CN108745333A - 一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108745333A CN108745333A CN201810341125.9A CN201810341125A CN108745333A CN 108745333 A CN108745333 A CN 108745333A CN 201810341125 A CN201810341125 A CN 201810341125A CN 108745333 A CN108745333 A CN 108745333A
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- transition metal
- carbon aerogel
- porous platinum
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
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Abstract
本发明属于催化剂的制备技术领域,具体涉及一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂及其制备方法与应用。该方法在高速搅拌条件下,首先将纤维素溶解,然后与过渡金属盐溶液混合,再依次经过凝固,干燥,碳化和水洗,即可使气凝胶的制备和过渡金属的负载同步实现,得到催化剂活性位点高度分散的多孔碳气凝胶。该催化剂稳定性好,催化活性高,可高效催化醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类与醇类有机物的转移氢化反应,其中由醛类制备醇类的转化率高达98~100%,醇类的选择性高达81~99%。由于该催化剂为固体气凝胶整体式催化剂,因此无需搅拌便可很好的分散在溶液中,且易于分离回收。此外,该催化剂采用纤维素为原料,成本低,且绿色环保可再生,制备工艺简单,易于工业化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂的制备技术领域,具体涉及一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
糠醛是一类重要的可再生生物质平台分子,可以用作起始原料通过催化转化生产各种高附加值的呋喃衍生物,以及生产液体烷烃和燃料的添加剂。其中糠醇是最具吸引力的产物之一。糠醇作为一种重要的化工原料,主要用于生产恒温树脂、耐腐蚀杂化混凝土等,也被广泛地用作溶剂和重要中间体,例如粘合剂和润湿剂等。糠醛加氢还原制备糠醇反应在温和条件下难以发生,催化剂对反应的转化起到了关键作用。目前,工业上采用的糠醛加氢催化剂主要为Cu-Cr系列催化剂,由于该系列催化剂有毒致癌,废弃后会产生严重的环境污染,因此开发高效、环保且可回收的糠醛加氢催化剂具有重要意义。
以多孔碳为载体,负载过渡金属催化剂是提高催化剂效率,实现催化剂可回收的有效方法。现有研究普遍采用直接将多孔碳浸渍在过渡金属溶液中来制备负载过渡金属的多孔碳催化剂,也有研究直接将气凝胶浸渍在过渡金属溶液中,再依次陈化,碳化,还原来制备负载过渡金属的多孔碳催化剂。然而,由于上述采用的多孔碳或气凝胶自身存在孔道,浸渍时,孔道对过渡金属的扩散会产生阻碍作用,因此会导致过渡金属在多孔碳上分布不均,从而降低催化剂性能。
发明内容
为克服现有技术的缺点和不足,本发明的首要目的在于提供一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种由上述制备方法得到的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂。
本发明的再一目的在于提供一种上述多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)水凝胶的制备
将纤维素溶解,形成均一透明溶液,再在搅拌条件下加入过渡金属盐溶液,得到混合液,密封进行反应,得到包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素水凝胶;
(2)气凝胶的制备
将包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素水凝胶冷冻干燥,得到包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素气凝胶;
(3)气凝胶的碳化
将包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素气凝胶置于惰性气氛中进行高温碳化,得到包含过渡金属氮化物和过渡金属氧化物的碳气凝胶,将碳气凝胶浸于水中,使过渡金属氮化物完全水解,过滤,洗涤至滤液呈中性,干燥,即得多孔碳气凝胶催化剂MxOy/CA。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的纤维素溶解的方法为将纤维素溶解于-12℃的氢氧化钠/尿素溶液中,所述的氢氧化钠/尿素溶液中的氢氧化钠和尿素的质量分数分别为7wt.%和12wt.%。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的过渡金属盐溶液中的过渡金属盐为锰盐或钴盐。
更优选的,所述的过渡金属盐为醋酸锰、硝酸锰、醋酸钴、硝酸钴或氯化钴。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的搅拌条件为500~2000rpm,更优选为2000rpm。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的均一透明溶液中的纤维素溶解度为3~6wt.%,更优选为4wt.%。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的混合液中的过渡金属盐的质量为纤维素质量的5~45%。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的反应的温度为30~80℃,更优选为50~80℃。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述的反应的时长为12h。
优选的,步骤(2)中所述的冷冻干燥的温度为-80℃。
优选的,步骤(2)中所述的冷冻干燥的时长为24h。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述的惰性气氛为氩气。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述的高温碳化的温度为600~800℃。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述的高温碳化的时长为1~3h,更优选为2h。
本发明进一步提供一种由上述方法制备而得的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂,其比表面积高达308.49~909.83m2·g-1,孔体积高达0.18~0.52cm2/g。
本发明进一步提供上述多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的应用,将所述催化剂用于醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类与醇类有机物的转移氢化反应。
优选的,所述的醛类为糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛、5-甲基呋喃醛、2,5-二甲酰呋喃、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香草醛、巴豆醛、藜芦醛、丙醛、丁醛、苯甲醛、对甲氧基苯甲醛、苯乙醛、环己基甲醛或正己醛。
优选的,所述的酮类为2-己酮、环己酮、环戊酮或苯乙酮。
优选的,所述的乙酰丙酸酯类为乙酰丙酸甲酯、乙酰丙酸乙酯、乙酰丙酸丙酯或乙酰丙酸丁酯。
优选的,所述的醇类有机物为甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、正戊醇、环戊醇或环己醇。
优选的,所述转移氢化反应包括以下步骤:将醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类与所述催化剂和醇类有机物混合,在120~200℃下进行高压水热反应0.1~4h,然后过滤分离,得到产物。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有如下优点和有益效果:
(1)本发明在高速搅拌条件下,首先将纤维素溶解,然后与过渡金属盐溶液混合来负载过渡金属,与传统的将成型的多孔碳或气凝胶整体浸渍于过渡金属盐溶液的负载方式相比,本发明的制备方法可显著提高过渡金属在气凝胶中的分散性,使催化剂的活性位点高度分散在多孔碳气凝胶上。此外,该方法可使气凝胶的制备和过渡金属的负载同步实现,提高效率。
(2)本发明获得的催化剂属于固体气凝胶整体式催化剂,相对于传统的粉末状催化剂,易于分离回收。同时,该气凝胶催化剂可很好的分散在溶液中,因此反应体系不需要搅拌即可实现高效催化。
(3)本发明的催化剂采用纤维素为原料,成本低,且绿色环保可再生,由其负载过渡金属制备多孔碳气凝胶,工艺简单,操作方便,易于工业化。
(4)本发明制备的催化剂稳定性好,催化活性高,可高效催化醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类有机物与醇类有机物的转移氢化反应,其中由醛类制备醇类的转化率高达98~100%,醇类的选择性高达81~99%,此外,该催化剂应用过程中的底物适用性好。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的SEM扫描电镜微观形貌图。
图2为实施例3制备的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的TEM透射电镜微观形貌图(0.2μm)。
图3为实施例3制备的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的TEM透射电镜微观形貌图(100nm)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步地详细说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。对于未特别注明的工艺参数,可参照常规技术进行。
实施例1
本实施例提供在不同碳化温度下制备的多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-600、Mn3O4/CA-700、Mn3O4/CA-800催化剂的制备方法:
(1)水凝胶的制备
将2g纤维素溶于50g氢氧化钠/尿素溶液中(氢氧化钠和尿素的质量分数分别为7wt.%和12wt.%),在2000rpm搅拌条件下,形成均一透明溶液,然后逐滴加入3.65mmol醋酸锰饱和溶液,密封后在50℃烘箱放置12h,制得含有过渡金属氢氧化物纳米粒子、氢氧化钠和尿素的纤维素水凝胶。
(2)气凝胶的制备
将纤维素水凝胶在-80℃冷冻干燥24h后,得到含有过渡金属氢氧化物纳米粒子和氢氧化钠、尿素的纤维素气凝胶。
(3)气凝胶的碳化
将纤维素气凝胶在氩气保护下置于管式炉中,然后分别在600℃、700℃和800℃下碳化2h,制得负载过渡金属氮化物和氧化物的碳气凝胶。将上述三种碳气凝胶放于500ml去离子水中静置6h,使金属氮化物完全水解后过滤,并用去离子水充分洗涤至滤液呈中性后放于60℃烘箱干燥12h,得到Mn3O4/CA-600、Mn3O4/CA-700、Mn3O4/CA-800催化剂。
所得催化剂的比表面积,孔体积,平均孔径和组分含量见表1。
采用SEM对所得的催化剂进行微观形貌分析,结果如图1所示,可见过渡金属颗粒均匀地分散在多孔碳气凝胶上,且气凝胶具有丰富的多级孔洞。
表1三种碳化温度下所得催化剂的物化性状
实施例2
本实施例提供实施例1中所得多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂的应用:
空白对照:称取0.5mmol糠醛和5mL异丙醇混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为5.1%,糠醇的选择性为3.5%。
催化应用:称取0.5mmol醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类反应物,5mL异丙醇和50mg实施例1中所得Mn3O4/CA-700混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应一定时长,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到反应物的转化率和产物醇类或酯类的选择性,具体如表2所示,可见本发明制备的Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂对醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸乙酯类的转移氢化反应有高效的催化作用。
表2 Mn3O4/CA-700对不同反应物的催化反应效果
实施例3
本实施例提供一种多孔碳气凝胶Co3O4/CA-700催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
Co3O4/CA-700催化剂的制备:以硝酸钴饱和溶液代替醋酸锰饱和溶液,其余制备步骤同实施例1。
Co3O4/CA-700催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgCo3O4/CA-700催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为98%,糠醇的选择性为87%。
采用TEM对所得的催化剂进行微观形貌分析,结果如图2和图3所示,可见过渡金属颗粒均匀地分散在多孔碳气凝胶上。
实施例4
本实施例作为实施例2和实施例3的对照实施例,提供一种多孔碳气凝胶ZrO2/CA-700催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
ZrO2/CA-700催化剂的制备:以氯氧化锆饱和溶液代替醋酸锰饱和溶液,其余制备步骤同实施例1。
ZrO2/CA-700催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgZrO2/CA-700催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为22%,糠醇的选择性为82%。
可见,所得ZrO2/CA-700催化剂对糠醛的转移氢化反应的催化效率远低于实施例1中制备的Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂和实施例3中制备的Co3O4/CA-700催化剂。
实施例5
本实施例作为实施例2和实施例3的对照实施例,提供一种多孔碳气凝胶CuO/CA-700催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
CuO/CA-700催化剂的制备:以硝酸铜饱和溶液代替醋酸锰饱和溶液,其余制备步骤同实施例1。
CuO/CA-700催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgCuO/CA-700催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为20%,糠醇的选择性为54%。
可见,所得CuO/CA-700催化剂对糠醛的转移氢化反应的催化效率远低于实施例1中制备的Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂和实施例3中制备的Co3O4/CA-700催化剂。
实施例6
本实施例作为实施例2和实施例3的对照实施例,提供一种多孔碳气凝胶V2O5/CA-700催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
V2O5/CA-700催化剂的制备:以偏钒酸铵饱和溶液代替醋酸锰饱和溶液,其余制备步骤同实施例1。
V2O5/CA-700催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgV2O5/CA-700催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为26.7%,糠醇的选择性为77%。
可见,所得V2O5/CA-700催化剂对糠醛的转移氢化反应的催化效率远低于实施例1中制备的Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂和实施例3中制备的Co3O4/CA-700催化剂。
实施例7
本实施例作为实施例2和实施例3的对照实施例,提供一种多孔碳气凝胶NiO/CA-700催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
NiO/CA-700催化剂的制备:以醋酸镍饱和溶液代替醋酸锰饱和溶液,其余制备步骤同实施例1。
NiO/CA-700催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgNiO/CA-700催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为25.5%,糠醇的选择性为79%。
可见,所得NiO/CA-700催化剂对糠醛的转移氢化反应的催化效率远低于实施例1中制备的Mn3O4/CA-700催化剂和实施例3中制备的Co3O4/CA-700催化剂。
实施例8
本实施例提供一种多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-700-3%催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
Mn3O4/CA-700-3%催化剂的制备:将实施例1中的2g纤维素改为1.5g,其它操作均与实施例1相同。
Mn3O4/CA-700-3%催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgMn3O4/CA-700-3%催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为93%,糠醇的选择性为90%。
实施例9
本实施例提供一种多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-700-6%催化剂的制备方法及其应用:
Mn3O4/CA-700-6%催化剂的制备:将实施例1中的2g纤维素改为3g,其它操作均与实施例1相同。
Mn3O4/CA-700-6%催化剂的应用:称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mgMn3O4/CA-700-6%催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为92%,糠醇的选择性为93%。
实施例10
本实施例提供实施例1中所得多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-600催化剂的应用:
称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mg Mn3O4/CA-600催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为25.7%,糠醇的选择性为86.1%。
实施例11
本实施例提供实施例1中所得多孔碳气凝胶Mn3O4/CA-800催化剂的应用:
称取0.5mmol糠醛、5mL异丙醇和50mg Mn3O4/CA-800催化剂混合均匀,在10mL的高压水热反应釜中密封,置于160℃的烘箱中反应3h,冷却室室温,过滤,得到液体混合物,取样进行气相分析,得到糠醛转化率为73.5%,糠醇的选择性为73.8%。
上述实施例为本发明较优的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受限于上述实施例,其它的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)水凝胶的制备
将纤维素溶解,形成均一透明溶液,再在搅拌条件下加入过渡金属盐溶液,得到混合液,密封进行反应,得到包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素水凝胶;
(2)气凝胶的制备
将包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素水凝胶冷冻干燥,得到包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素气凝胶;
(3)气凝胶的碳化
将包含过渡金属氢氧化物的纤维素气凝胶置于惰性气氛中进行高温碳化,得到包含过渡金属氮化物和过渡金属氧化物的碳气凝胶,将碳气凝胶浸于水中,使过渡金属氮化物完全水解,过滤,洗涤至滤液呈中性,干燥,即得多孔碳气凝胶催化剂MxOy/CA。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的过渡金属盐溶液中的过渡金属盐为锰盐或钴盐。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的过渡金属盐为醋酸锰、硝酸锰、醋酸钴、硝酸钴或氯化钴。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的搅拌条件为500~2000rpm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤(1)中所述的均一透明溶液中的纤维素溶解度为3~6wt.%;
所述的混合液中的过渡金属盐的质量为纤维素质量的5~45%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的反应的条件为在30~80℃下反应12h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的冷冻干燥的条件为在-80℃下干燥24h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中所述的高温碳化的条件为在600~800℃下碳化1~3h。
9.一种多孔碳气凝胶催化剂,其特征在于:由权利要求1~8任意项所述的制备方法得到。
10.权利要求9所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂的应用,其特征在于:将所述的多孔碳气凝胶催化剂用于醛类、酮类或乙酰丙酸酯类与醇类有机物的转移氢化反应。
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