and good in air permeability, and the hypha growth and fruiting are favorably realized, so that the hypha of the straw mushroom grows fast, the fruiting is fast, and the yield is high.
Comparative example 1, the fermentation mushroom residue is completely used, the air permeability is poor, the spawn running is slow, the mushroom skin is easily generated, the fruiting is not facilitated, the local mushroom density also appears after the mushroom fruiting, and the phenomenon of oxygen deficiency and mushroom death is easily caused. As shown in figure 11, the mushroom dregs are completely used, the air permeability is poor, the spawn running is slow, the mushroom skin is thick, and the mushroom fruiting is not facilitated.
Comparative example 2, lower floor's stone corncob, upper strata stone fungus sediment, the gas permeability is good, and it is also relatively faster to spawn running, but the corncob hole of lower floor is big, and the dehydration is serious, causes later stage compost lack of water, influences fruiting and output. Referring to the attached figure 12, the lower layer is paved with corncobs, the upper layer is paved with mushroom dregs, the air permeability is good, the local fruiting is dense, and the fruiting and the yield are affected unevenly.
Comparative example 3, the threshed corn cobs simply rolled into four petals in example 1 were replaced by blocky corncobs, and due to the small particle size, small pores and very strong water absorption of the broken corncobs, the poor air permeability under the conditions of high humidity and high density causes spawn running and oxygen deficiency during fruiting, which affects fruiting quality and yield. As shown in figure 13, the crushed corncobs have small particle size, small pores, strong water absorption, poor air permeability, dense fruiting, small fruiting body and easy opening.
Comparative example 4, the compost was spread into four layers; comparative example 5, the culture materials are laid into 5 layers, the components of the culture materials are unchanged, and only the number of layers and the thickness are different when the culture materials are laid, so that during operation, the culture materials of each layer are thinner, fungus residues leak downwards in the material laying process, gaps of a part of corn cobs are filled, the air permeability in the middle of the culture materials is influenced, the yield and the quality of the straw mushrooms are not improved compared with those of example 1, particularly, the exposed corn cobs in comparative example 4 easily dry the material surface, and the later period of fruiting is influenced; in addition, the comparative examples 4 and 5 are complicated to operate and difficult to apply to industrial production. In the attached figure 14, the corn cob exposed at the bottom is not beneficial to water retention and moisture preservation, and the fruiting at the later stage is less.
In comparative example 5, a multi-layer spreading mode is adopted, each layer is thinner, the fungus dregs fill gaps of a part of corn cobs, the air permeability is influenced, and the yield and the quality of the straw mushrooms are general. See fig. 15.
Therefore, the inventor concludes that the straw mushroom is cultured only by the mushroom residue layer, the air permeability and the like are poor, the oxygen required by the growth and fruiting of the hypha of the straw mushroom cannot be completely met, and the yield and the quality of the straw mushroom are influenced; if the combined mode of the corncob layer and the mushroom dreg layer and the mode of multilayer spreading are adopted, the ideal effect cannot be achieved. By adopting the method provided by the invention, the mushroom residue layer, the corn cob layer and the mushroom residue layer are paved in such a way, so that the yield and the conversion rate of the straw mushrooms are high, the fruiting speed is high, the fruiting is uniform, the mushroom bodies are thick and solid, and the opening of the mushrooms is difficult.
Example 2
The method for culturing the straw mushrooms comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of culture material
Fermentation of mushroom dregs: mixing the bacterial residues and 5% lime uniformly, adding a proper amount of water according to the material-water ratio of 1:1.5, stirring uniformly, and stacking for fermentation; when building a pile, forming air holes at the interval of 30cm on the surface of the fermented material pile, wherein the diameter of the air holes is about 12cm, the temperature of the fermented material reaches above 60 ℃, keeping for 22h, turning the pile for the first time by using a turner, keeping for 22h when the temperature of the pile rises to 60 ℃ again, turning the pile for the second time, keeping for 22h when the temperature of the pile rises to 60 ℃ for the third time, turning the pile for the third time by using the turner, and then conveying the pile to a mushroom house for spreading when the pile is hot;
3 times of turning and stacking, wherein the fermentation period is about 5-6 days, and in the turning and stacking process, the reasonable water content of the compost is adjusted by lime water according to the water content of the compost so that the water content is kept at about 65%; the compost is well covered by a plastic film after being piled up so as to be beneficial to moisture preservation and heat preservation, and the rain is strictly forbidden in the fermentation process;
removing corn cob: simply rolling the whole corn cob without grains, namely rolling the whole corn cob into four petals, then soaking the corn cob into lime water with the lime concentration of 30% (mass concentration) for about 6 days, and entering a fruiting room for spreading after the corn cob is completely soaked;
(2) mushroom growing room paving material
Firstly, laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) on a fruiting shelf, wherein the thickness (highest position) of the mushroom dregs is 6 cm;
when laying, the mushroom dreg layer is approximately laid into a pile with an arched longitudinal section (see the attached figure 7 for details);
then laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer I) with the thickness (highest position) of 12 cm;
when laying, the longitudinal section of the corn cob layer I is approximately circular;
finally, another layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer II) is laid on the corn cobs, and the thickness (highest position) of the mushroom dregs is 10 cm;
when laying, the longitudinal section of the mushroom dreg layer II is approximately circular;
the lower layer is added with 6kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs2The corncob is put into the middle layer at a ratio of 4kg/m2Adding 10kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs into the upper layer2；
The material spreading mode has the advantages that the upper and lower layers of material spreading are mushroom dregs, the density is high, the preservation of the humidity of the material and the material is facilitated, the middle layer of corn cob has large pores and good air permeability, and the growth and fruiting of hypha are facilitated; the effect of the above-described laying method is better than that of example 1.
(3) Secondary fermentation of culture material
After the cultivation material enters a mushroom house for spreading, carrying out secondary fermentation, firstly raising the temperature of the mushroom house and the material temperature to 70 ℃ for 10 hours (the temperature raising process needs about 20-24 hours), then lowering the temperature to 52 ℃ for 4 days (the temperature lowering process needs about 20 hours), then lowering the temperature to below 38 ℃, starting inoculation, and the secondary fermentation process is about 7 days in total;
(4) inoculation of
Inoculating by adopting a broadcast sowing mode, namely, breaking strains, uniformly scattering the strains on the surface of the material, and slightly tamping the strains to ensure that the strains are fully contacted with the culture material, wherein the inoculation amount per square meter is about 1 kg;
(5) spawn running and fruiting management
After sowing, controlling the temperature of the mushroom house to be about 32 ℃, controlling the air humidity to be about 90 percent, not needing illumination at the moment, and properly ventilating to control CO2The concentration is below 2000ppm, so as to be beneficial to the germination and growth of the hypha of the straw mushroom;
allowing mycelia to grow over the culture medium for about 8 days, spraying lime water (with a mass concentration of 1%) onto the surface of the culture medium in an amount of 500g/m2Stimulating fruiting; at the same time, scattering light is given, ventilation quantity is increased, and CO is controlled2The concentration is less than 1500ppm, and the relative humidity of air is maintained to be more than 90%, and fruiting is started.
In the attached figure 9, the arc-shaped paving materials, the upper and lower layers of paving materials are mushroom dregs, which are beneficial to heat preservation and moisture preservation, the middle layer of corn cob is beneficial to ventilation, the material surface is approximately turtle back-shaped, the surface area is large, the fruiting area is large, and the yield is high.
Example 3
The method for culturing the straw mushrooms comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of culture material
Fermentation of mushroom dregs: mixing the bacterial residues and 5% lime uniformly, adding a proper amount of water according to the material-water ratio of 1:1.5, stirring uniformly, and stacking for fermentation; when building a pile, making air holes at the interval of 30cm on the surface of the fermented material pile, wherein the diameter of the air holes is about 15cm, the temperature of the fermented material reaches above 65 ℃, keeping for 24h, turning the pile for the first time by using a turner, keeping for 24h when the temperature of the pile rises to 64 ℃ again, turning the pile for the second time, keeping for 24h when the temperature of the pile rises to 65 ℃ for the third time, turning the pile for the third time by using the turner, and then delivering the pile to a mushroom house for spreading the hot pile;
3 times of turning and stacking, wherein the fermentation period is about 5-6 days, and in the turning and stacking process, the reasonable water content of the compost is adjusted by lime water according to the water content of the compost so that the water content is kept at about 63%; the compost is well covered by a plastic film after being piled up so as to be beneficial to moisture preservation and heat preservation, and the rain is strictly forbidden in the fermentation process;
removing corn cob: simply rolling the whole corn cob without grains, namely rolling the whole corn cob into four petals, then soaking the corn cob into lime water with the lime concentration of 30% (mass concentration) for about 6 days, and entering a fruiting room for spreading after the corn cob is completely soaked;
(2) mushroom growing room paving material
Firstly, laying a layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer I) on a fruiting shelf, wherein the thickness (highest position) of the mushroom dregs is 6 cm;
when laying, the mushroom dreg layer is approximately laid into a pile with an arched longitudinal section (see the attached figure 7 for details);
then laying a layer of soaked corn cobs (a threshing corn cob layer I) with the thickness (highest position) of 12 cm;
when laying, the longitudinal section of the corn cob layer I is approximately circular;
finally, another layer of fermented mushroom dregs (mushroom dreg layer II) is laid on the corn cobs, and the thickness (highest position) of the mushroom dregs is 10 cm;
when laying, the longitudinal section of the mushroom dreg layer II is approximately circular;
the lower layer is added with 6kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs2The corncob is put into the middle layer at a ratio of 4kg/m2Adding 10kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs into the upper layer2；
The material spreading mode has the advantages that the upper and lower layers of material spreading are mushroom dregs, the density is high, the preservation of the humidity of the material and the material is facilitated, the middle layer of corn cob has large pores and good air permeability, and the growth and fruiting of hypha are facilitated; the effect of the above-described laying method is better than that of example 1.
In the attached figure 10, the arc-shaped paving materials, the upper and lower layers of paving materials are mushroom dregs which are beneficial to heat preservation and moisture preservation, the middle layer of corn cob is beneficial to ventilation, the material surface is approximately turtle back-shaped, the surface area is large, the fruiting area is large, and the yield is high.
(3) Secondary fermentation of culture material
After the cultivation material enters a mushroom house for spreading, carrying out secondary fermentation, firstly raising the temperature of the mushroom house and the material temperature to 70 ℃ for 10 hours (about 22 hours in the temperature raising process), then lowering the temperature to 52 ℃ for 4 days (about 20 hours in the temperature lowering process), then lowering the temperature to below 38 ℃, starting inoculation, and carrying out the secondary fermentation process for about 7 days in total;
(4) inoculation of
Inoculating by adopting a broadcast sowing mode, namely, breaking strains, uniformly scattering the strains on the surface of the material, and slightly tamping the strains to ensure that the strains are fully contacted with the culture material, wherein the inoculation amount per square meter is about 1 kg;
(5) spawn running and fruiting management
After sowing, the temperature of the mushroom house is controlled to be about 32 ℃, the air humidity is controlled to be about 90 percent, the illumination is not needed, the ventilation is properly carried out, and CO is controlled2The concentration is about 2000ppm, so as to be beneficial to the germination and growth of straw mushroom hypha;
spawn running is carried out for about 8 days, hypha grows over the compost, lime water (the mass concentration is 1 percent) is sprayed on the surface of the compost, and fruiting is stimulated; at the same time, scattering light is given, ventilation quantity is increased, and CO is controlled2The concentration is about 1500ppm, the air humidity is more than 90%, and the fruiting is started.
It can be seen from the data in the above tables that the culture material and the laying method in the examples 2 and 3 are more beneficial to the growth and fruiting of the straw mushrooms, mainly because the material surface is turtle-back shaped, the surface area is large, the fruiting effective area is large, and thus the fruiting yield is high and the quality is good.
Claims (4)
1. A method for culturing straw mushrooms comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of culture material
S1, fermenting mushroom dregs: uniformly mixing 95 parts of mushroom dregs and 5 parts of lime, adding water according to the weight ratio of 1:1.5, uniformly mixing, and stacking for fermentation;
when building a pile, the pile height is 50-60 cm, the width is 1-1.5 m, the length is 2-3 m, vent holes are formed on the surface of the fermented material pile at intervals of 30cm, and the diameter of each vent hole is 12-15 cm; when the temperature of the fermented material reaches 60-65 ℃, keeping for 22-24 h;
turning the stacks for the first time, keeping the temperature for 22-24 h when the temperature of the stacks rises to 60-65 ℃ again, turning the stacks for the second time, keeping the temperature for 22-24 h when the temperature of the stacks rises to 60 ℃ for the third time, turning the stacks for the third time, and conveying the stacks to a mushroom outlet room while the stacks are hot after turning is completed for later use; during pile turning, regulating the culture material with lime water to maintain the water content in 63-65%;
s2, threshing corn cob: rolling the whole root of the threshed corn cobs until the threshed corn cobs longitudinally split into four petals, soaking the threshed corn cobs in 30 wt% lime water for 5-7 days, and then entering a mushroom house for later use;
(2) mushroom growing room paving material
Firstly, laying a layer of mushroom dregs fermented in the step (1) on a fruiting shelf, wherein the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 5-6 cm;
then laying a layer of the threshed corn cobs soaked in the step (1) with the thickness of 10-12 cm;
finally, a layer of fermented mushroom dregs is paved on the threshed corn cobs, and the thickness of the mushroom dregs is 8-10 cm; the feeding amount of the culture materials is as follows: the lower layer is added with 6kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs2The corncob is put into the middle layer at a ratio of 4kg/m2Adding 10kg/m of fermentation fungus dregs into the upper layer2；
(3) Secondary fermentation of culture material
After the cultivation material enters a mushroom house for spreading, carrying out secondary fermentation, namely firstly raising the temperature of the mushroom house and the material temperature to 70 ℃, keeping for 10 hours, then lowering the temperature to 50-52 ℃, keeping for 3-4 days, then lowering the temperature to 33-38 ℃, starting inoculation, carrying out secondary fermentation, and fermenting for 5-8 days; obtaining a culture material;
(4) inoculation of
Inoculating, namely kneading and crushing the strains, uniformly scattering the crushed strains on the surface of the material, and slightly tamping the crushed strains to ensure that the strains are fully contacted with the culture material; the inoculation amount per square meter is 1-1.2 kg;
(5) spawn running and fruiting management
After sowing, controlling the temperature of the mushroom house to be 30-32 ℃ and the air humidity to be 85-95%, ventilating and controlling CO under the condition of no illumination2The concentration is 1500-; allowing fermentation for 7-9 days, spraying lime water on the surface of the culture medium after mycelia overgrow the culture medium, increasing ventilation amount, and controlling CO2The concentration is 1000-1500ppm, the relative humidity of air is kept between 90 and 93 percent, and the fruiting is started; the mass concentration of the sprayed lime water is 1 percent, and the spraying amount is 500g/m2；
All parts above refer to parts by weight.
2. The method for culturing volvariella volvacea as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and during pile turning, turning the piles by using a turner.
3. The method for culturing volvariella volvacea as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and (4) inoculating in a broadcast sowing mode.
4. The method for culturing volvariella volvacea as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and (2) covering the fermentation bacterial residues obtained in the step (1) through S1 with a plastic film after piling, and fermenting in an environment without rain.
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