CN108743953A - 一种新型双重脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料及其应用 - Google Patents
一种新型双重脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108743953A CN108743953A CN201810607049.1A CN201810607049A CN108743953A CN 108743953 A CN108743953 A CN 108743953A CN 201810607049 A CN201810607049 A CN 201810607049A CN 108743953 A CN108743953 A CN 108743953A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种新型脂质材料,用于延长循环时间以及增加药物靶向传递至脑肿瘤组织。所述的新型脂质材料以聚乙二醇为桥连,一侧连接胆固醇,一侧连接葡萄糖和RGD肽,弥补单一葡萄糖或RGD肽修饰的脂质体脑肿瘤靶向能力的不足,实现跨血‑脑屏障后能够有效的靶向脑肿瘤。该新型脂质材料可用于脂质体、纳米粒、胶束等在内的不同剂型,所制成的载紫杉醇脂质体具有明显的脑肿瘤靶向功能,拥有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新型脂质材料及其在药物传递系统中的应用,具有延长体内循环和双重脑肿瘤靶向药物传递的功能,包括该材料的制备,及其作为药物载体在药物传递中的应用,属于医药技术领域。
背景技术
据统计,全球约有1/5的人口患有不同种类和程度的中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病,这些疾病包括脑肿瘤、急性或慢性疼痛综合症、癫痫、脑炎、脑缺血以及神经衰退性疾病(如:阿尔茨海默症、帕金森氏症等)。随着世界人口的老龄化,这一趋势将会更加严重,并且会对人类的健康造成严重的影响。血脑屏障(BBB)的存在对人类中枢神经系统起到了一定的保护作用,但同时也限制了许多物质从血液中进入脑部。几乎所有大分子和95%的小分子药物都不能有效进入大脑及中枢神经系统,这使得对CNS有效的药物很难进入CNS病灶部位并呈现有效的药物浓度从而达到治疗效果。
当药物传递的靶点在中枢神经系统的脑肿瘤时,使得脑肿瘤的治疗更加困难,这是因为脑肿瘤虽然会破坏血脑屏障的完整性,致使药物可以更加顺利的到达脑中,但是早期形成的脑肿瘤中并没有新生血管,随着肿瘤的形成和发展,当脑肿瘤生长到一定体积时,肿瘤内部逐渐出现新生血管,同时也会形成一个新的屏障——血-脑肿瘤屏障(BBTB)。
葡萄糖是哺乳动物细胞的主要能源来源之一,大脑尽管只有体重的2%,却占据了约人体消耗葡萄糖总量的30%。研究显示,血脑屏障上葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT1)数量很多,大约每个脑血管内皮细胞含有6×106个GLUT1分子,是血-脑屏障上所有转运蛋白中数量最多的。GLUT1一级结构显示,它有12个跨膜螺旋结构,形成了贯穿双层脂质膜的亲水性的通道,允许D-葡萄糖和其他己糖通过。在血-脑屏障上高度表达的GLUT1转运效率非常高,其每分钟转运的葡萄糖质量是自身质量的十倍,因此成为目前脑靶向药物修饰时经常考虑的靶点。研究发现,当葡萄糖6位与药物连接时,其与GLUT1的亲和力最强,说明药物与6位羟基连接能够最大程度的保留葡萄糖与GLUT1的亲和活性。葡萄糖修饰后的CNS类药物或脂质体,其在脑内的分布都得到明显提高,这些结果都表明以葡萄糖为载体、GLUT1为靶点是脑靶向药物设计的有效手段。此外,值得一提的是,由于“瓦博格效应”(Warburg Effect)的存在密不可分,即与正常细胞相比,肿瘤细胞即使在供氧充足的条件下也仍然以糖酵解作为产能的主要方式,这种现象是细胞恶变过程中最为基础的代谢改变之一。研究显示,肿瘤细胞的糖酵解速率与正常组织细胞相比,高达200多倍,致使肿瘤细胞表面过表达GLUT1以维持肿瘤细胞的能量代谢。因此,当葡萄糖修饰的药物传递系统进入脑组织后,葡萄糖也可以作为识别肿瘤细胞的靶向分子,促进肿瘤细胞对药物的摄取,降低药物对正常细胞的毒性。
整合素是细胞表面受体的主要家族,是细胞黏附分子家族的重要成员之一,在细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞外基质之间的相互黏附,并在介导细胞与细胞外基质之间的双向信号传导中发挥重要作用。整合素受体在很多脑肿瘤细胞和肿瘤新生血管内皮细胞上均有高表达,但是在脑部其他正常的细胞上表达却很少。整合素受体在肿瘤新生血管的生成中发挥重要作用,其中αvβ3亚型的作用更加重要,因其可以与多种配体识别,参与炎症、凝血、愈合等多种病理过程。因此整合素受体αvβ3成为了很多治疗脑肿瘤药物的靶点,从而其底物分子RGD肽已被广泛用作靶向脑肿瘤药物传递系统的靶向分子。
葡萄糖或RGD肽单一修饰的脂质体虽然在一定程度上可以改善药物的脑肿瘤靶向性,促进药物在肿瘤组织的蓄积,但是这种提高仍十分有限。这可能是由于单一的靶向分子修饰,使其靶向能力有限,导致药物无法更多的到达脑肿瘤组织。
发明内容
基于上述研究及假设,本研究的目的是提出一种新型的基于葡萄糖和RGD肽衍生物共同修饰的具有双重脑肿瘤靶向功能的药物载体,以提高药物的脑肿瘤靶向性,增加药物在肿瘤组织的浓度,从而增强药物疗效,同时降低了药物在外周器官的分布,减少了药物的毒副作用。因此,我们设计了如通式(I)所示的一类脂质材料,该脂质材料具有双重脑肿瘤靶向功能,从而提高药物的脑肿瘤靶向性。该新型脂质材料可用于脂质体、纳米粒、胶束等在内的不同剂型,同时具有长循环、脑靶向、脑肿瘤靶向、以及降低毒性的功能,将此新型脂质材料应用于药物传递系统,将具有很大的应用前景,依此脂质材料所制成的载紫杉醇脂质体具有明显的脑肿瘤靶向功能。
本发明提供一类通式(I)所示结构的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物:
其中:
X代表-(CH2)n-、-C(O)-(CH2)a-C(O)-或-C(O)-(CH2)b-,-(CH2)b-C(O)-,a表示0~6,b表示1~4;
Y代表-(CH2)a-、-C(O)-(CH2)c-C(O)-或-C(O)-(CH2)d-,-(CH2)d-C(O)-,c表示0~6,d表示1~4;
所用PEG的分子量等于但并不仅限于200、400、600、800、1000、1500、2000、4000等。
通式(I)所示化合物的具体制备方法如下所示:
对照化合物葡萄糖-胆甾(Glu-Chol)的合成方法如下所示:
对照化合物RGD肽-胆甾(RGD-Chol)的合成方法如下所示:
本发明所述的新型脂质材料可以作为配体用于制备双重脑肿瘤靶向的脂质体。
所述脂质体其特征在于包含磷脂、胆固醇、Glu-RGD-Chol及活性剂。
所述脂质体主要由膜材与活性剂组成,其膜材为磷脂双分子层,由卵磷脂,胆固醇以及脂质体配体组成,其中,各组分配比关系如下:胆固醇和磷脂的摩尔比为1~2:1~10,脂质体配体的摩尔含量为胆固醇和磷脂的总摩尔数的1~25%。本发明所述的活性剂优选治疗剂或显影剂,如本领域所知的,活性剂的剂量可以依据包含在甾体中的活性剂来调整,其中按重量百分数计算,活性剂占总脂质的0.1%~50%。
所述的脂质体中的磷脂包括所有类型的磷脂,包括但不限于大豆磷脂、卵磷脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷酯酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰甘油、二磷脂酰甘油;优选卵磷脂。
所述的脂质体中的活性剂可以是抗肿瘤药物,包括但不限于烷化剂、抗代谢物、抗肿瘤抗生素、蒽环类抗生素、植物生物碱、紫杉醇衍生物、拓朴异构酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体、光敏剂、激酶抑制剂和含铂化合物。抗癫痫药物,包括但不限于巴比妥类、乙丙酰脲类、双链脂肪酸类、琥珀酰亚胺类、苯甲二氮卓类、亚氨基苷类、磺胺类、恶唑烷双酮类、胡椒碱类、皮质激素类、免疫球蛋白等。抗抑郁药物,包括但不限于去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂、单胺氧化酶抑制剂、5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂。
本发明所述的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(一)称取磷脂、胆固醇、紫杉醇于茄型烧瓶中,用适量溶剂溶解,加入相应比例的脂质体配体(空白脂质体不加),于20-40 ℃恒温水浴旋转蒸发除去有机溶剂。
(二)再将茄型瓶置于真空干燥器中真空干燥过夜除去残余溶剂。
(三)向茄型瓶中加入磷酸盐缓冲液或硫酸铵溶液等水化液,用20℃恒温空气浴摇床水化约0.5-2小时后,冰水浴探头超声,用挤压过膜或超声等方法将脂质体粒径控制在100nm左右。
优选的步骤(一)中的紫杉醇:脂质材料比为1:30。
优选的步骤(二)中的溶剂为氯仿,脂质摩尔比1:2(胆固醇:大豆磷脂)。
优选的步骤(三)中的水化液为pH 7.4的0.02M磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。
具体实施方法
以下实施例旨在说明本发明而不是对本发明的进一步限定。下面参照实施例进一步详细阐述本发明,但本发明并不限于这些实施例以及使用的制备方法。而且,本领域技术人员根据本发明的描述可以对本发明进行等同替换、组合、改良或修饰,但这些都将包括在本发明的范围内。
所述的新型脂质材料具体由以下步骤制备:
实施例1
化合物2的制备
将丁二酸酐1(5.00 g, 49.96 mmol)、苯甲醇(5.94 g, 54.96 mmol)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP, 61 mg, 0.50 mmol)加入到50 mL四氢呋喃中,升温至50℃加热搅拌反应5小时。减压除去溶剂,向残留物中加入100 mL乙酸乙酯,用饱和碳酸氢钠(100 mL)洗涤,弃去有机层,水层用稀盐酸(1 mol/L)调至pH=2,过滤,滤饼干燥得白色固体6.58 g,收率63.29%,Mp:60-62 oC。
实施例2
化合物4的制备
将无水葡萄糖3(Glu, 18.02 g, 0.10 mol)溶解于230 mL的无水吡啶中,冰浴下冷却5分钟后,将三甲基氯硅烷(TMSCl, 76.06 mL, 0.60 mol)和六甲基二硅烷胺(HDMS, 62.88mL, 0.30 mol)的混合溶液缓慢滴加至上述的吡啶溶液中,室温搅拌24小时。减压除去溶剂,加水200 mL分散,乙醚(200 mL × 2)萃取水层,合并有机层,并依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 200 mL× 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(200 mL × 2)洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,减压除去溶剂得黄色油状物52.87 g,收率97.70%,产品无需纯化即可直接进行下一步反应。
实施例3
化合物6的制备
将化合物4(10.99 g, 20.31 mmol)溶解于丙酮和甲醇(5:8, 65 mL)的混合溶液中,于冰浴下缓慢滴加乙酸(2.1 mL, 36.72 mmol)的丙酮和甲醇(5:8, 6.5 mL)的混合溶液。滴加完毕后,将反应液移至室温搅拌2小时,加入碳酸钠粉末(3.30 g, 31.14 mmol)继续室温搅拌20分钟。过滤除去白色固体,滤液减压浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=50/1)纯化得无色油状物7.40 g,收率77.65%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.12-0.18 (m, 36 H), 3.31-0.34 (m, 1 H), 3.37 (dd, 1 H, J = 2.8 Hz, 9.2 Hz), 3.55(t, 1 H, J = 8.8 Hz), 3.62-3.64 (m, 3H), 3.79 (t, 1 H, J = 8.8 Hz), 5.02 (d,1 H, J = 2.8 Hz)。
实施例4
化合物7的制备
将丁二酸单苄酯2(3.23 g, 15.51 mmol)溶解于30 mL无水二氯甲烷中,并依次加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC, 3.32 g, 16.12 mmol)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP, 0.15 g, 1.23mmol),于-10℃下活化30分钟后,加入化合物5(2.91 g, 6.21 mmol)的二氯甲烷(10 mL)溶液。移至室温继续搅拌反应4小时,过滤除去白色固体,滤液减压浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=80/1)纯化得浅黄色油状物2.70 g,收率66.01%。1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.13 (s, 36 H), 2.65-2.73 (m, 4H), 3.36 (dd, 1 H, J = 3.2 Hz,9.2Hz), 3.42 (t, 1 H, J = 8.8Hz), 3.78 (t, 1 H, J = 8.8 Hz), 3.91 (m, 1H),4.05 (dd, 1 H, J = 5.2 Hz, 12.0 Hz), 4.36 (dd, 1 H, J = 2.4 Hz, 12.4 Hz),5.00 (d, 1 H, J = 3.2 Hz), 5.13 (s, 2 H), 7.31-7.36 (m, 5 H)。
实施例5
化合物7的制备
将化合物6(1.80 g, 2.73 mmol)溶解于30 mL甲醇中,加入钯碳(Pd/C, 10%, 0.20g),氢气氛围(0.4 MPa)下室温搅拌反应2小时。过滤除去钯碳,滤液减压浓缩得无色油状物1.53 g,收率98.47%,产品无需纯化即可直接进行下一步反应。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3,ppm) δ: 0.13-0.28 (s, 36H), 2.68 (s, 4H), 3.37 (dd, 1H, J = 3.2 Hz, 9.2 Hz),3.43 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 3.78 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.89-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.07(dd, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz, 12.0 Hz), 4.36 (dd, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz), 5.01 (d,1H, J = 3.2 Hz)。
实施例6
化合物9的制备
将化合物8(0.72 g, 4.11 mmol)溶于20 mL四氢呋喃中,加入N-甲基吗啡啉(NMM,0.45 mL, 4.11 mmol),于-10℃下缓慢滴加氯甲酸异丁酯(IBCF, 0.52 mL, 4.11 mmol)。滴加完毕后,继续在-10℃下活化15分钟,加入L-天冬氨酸二苄酯(1.29 g, 4.11 mmol)的四氢呋喃(10 mL)溶液。加毕,将反应移至室温继续搅拌2小时,减压除去溶剂,残留物中加入20 mL乙酸乙酯,依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 50 mL × 2)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(50 mL ×2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=1/1)纯化得到白色固体1.46 g,收率75.72%。Mp:88-90 oC. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:1.45 (s, 9H), 2.99 (dq, 2H, J = 4.0 &16.8 Hz), 3.79 (s, 2H), 4.88-4.92 (m, 1H), 5.05 (d, 2H, J = 3.2 Hz), 5.13 (s,2H), 7.01-7.38 (m, 10H)。
实施例7
化合物10的制备
将化合物9(1.66 g, 3.53 mmol)溶于20 mL四氢呋喃中,加入氯化氢的乙酸乙酯溶液(25%, 3 mL),室温搅拌反应2小时。减压除去溶剂,残留物用50 mL乙酸乙酯溶解后,依次用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂,得到无色油状物1.25 g,收率95.32%,产品无需纯化可直接进行下一步反应。
实施例8
化合物11的制备
将N-Boc-N'-硝基-L-精氨酸(1.00 g, 3.13 mmol)溶于DMF(20 mL)中,加入N-甲基吗啡啉(NMM, 0.34 mL, 3.13 mmol),于-10℃下缓慢滴加氯甲酸异丁酯(IBCF, 0.40 mL,3.13 mmol)。滴加完毕后,继续在-10℃下活化15分钟,加入化合物10(1.16 g, 3.13 mmol)的DMF(10 mL)溶液。加毕,将反应移至室温继续搅拌2小时,加入100 mL乙酸乙酯,依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 50 mL × 2)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(50mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=60/1)纯化得白色蜡状固体1.47 g,收率69.74%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm)δ:1.40 (s, 9H), 1.70 (s, 4H), 2.89-2.94 (m, 1H), 3.05-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.84(m, 1H), 4.17 (br, 1H), 4.46 (br, 1H), 4.91-4.93 (m, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 5.09(d, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz), 5.59 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.23-7.32 (m, 10H), 7.75 (br,1H), 8.42 (br, 1H)。
实施例9
化合物12的制备
将化合物11(0.30 g, 0.45 mmol)溶于二氯甲烷(5 mL)和三氟乙酸(5 mL)的混合溶剂中,室温搅拌反应4小时。减压除去溶剂,残留物中加入20 mL乙酸乙酯,依次用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)和饱和氯化钠水溶液(50 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂得白色蜡状固体0.23 g,收率90.17%,产品无须纯化可直接进行下一步反应。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:1.56-1.63 (m, 4H), 2.49 (br, 2H), 2.83-2.95(m, 2H), 3.20 (s, 2H), 3.54 (br, 1H), 3.95 (m, 2H), 4.89-5.04 (m, 4H), 7.02-7.37 (m, 10H), 7.61 (br, 2H), 8.14 (br, 2H)。
实施例10
化合物13的制备
将丁二酸酐(25 mg, 0.26 mmol)溶于二氧六环(3 mL)中,缓慢滴加化合物12(0.10 g,0.17 mmol)的二氧六环(3 mL)溶液。滴加完毕后,升温至80℃搅拌反应30分钟。减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=20/1)纯化得泡状固体86 mg,收率73.29%。1HNMR (400 MHz, CD3OD, ppm) δ:1.69 (s, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.48-2.51 (m, 2H),2.55 (s, 1H), 2.58-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.23 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz),3.87 (s, 2H), 4.29 (br, 1H), 5.02-5.13 (m, 4H), 7.30 (s, 10H)。
实施例11
化合物15的制备
将胆固醇14(32.00 g, 82.76 mmol)溶于100 mL无水吡啶中,于0℃下滴加对甲苯磺酰氯(TsCl, 23.67 g, 124.14 mmol)的吡啶溶液(50 mL)。滴加完毕后,将反应液移至50℃,继续搅拌5小时,减压除去溶剂吡啶,向残留物中加入乙酸乙酯(300 mL),并依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 100 mL× 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(100 mL × 2)洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,减压除去溶剂得白色固体42.35 g,收率94.62%,产品无需纯化即可直接进行下一步反应。
Mp: 129-132 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.66 (s, 3H), 0.85 (d,6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.66-2.38 (remainingcholesterol protons), 3.16-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.75 (m, 12H), 5.34 (s, 1H)。
实施例12
化合物16的制备
将化合物15(22.48 g, 41.56 mmol)溶于130 mL二氧六环中,加入二缩三乙二醇(27.86 mL, 207.82 mmol),升温至回流反应6小时,减压除去溶剂,残留物用二氯甲烷(200mL)溶解后,用饱和氯化钠水溶液(100 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/丙酮=8/1)纯化得到无色油状物12.27 g,收率56.92%。1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.66 (s, 3H), 0.85 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.91(d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.67-2.38 (remaining cholesterol protons),3.16-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.75 (m, 12H), 5.32 (m, 1H)。
实施例13
化合物17的制备
将化合物16(6.00 g, 11.56 mmol)溶于50 mL甲苯中,加入50%的氢氧化钠水溶液(30mL),溶液分层。冷却至室温后,加入溴乙酸叔丁酯(3.38 g, 17.35 mmol)和四丁基硫酸氢铵(0.39 g, 1.16 mmol),继续室温搅拌反应16小时。分出甲苯层,水层用乙酸乙酯(50 mL× 2)萃取,合并有机层,并用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤(50 mL × 2),无水硫酸钠干燥后,浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/丙酮=5/1)纯化得到浅黄色油状物5.62 g,收率76.84%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:0.66 (s, 3H), 0.85 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.91(d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.64-2.39 (remaining cholesterol protons),1.47 (s, 9H), 3.14-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.71 (m, 12H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s,1H)。
实施例14
化合物18的制备
将化合物17(3.00 g, 4.74 mmol)溶于20 mL甲苯中,加入对甲苯磺酸(0.13 g, 0.95mmol),升温至110℃回流搅拌反应8小时。冷却至室温,反应液用饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤(30mL × 2),甲苯层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=10/1)纯化得到浅黄色油状物2.45 g,收率89.65%。1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:0.67 (s,3H), 0.86 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J = 6.6 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.66-2.39 (remaining cholesterol protons), 3.19-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.80 (m, 12H),4.17 (s, 2H), 5.34 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz)。
实施例15
化合物19的制备
将化合物18(4.00 g, 6.93 mmol)溶于25 mL二氯甲烷中,加入N-甲基吗啡啉(NMM,0.84 mL, 7.63 mmol),于-10℃下缓慢滴加氯甲酸异丁酯(IBCF, 0.96 mL, 7.63 mmol)。滴加完毕后,继续在-10℃下活化15分钟,加入二乙醇胺(1.09 g, 10.40 mmol)的二氯甲烷(5 mL)溶液。加毕,将反应移至室温继续搅拌5小时,依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 20 mL ×2)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(20 mL × 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(20 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=10/1)纯化得黄色油状物4.09 g,收率88.90%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:0.67 (s, 3H), 0.86 (d,6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 1.01-2.38 (remainingcholesterol protons), 3.14-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.85 (m, 20H), 4.28 (s, 2H),5.34 (d, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz)。
实施例16
化合物20的制备
将化合物7(0.18 g, 0.31 mmol)溶于15 mL二氯甲烷中,并依次加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC, 63 mg, 0.31 mmol)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP, 6 mg, 0.051 mmol),于-5℃下活化30分钟后,加入化合物19(0.17 g, 0.26 mmol)的二氯甲烷(5 mL)溶液。滴毕,移至室温继续搅拌反应5小时,过滤除去白色固体,滤液减压浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/丙酮=5/1)纯化得浅黄色油状物0.15 g,收率58.54%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:0.18 (s, 36H), 0.73 (s, 3H), 0.88 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.96 (d, 3H, J = 6.4Hz), 1.03 (s, 3H), 0.73-2.38 (remaining cholesterol protons), 2.62-2.67 (m,4H), 2.86 (s, 2H), 3.14-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.89 (m, 21H), 3.99-4.03 (m, 1H),4.20-4.31 (m, 4H), 4.38 (d, 1H, J = 11.6 Hz), 5.03 (s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H)。
实施例17
化合物21的制备
将化合物13(44 mg, 0.066 mmol)溶于5 mL二氯甲烷中,并依次加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC, 16 mg, 0.079 mmol)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP, 1.6 mg, 0.013 mmol),于-5℃下活化30分钟后,加入化合物20(80 mg, 0.066 mmol)的二氯甲烷(3 mL)溶液。滴毕,移至室温继续搅拌反应10小时,过滤除去白色固体,滤液减压浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=20/1)纯化得浅黄色油状物40 mg,收率32.66%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm)δ: 0.13 (s, 36H), 0.66 (s, 3H), 0.86 (d, 6H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J =6.4 Hz), 0.97 (s, 3H), 1.00-2.35 (remaining cholesterol protons), 2.48-2.68(m, 8H), 2.90-2.98 (s, 2H), 3.18-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.34-4.43 (m, 31H), 4.89 (s,1H), 5.00 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 5.05 (s, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 1H),7.28-7.32 (m, 10H), 7.46-7.78 (m, 4H)。
实施例18
化合物22的制备
将化合物21(50 mg, 0.027 mmol)溶于8 mL二氯甲烷中,加入三氟乙酸(2 mL),室温搅拌反应3小时,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=6/1)纯化得到无色油状物25 mg,收率59.13%。1H NMR (600 MHz, CD3OD, ppm) δ: 0.70 (s, 3H), 1.00 (s,3H), 0.70-2.37 (remaining cholesterol protons), 2.51-2.62 (m, 10H), 3.62-3.67(m, 20H), 3.83-3.93 (m, 3H), 4.19-4.33 (m, 9H), 5.08-5.12 (m, 4H), 5.32-5.34(m, 2H), 7.32 (s, 10H)。
实施例19
配体Glu-RGD-Chol的制备
将化合物22(50 mg, 0.019 mmol)溶于甲醇(6 mL)中,加入钯碳(Pd/C, 10%, 10 mg),氢气氛围(0.4 MPa)下于50℃搅拌反应24小时。过滤除去钯碳,滤液减压浓缩得白色固体20mg,收率77.75%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD, ppm) δ: 0.65 (s, 3H), 0.83-2.50(remaining cholesterol protons), 2.57-2.64 (m, 10H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.87-3.22(m, 5H), 3.33-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.66 (m, 27H), 3.76-3.97 (m, 4H), 4.16-4.36(m, 14H), 4.47-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.62 (br, 1H), 5.08 (d, 2H, J = 3.6 Hz);ESI-MScalculated for C65H108N7O23 [M-H]- 1354.7, found 1354.4。
实施例20
化合物23的制备
将化合物7(0.48 g, 0.84 mmol)溶于20 mL二氯甲烷中,并依次加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC, 0.23 g, 1.12 mmol)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP, 14 mg, 0.11 mmol),于-5℃下活化30分钟后,加入化合物16(0.29 g, 0.56 mmol)的二氯甲烷(10 mL)溶液。滴毕,移至室温继续搅拌反应8小时,过滤除去白色固体,滤液减压浓缩,残留物经硅胶柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=8/1)纯化得浅黄色油状物0.52 g,收率86.54%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ:0.13-0.15 (m, 36H), 0.67 (s, 3H), 0.86 (dd, 6H, J = 1.6 Hz, 6.8 Hz), 0.91 (d,3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.67-2.38 (remaining cholesterol protons),2.64-2.71 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.64 (d, 9H, J = 9.2Hz), 3.70 (t, 2H, J = 4.8 Hz), 3.78 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz), 3.88-3.92 (m, 1H),4.03-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.25 (t, 2H, J = 4.8 Hz), 4.36 (dd, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, 11.6Hz), 5.00 (d, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz), 5.34 (d, 1H, J = 5.2 Hz)。
实施例21
配体Glu-Chol的制备
将化合物23(0.40 g, 0.37 mmol)溶于20 mL二氯甲烷中,加入三氟乙酸(0.57 mL,7.48 mmol),室温搅拌反应1小时,减压除去溶剂,残留物经柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=20/1)纯化得到无色油状物0.23 g,收率79.69%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.67 (s,3H), 0.86 (d, 6H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J = 6.0 Hz), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.67-2.37 (remaining cholesterol protons), 2.64 (s, 4H), 3.15-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.71 (m, 18H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 1H);ESI-MS calculated forC43H72O12Na [M+Na]+ 803.5, found 803.7。
实施例22
化合物24的制备
将化合物18(0.11 g, 0.19 mmol)溶于10 mL二氯甲烷中,加入N-甲基吗啡啉(NMM, 23µL, 0.21 mmol),于-10℃下缓慢滴加氯甲酸异丁酯(IBCF, 27 µL, 0.21 mmol)。滴加完毕后,继续在-10℃下活化15分钟,加入化合物12(0.20 g, 0.35 mmol)的二氯甲烷(5 mL)溶液。加毕,将反应移至室温继续搅拌8小时,依次用稀盐酸(1 mol/L, 20 mL × 2)、饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(20 mL × 2)、饱和氯化钠水溶液(20 mL × 2)洗涤,有机层用无水硫酸钠干燥后,减压除去溶剂,残留物经硅胶柱层析(二氯甲烷/甲醇=20/1)纯化得无色油状物0.19 g,收率88.20%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm) δ: 0.67 (s, 3H), 0.86 (d, 6H, J= 6.4 Hz), 0.91 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.85-2.36 (m, 35H), 2.89-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.38 (m, 3H), 3.62-3.72 (m, 13H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 4.88 (s,1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.32 (m, 10H), 7.71 (br,3H)。
实施例23
配体RGD-Chol的制备
将化合物24(0.10 g, 0.088 mmol)溶于甲醇(10 mL)中,加入钯碳(Pd/C, 10%, 15mg),氢气氛围(0.4 MPa)下于50℃搅拌反应24小时。过滤除去钯碳,滤液减压浓缩得白色固体70 mg,收率87.36%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD, ppm) δ: 0.67 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s, 3H),0.87 (d, 6H, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz), 0.82-2.23 (m, 47H), 2.54-2.88 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.75 (m, 13H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 4.42-4.47(m, 2H);ESI-MS calculated for C49H84N6O12Na [M+Na]+ 972.2, found 971.8。
所述的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体的具体制备方法:
实施例24
薄膜分析法作为经典的脂质体制备方法,应用最为广泛,操作简单,制备出的脂质体结构典型。因此,本发明选择采用薄膜分析法来制备紫杉醇脂质体。
根据对紫杉醇脂质体的制备摸索,最终我们选取最优化处方:脂质摩尔比1:2(胆固醇:大豆磷脂),水化液为pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)(0.02M),紫杉醇:脂质材料比为1:30。我们用上述处方分别制备了空白、Glu-RGD-Chol修饰的、Glu-Chol修饰的、RGD-Chol修饰的以及Glu-Chol和RGD-Chol等比例物理混合修饰的载紫杉醇脂质体。
准确称取处方量脂质材料(按大豆磷脂:胆固醇=2:1的摩尔比)、紫杉醇(脂质材料比为1:30)于茄型烧瓶中,用适量氯仿溶解,加入相应比例的脂质体配体(空白脂质体不加),37±1℃恒温水浴旋转蒸发除去氯仿后得均匀薄膜,真空干燥过夜除去残余溶剂。加入pH 7.4(0.02M)的PBS缓冲液,20℃恒温空气浴摇床,180r/min条件下水化0.5h后,冰水浴探头超声(80W, 5S, 5S)3分钟,即得略带乳光的脂质体溶液。将超声后的脂质体溶液在4℃条件下,10000 rpm离心20分钟,通过冷冻离心法除去游离药物紫杉醇,上清液即为最终制备的在紫杉醇脂质体。
表2 三种载紫杉醇脂质体的包封率、粒径以及Zeta电位
初步靶向性研究
实施例25
为了评价此类脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,选择实施例24中的5种脂质体进行了小鼠脑及血浆中药物浓度的测定。
取昆明小鼠144只,雌雄各半,体重20-22 g,随机分为六组,每组24只(3只 × 8),按10 mg/Kg紫杉醇的剂量分别经尾静脉给于游离紫杉醇溶液和不同配体修饰的载紫杉醇脂质体PTX-Lip、PTX-Glu-Lip、PTX-RGD-Lip、PTX-Glu-RGD-Lip、PTX-Glu+RGD-Lip。于注射5min、10 min、30 min、60 min、120 min、240 min、480 min、1440 min后,经眼眶取血颈椎脱臼处死,分离得到脑组织。将所取血液样品及脑组织样品处理过后,进入高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析。不同时间点小鼠血浆和脑匀浆中的紫杉醇药时曲线如图1、图2所示。
由体内药代动力学及靶向性评价实验结果可见,游离紫杉醇在血液循环中清除较快,药时曲线下面积显著低于不同配体修饰的长循环脂质体,从而说明脂质体可以降低紫杉醇在血液中的代谢速率,延长脂质体在血液循环系统中的滞留时间,具有一定的缓释作用。脂质体在延长紫杉醇在血液中半衰期的同时,也保持了紫杉醇在血液中较高的浓度,进而增加紫杉醇脂质体被转运入脑的机会。
在具有较长体循环时间的基础上,不同配体修饰的紫杉醇脂质体可以不同程度地提高药物在脑中的聚集浓度,均显著高于不同时间点的游离紫杉醇组,也优于无配体修饰的紫杉醇脂质体。从表2可以看出,脂质体PTX-Lip、PTX-Glu-Lip、PTX-RGD-Lip、PTX-Glu-RGD-Lip和PTX-Glu+RGD-Lip在脑中的相对摄取率Re分别为1.23、3.90、1.77、4.35和4.05,峰浓度比Ce分别为1.08、3.90、2.61、4.75和4.66,表明各组载紫杉醇脂质体同游离紫杉醇相比,其脑靶向均有不同程度上的提高,其中PTX-Glu-RGD-Lip的脑靶向性最佳。
表2 不同配体修饰的载紫杉醇脂质体以及游离紫杉醇在小鼠血液中的药代动力学参数
实施例26
进一步在荷C6原位脑胶质瘤小鼠模型考察了Glu-RGD-Lip靶向脑肿瘤的能力。
荷C6原位脑胶质瘤小鼠的模型建立10天后,按200 µg DiD/kg的剂量经尾静脉注射,向模型小鼠给予载DiD的脂质体DiD-Glu-Lip、DiD-RGD-Lip、DiD-Glu-RGD-Lip和DiD-Glu+RGD-Lip。在给药后1 h、4 h、6 h和24 h将各组小鼠置于小动物活体成像仪中观察。结果表明(图3),在各个时间点,Glu-RGD修饰的脂质体均表现出了最强的介导进入脑部的能力,在荷C6脑胶质瘤小鼠脑内的荧光信号强度显著强于其他各组脂质体,表明Glu-RGD修饰的脂质体具有最强的穿透血脑屏障并靶向脑胶质瘤的能力。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例25中为血浆中紫杉醇,以及脂质体PTX-Lip、PTX-Glu-Lip、PTX-RGD-Lip、PTX-Glu-RGD-Lip和PTX-Glu+RGD-Lip中紫杉醇的药时曲线
图2为本发明实施例25中为脑匀浆中紫杉醇,以及脂质体PTX-Lip、PTX-Glu-Lip、PTX-RGD-Lip、PTX-Glu-RGD-Lip和PTX-Glu+RGD-Lip中紫杉醇的药时曲线
图3为被发明实施例26中荷脑胶质瘤小鼠注射载DiD的脂质体后各时间点的活体成像图。
Claims (7)
1.一种新型双重脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料,其特征在于:以聚乙二醇为桥连,一侧连接胆固醇,一侧连接葡萄糖和RGD肽,为通式(I)所示结构或其药学上可接受的盐或水合物:
其中:
X代表-(CH2)n-、-C(O)-(CH2)a-C(O)-或-C(O)-(CH2)b-,-(CH2)b-C(O)-,a表示0~6,b表示1~4;
Y代表-(CH2)a-、-C(O)-(CH2)c-C(O)-或-C(O)-(CH2)d-,-(CH2)d-C(O)-,c表示0~6,d表示1~4;
所用PEG的分子量等于但并不仅限于200、400、600、800、1000、1500、2000、4000等。
2.根据权利要求1所述的新型双重脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料,其特征在于将葡萄糖脑靶向和RGD肽的肿瘤靶向特性结合起来,实现跨血-脑屏障后能够有效的靶向脑肿瘤。
3.根据权利要求1所述的新型所述的脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料作为药物载体在制备脑肿瘤靶向药物中的应用。
4.根据权利要求1所述的新型脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料所制成的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,其特征在于,包括膜材与活性剂,所述的膜材为磷脂双分子层,由卵磷脂,胆固醇以及脂质体配体组成,其中,各组分配比关系如下:胆固醇和磷脂的摩尔比为1~2:1~10,脂质体配体的摩尔含量为胆固醇和磷脂的总摩尔数的1~25%;本发明所述的活性剂采用治疗剂或显影剂,活性剂的剂量可以依据包含在甾体中的活性剂来调整,其中按重量百分数计算,活性剂占总脂质的0.1%-50%;水化液为pH7.4的0.02M磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的新型所述的脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料所制成的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,其特征在于,根据上述组分配比关系,采用薄膜法制备脑肿瘤靶向配体脂质体,可制备得到粒径及Zeta电位稳定的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,其脂质体粒度为90-120nm,包封率大于80%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的新型脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料所制成的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,其特征在于,所述磷脂本发明中采用卵磷脂。
7.根据权利要求1所述的新型脑肿瘤靶向脂质材料所制成的脑肿瘤靶向脂质体,其特征在于,所述的活性剂本发明中采用紫杉醇。
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