CN108578712A - 一种聚合物-药物偶联物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种TPGS‑索拉非尼偶联物及其合成方法。该偶联药物在水中可自组装形成以索拉非尼为疏水内核,TPGS为亲水外壳的胶束,不仅能够提高索拉非尼溶解度和抗肿瘤效果,降低其耐药性。TPGS‑索拉非尼偶联药物,是由TPGS与琥珀酸酐(SA)通过开环反应活化,得到羧基修饰的中间体TPGS‑SA,然后再通过经典碳二亚胺偶联反应实现了TPGS‑SA与的索拉非尼的连接,最终得到TPGS‑索拉非尼。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及药物领域,特别涉及TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物及其制备方法。
背景技术:
聚合物-药物偶联是药物修饰的主要策略之一,通过这种方式可以增加它们的溶解度,渗透性和稳定性,同时也可能增加其生物学活性。这样的策略是基于一个中心假设,即药物的分子结构可以被修改以制造类似物质,它们与化合物的化学性质不同,但是产生相似甚至更好的生物效应。聚合物-药物偶联可显着改变治疗剂的生物分布,从而改善其药代动力学和药效学,增加其治疗效果并减少其副作用,并避免多药耐药性的产生。耐药性的产生主要是由于细胞膜中MDR转运蛋白(例如p-糖蛋白(p-gp))的过表达所引起的。MDR的解决方案是应用MDR转运蛋白抑制剂,如环孢菌素A,但它也可能抑制机体免疫系统,从而导致医疗并发症。相反,它采用高科技,如纳米技术,包括聚合物-药物偶联,来设计药物避免被p-糖蛋白识别。聚合物-抗癌药物偶联已被深入研究,一些前药显示出了希望。合成聚合物如N-(2- 羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺(HPMA)共聚物,聚(乙二醇)(PEG)和聚(L-谷氨酸)(PGA) 主要被利用作为抗癌药物的载体,如多柔比星,紫杉醇,喜树碱和铂酸盐。
维生素E聚乙二醇琥珀酸酯(D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate,TPGS)是天然维生素E的水溶性衍生物,由维生素E琥珀酸酯(vitamin E succinate,VES)与聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)通过酯化反应制得。TPGS作为一种新型非离子表面活性剂已被FDA批准为安全的药用辅料,可以作为乳化剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、增塑剂等应用于药物制剂中。近年来,很多研究发现TPGS除了可以作为药用辅料外,还具有很多独有的特性,如作为吸收促进剂、黏膜免疫佐剂及多药耐药逆转剂等,TPGS也可以应用于前体药物、胶束、脂质体、TPGS-共聚物载体来提高制剂的溶解度、渗透性及稳定性,从而实现缓、控释及靶向作用,促进药物的吸收。P-糖蛋白(P-gp)是ATP依赖性外排泵,在多药耐药肿瘤细胞和血脑屏障上均有高度表达。P-糖蛋白的药物外排作用参与了肿瘤多药耐药性,降低了药物在脑内的浓度。因此,TPGS作为P-糖蛋白抑制剂则可以抑制P-糖蛋白的药物外排作用,从而逆转肿瘤多药耐药性,增加药物的脑摄取量。专利(申请号:201710732346.4) 中提到TPGS在肝癌中具有抗肿瘤作用,TPGS的加入显著增加了细胞凋亡。近年来多数研究也证实TPGS还具有一定的生物活性,体内外结果证明TPGS可选择性的杀伤肿瘤细胞,包括胰腺癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌等肿瘤细胞,且对正常细胞无作用。
索拉非尼(Sorafenib)是一种新型多靶点药物,可显著延长晚期肾癌、原发性肝癌患者的生存期,成为治疗肝癌和肾癌首选化疗药物,同时也可用于非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌等治疗。索拉非尼溶解度差,疏水性极强。为提高其在水中的溶解度,临床将其制成甲苯磺酸盐,但水溶性仍较差,口服生物利用度低,不足10%,且饮食对其吸收影响明显。索拉非尼临床剂量大,不适用于吞咽困难的晚期肝癌患者;索拉非尼副作用明显,包括高血压、手足皮肤反应以及包括胃出血在内的胃肠道反应。现有的有关索拉非尼制剂的报道,载药量大多较低,因此,当前仍迫切需要提供一种替代性的索拉非尼药物产品,以满足安全高效的要求。中国专利(申请号:201410778721.5)公开了一种索拉非尼脂质体,显著提高了生物利用率,性质稳定,包封率可达到96%以上。中国专利(申请号:201510641732.3)通过加入具有乙酸乙烯酯基团的高分子助溶剂,来提高索拉非尼的溶解度和生物利用度。现有的报道中,多数是采用剂型改造的方法,通过TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物的方法来增加索拉非尼的溶解度和生物利用度至今还没有报道。
发明概述:
本发明的目的是提供一种TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物及其合成方法。该偶联药物在水中可自组装形成以索拉非尼为疏水内核,TPGS为亲水外壳的胶束,不仅能够提高索拉非尼溶解度和抗肿瘤效果,降低其耐药性。而且最终制剂不含增溶剂和有机溶剂,增加了用药的安全性。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
TPGS-索拉非尼偶联药物,是由TPGS与琥珀酸酐(SA)通过开环反应活化,得到羧基修饰的中间体TPGS-SA,然后再通过经典碳二亚胺偶联反应实现了TPGS-SA与的索拉非尼的连接,最终得到TPGS-索拉非尼。合成反应路线如下所示。
所述的D-α-生育酚琥珀酸聚乙二醇酯(TPGS)分子量为500~13000,其结构式如下式所示
所述的TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物的制备方法,其特征在于步骤和条件如下:
(1)TPGS与琥珀酸酐(SA)通过开环反应活化
称取TPGS和SA加入反应瓶中,二者的摩尔比为1:1~5:1,再称取,4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP),与TPGS的摩尔比为1:1-1:4,在氮气保护下,加入二氯甲烷(DCM),TPGS的质量与DCM的体积(mL)的配比1:5~1:20,0-30℃条件下搅拌反应24h,反应终止后,过滤,旋干溶剂,加入无水乙醚,析出固体,之后-20℃冷冻过夜,过滤,固体加DMSO溶解后透析提纯48h(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24h,后处理得到TPGS-SA。
(2)中间体TPGS-NHS的制备
氮气保护下,称取TPGS-SA,N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)二者的摩尔比为1:1~1:6,然后加入二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC),与TPGS的摩尔比为1:1~1:5,加入反应瓶中,加入DCM,TPGS的质量与DCM的体积(mL)的配比1:5~1:20,室温搅拌反应24h,反应终止后,过滤,旋干溶剂,加入无水乙醚,析出固体,之后-20℃冷冻过夜,过滤,固体加DMSO溶解后透析提纯48h(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24h,冷冻干燥得到TPGS-NHS。
(3)最终产品TPGS-索拉非尼的制备
氮气保护下,上述中间体TPGS-NHS加入反应瓶中,加入DMSO,TPGS-NHS的质量与DMSO的体积(mL)的配比为1:5~1:20。索拉非尼溶解在DMSO中,的质量与DMSO的体积 (mL)的配比为1:10~1:20。将索拉非尼的DMSO溶液滴加到上述中间体溶液中,TPGS-NHS 与索拉非尼的摩尔比为1:1~10:1,溶液室温搅拌24h。之后反应液透析提纯48h(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24h,后处理即可得到产品。
其制备过程中用到的溶剂均为无水溶剂。
所述的合成方法不限于TPGS与索拉非尼的偶联,也可以用于TPGS与其他药物的偶联。
本发明的TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物在水相中可以明显的改善索拉非尼的溶解性,因此可以更有效地方式输送到癌症患者体内。
本发明的TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物可以各种形式应用。例如可以制成可注射的药物或以粉末使用,也可以与药物稀释剂、载体或赋形剂混合,形成药物组合物。可以静脉,口服或其他途径向患者给药。
附图说明:
图1 TPGS的核磁氢谱图
图2 TPGS-SA的核磁氢谱图
图3 TPGS-索拉非尼的核磁氢谱图
图4 TPGS-索拉非尼质谱图
具体实施方式:
下面用实施例来进一步说明本发明,但本发明并不受其限制。
实施例1:TPGS-索拉非尼的合成
(1)TPGS-SA的制备
称取0.3g(0.2mmol)的TPGS,SA 0.1g(0.8mmol,4eq),4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)0.03g(0.2mmol,1eq)加入反应瓶中,氮气保护下,加入DCM 2ml,室温搅拌反应24h,反应终止后,过滤,旋干溶剂,加入无水乙醚,析出固体,之后-20℃冷冻过夜,过滤,固体加 DMSO溶解后透析提纯48小时(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24小时,后处理得到TPGS-SA。
(2)中间体TPGS-NHS的制备
氮气保护下,称取TPGS-COOH 0.32g(0.2mmol),NHS 0.1g(0.8mmol,4eq),DCC0.164g(0.8mmol,4eq)加入反应瓶中,加入DCM 2ml,室温搅拌反应24h,反应终止后,过滤,旋干溶剂,加入无水乙醚,析出固体,之后-20℃冷冻过夜,过滤,固体加DMSO溶解后透析提纯48h(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24h,冷冻干燥得到TPGS-NHS。
(3)产品TPGS-索拉非尼的制备
氮气保护下,上述中间体TPGS-NHS加入反应瓶中,加入DMSO 1ml,之后滴加Sorafenib 93mg(0.2mmol)在1ml DMSO中的溶液,室温搅拌24h。之后反应液透析提纯48h(乙醇作为溶剂),之后纯水做溶剂透析24h,后处理即可得到产物TPGS-索拉非尼。
Claims (6)
1.一种TPGS-索拉非尼偶联药物,其特征在于:TPGS通过化学衍生,与索拉非尼上的酰胺上的氢发生取代反应后得到TPGS-索拉非尼偶联物。
2.如权利要求1所述的偶联物,其特征在于:TPGS中PEG分子量在500-5000之间。
3.制备权利要求1-2任一项所述偶联物的方法,其特征在于:以TPGS与索拉非尼为原料,二氯甲烷或DMSO为溶剂,琥珀酸酐(SA)为羧基化试剂,N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联试剂,二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)为脱水试剂所得到的产物。
4.如权利要求3所述的偶联物制备方法,其特征在于:TPGS和SA的摩尔比为1:1~5:1,DMAP与TPGS的摩尔比为1:1~1:4,加入的溶剂DCM,TPGS的质量与DCM的体积(mL)的配比1:5~1:20,0~30℃条件下搅拌反应24h。
5.如权利要求3-4所述的偶联物制备方法,其特征在于:中间产物TPGS-SA与NHS的摩尔比为1:1~1:6,DCC与TPGS的摩尔比为1:1~1:5,加入反应瓶中,加入DCM,TPGS的质量与DCM的体积(mL)的配比1:5~1:20。
6.如权利要求3-5所述的偶联物制备方法,其特征在于:中间体TPGS-NHS的质量与溶剂DMSO的体积(mL)的配比为1:5~1:20。索拉非尼溶解在DMSO中,的质量与DMSO的体积(mL)的配比为1:10~1:20。将索拉非尼的DMSO溶液滴加到上述中间体溶液中,TPGS-NHS与索拉非尼的摩尔比为1:1~10:1。
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