CN1085152A - 高效排气和加气方法及排气和加气装置 - Google Patents

高效排气和加气方法及排气和加气装置 Download PDF

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CN1085152A
CN1085152A CN93117283A CN93117283A CN1085152A CN 1085152 A CN1085152 A CN 1085152A CN 93117283 A CN93117283 A CN 93117283A CN 93117283 A CN93117283 A CN 93117283A CN 1085152 A CN1085152 A CN 1085152A
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CN1051735C (zh
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乌都·巴斯
西格弗里德·科赞涅基
格哈德·马丁
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KraussMaffei Berstorff GmbH
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Abstract

用于热塑性的塑料熔物,高分子尼龙熔物或类似 要排气的液体至粘滞材料的高效排气和加气方法及 排气或加气装置,其中,将起泡的熔物/牵拉介质混 合物经受一个机械的破坏泡结构的滚压效应,然后输 入一个高效排气挤压机中,使熔物大面积地涂抹成薄 的层结构,并同时在全部的处理过程的薄层空间上经 受一个排气负压。

Description

本发明涉及一个高效排气和加气方法及一个排气或加气装置。
美国专利申请公报US-PS5108711中,申请人公开了一个多波式薄膜反应器,其用于排气的目的。这个挤压器具有一个竖直安置的壳体,在该壳体中沿其内壁设有一根具有清洁用外形的薄膜轴。这些轴通过一个行星传动装置不仅绕其自身轴作转动运动,而且沿壳体内壁作导行的大回转运动。
然而,该热塑性的熔物在排气时,在薄膜轴上涂抹成薄层的熔物是对着壳内腔的。该内腔通过一个其内同心安置的具有轴向和径向排气孔的小直径轴与一个真空源相连接。因为,薄膜轴的表面具有熔融物层,所以总体构成一个很大面积的薄层,由此特别在高粘度情况下,要使排气的熔融物达到优良的排气交效果是非常困难的。
在薄膜轴上形成熔物层的厚度是由一个轴的螺杆外型到相邻的与其处于啮合之轴的螺杆外型的间距所决定的。
这样一种形式的排气过程,即将中心轴的同心排气孔,通过另外孔与一个真空源相连接,结果是失败的。因为表明,这些孔在一定时间之后就由于分解的残余单体份额或类似物而减小,以致于使排气过程走向失效。
在US-PS5106198中公开了一个排气装置,其原则上与上述US-PS5108711相同。在图4和5中,表明一个另外结构的排气装置,它用一个中心的带齿轴以及行星轴进行工作。
这个中心轴具有一个斜齿结构,它与围绕自身轴转动的和大回转运动的薄膜轴的齿结构相啮合。
在围绕圆形安置的薄膜轴外边安置一个环形的排气腔,其上连接一个负压或真空源。这个环形的排气腔能使这薄膜轴的外圆周上作用着负压。因此,在薄膜轴上有一个很大面积的熔融物层以用于排气过程。
在这个装置中还表明,排气工作在一个基本时间之后由于分解的残余单体份额或类似物而引向失败,因为,在环形排气腔的内壁上构成了残余单体颗粒,而它们在此处要除掉是非常麻烦的。
因为这些沉积物的自消是不可能的,所以经常的停止运动是不可避免的。
本发明的任务是对上述类型的排气装置进行改进,同时不会导致已述的运转故障,它肯定可确保,不会形成沉积物,这些沉积物是在加工过程中可能还原的热分解组分。还应该保证,在排气过程中应用牵拉介质的情况下达到好的排气结果。
这一任务是通过权利要求1中与前序部分相关的特征部分内容解决的。
这些既围绕自身轴转动的且同时围绕中心光轴大回转的薄膜轴蹭抹着该中心轴,所以不可能在那里形成沉积。
通过壳体内壁的无齿结构就可实现,这些相互啮合的薄膜轴在壳体的光滑内壁上沿着它蹭抹并由此使它清洁。
而且,甚至在薄膜轴的表面上也不会形成沉积,因为,存在一个连续地退出啮合状态。依此,本装置在任何方面看都有自清洁作用。
一种熔融物/牵拉介质混合物在一个卸压之后,也就是说,借助例如一个环形喷咀在喷入该行星滚构件之后就发生很强烈地起泡,因为,这些混合物具有从150-300℃的温度,而且所喷入的牵拉介质(例如水)从液体转变成蒸汽状的聚合体状态,并因此而大量地起泡。
通过起泡过程,就获得了很薄的熔物层和很大的排气表面以及一个使排气的单体份额或溶剂份额的分压减小。
由塑料熔物、牵拉介质、残余单体构成的混合物的泡结构则在行星滚构件中通过该行星滚的转动以及在围绕中心轴大回转的同时通过滚压效应而破裂,因此,大部分的熔融物小泡就破灭,而且由小泡放出的气体通过负压抽走。
该行星滚构件就将溶融物输送到薄层加工构件的区域,其中,设置有主排气过程。
最好在一个水平安置的壳体表面上安置一个排气开口,其上安置一个所谓的排气钟形腔再与一个负压管道相连接。
与一般的排气挤压机相反,用这种机械可以实现,仅通过一个相当小的排气开口就使全部的有效处理空间置于一个负压下。这种负压就占据相应的无熔物的楔形空间以及沿轴向通过螺杆外型上空着的横截面作用到所有的薄膜轴表面上并在此将熔物层中的残余单体小泡撕破,在这些小泡中,含有反应的裂解产物和类似物,所述熔物层是在薄膜轴上通过其螺杆密封轮廓的相对侧蹭抹作用而构成的。
但是,所述负压不仅是在薄膜轴的轴向占据着壳体内部,而且沿围绕单个薄层轴的径向也就是说,穿过所谓的“地混合外型Erdmenger    Profil”而使负压作用到熔物层上,并将在此存有的微小残余单体小泡撕破,由此将放出的气体抽走。
在传统的单螺杆挤压机中,仅仅是在排气开口下方的区域以及螺杆螺距的一很小部分可以处于负压下。
而且还在具有啮合螺杆的双螺杆挤压机中,该排气负压也仅在壳体中的一个较小区域内占据着,这是因为,壳体上侧延伸在排气开口的外部并直至螺杆之间的楔形区。而且为了螺杆的自清洁作用,壳体延伸至楔形区的设置是必不可少的。
在本发明装置中,是保持自清洁作用下首次不必要使壳体延伸至螺杆间的楔形区中。
按照本发明,该自清洁作用是通过自转的薄膜轴围绕中心轴的圆形大回转实现的,通过这种回转,以及与围绕自身轴转动相迭加,使得薄膜轴不仅将壳体内壁而且将中心轴蹭抹,因此,起到完全自清洁的作用。
尽管在薄膜轴之间的楔形区域不存在如双螺杆时的壳体结构,但仍可获得一个自清洁作用。
此外,该排气负压在整个壳体内能明显较好地得以传播,因为楔形区域是自由空间。这种壳体内的自由容腔则由于该自由的楔形区而是明显较大的,因此,使得负压可自由传播的表面就明显地比传统的双螺杆挤压机时要大。
依此,首次能够只通过一个小排气开口,使在薄膜轴表面上具有薄的熔物层的全部有效处理空间置于一个负压作用下,因此,即使在高粘度,热塑性的塑料例如,在聚酰胺的再浓缩或不解聚情况下实现令人惊奇的排气效果。
在附图中描绘了本发明的一个实施例。它表示:
图1是一个具有高效薄层排气装置的设备纵剖图;
图2是一个通过高效排气挤压机的纵剖图;
图3是一个沿图1中线Ⅱ-Ⅱ的横剖图;
图4是一个沿图2中线Ⅳ-Ⅳ的横剖图;
图5是按照图4中箭头Ⅲ在排气开口和薄膜轴上的俯视图;
图6是一个在所有彼此展开的薄膜轴上的俯视图;
图7是按照图1中线Ⅶ-Ⅶ的横剖图并表示从前边看薄膜轴的视图;
在图1中表示的高效排气设备由不同的段组成,这些段将在下面说明。
段30是一个具有止推轴承,经向轴承和滑环密封件的驱动段。这个驱动单元本身并未表示。螺杆段的螺杆,隆起段的隆起部,齿盘段的齿盘是安置在一个公共轴上的,而该公共轴是抗扭地与中心轴和该光轴相连接的。
段31是一个具有熔融物供给口的螺杆加料段。
段32具有一个所谓的“隆起部”,其用于在熔物供给口方向上构成一个熔物压缩作用。
段33具有一个带齿盘26的齿盘区域,如从图3的截面图表明的,它的使用是为了使通过开口25喷入的牵拉介质与熔物实现一个良好的混合作用。
段34具有一个环形喷咀,它将熔物/牵拉介质混合物喷入行星滚部件中。由于该环形喷咀就在螺杆段之后建立起最高的压力,也就是说,该隆起段32和环形喷咀被螺杆部件输送的高压熔物所通过。这种高压是必须的,依此,该牵位介质例如H2O才能以未汽化的液体状态从齿盘26进入塑料熔物中进行混合。
段35:在此段中,混合物进行很强烈的起泡,因为,经过环形喷咀20在段34和35之间产生一个很大的压降。由聚合物熔物、牵拉介质和残余单体构成的混合物泡沫则通过围绕其轴旋转的并同时大回转的行星齿轮4(图7)的一个滚动效应而被破灭。通过这一过程则残余单体小泡也被破坏,和由此而释放的小泡气体则通过由排气开口12造成的负压所抽走。
段36:在这个高效排气段中,进行熔融物成为薄层的扩展工作以及高效排气过程。
这些段30-36可以根据要排气的材料就前后顺序经常作任意地重新连接。段31的螺杆部件,段32的隆起部,和段33的齿盘件26具有一个公共轴,其与一个中心轴作抗扭连接。
下面对段36和图2中表示的高效排气装置进行详细描述。
在壳体1中同轴安置一个中心轴2。围绕该轴2以均匀的间距安置有多个相互紧密啮合的同向旋转的等螺距螺杆或薄膜轴3,这些螺杆如图4和5所看出的彼此处于啮合嵌接状态。
为使薄层轴3围绕其自身轴转动和同时围绕中心轴2转动的驱动作用是通过分别在这两个轴端部抗扭连接的、加工有齿的行星齿轮4完成的(如图2所示),行星齿轮4与一个同样有齿的被驱动的中心轴或行星滚5配合作用。中心轴5、轴2、中心轴5a和一个螺杆部件13是相互抗扭地连接在一起(还可见图1,包括驱动装置30)的。
一个类似装置的驱动机构在开头提及的US-PS5108711的申请案中作了详细描述。
通过转动带齿的中心轴5、这将使带齿的行星齿轮4围绕其自身轴转动,同时还进行一个围绕中心轴5回转的叠加运动,这些通过图4中的箭头6、7和8表明。
当行星齿轮4与薄膜轴3是抗扭连接且中心轴5与轴2是抗扭连接时,这些构件就进行如图4描述的转动(箭头6、7和8)。
在图4中,没有被熔融物填充的自由楔形区9和10是用方格影线表示的。
通过仅留有一个小环缝的环形喷咀20(图1)或者通过一个加料开口11(图2),使熔化物到达行星滚子驱动部件,(该行星滚子驱动部件由行星齿轮4和中心轴5构成)。并且往真正的除气装置方向通过该心轴的倾斜齿结构输送。
这些熔化物被薄膜轴3所接受并且均匀地分布在该薄膜轴3的表面上,这是通过一个螺杆叶片14和相邻薄层轴3的相邻螺杆叶片15的啮合擦抹过程(图6)实现的。
这个薄层是根据间距16的厚度形成的,这个间距16是一个螺杆叶片14或15到相邻的薄膜轴3的叶片根部17的距离,如图6所示。由此,在所有薄膜轴3上都有一个均匀厚度的熔融物层,而通过负压就可极好地使这个熔物层脱气,也就是说,当自由空间承受一个负压时这些微小的残余单体小泡的薄壁,就爆裂。通过排气开口12将这些小泡(多余单体的或类似物)放出的气体抽出。
当该挤压装置以较高的填充度运转时,那么,就会在正输送的螺杆叶片14,15的前面形成一个附加到该薄的熔物层上的熔物前沿波或熔物池(Schmelzepool),其会不断地被重新堆积着。这种由此形成的新表面同样是连续地承受着所施加的负压的。因此,与双螺杆挤压机相反,通过置有自由的楔形区,就能够通过这种附加的表面结构和由此以令人惊奇的和意想不到的方式明显地提高排气效率。
一个高的排气效率不仅取决于薄的层结构,而且还取决于这样一个事实,即这些熔融物前沿波是相对该薄层轴作轴向地输送且同时不断地被重新堆积着,这样,就产生一个较高的、不断更新的表面再造。
该负压的分布是与排气开口12有关的,如图4和6中所示。
在图4和6中的箭头18表示在排气开口12上施加一个负压或真空时的气体流动轨迹。
从这个简图描述的流动轨迹中看出,仅仅通过一个排气开口,整个的壳体内部或所有的壳体内的楔形区9和10都处于负压或真空的作用下。
这样就能一次性实现,将一个挤压装置中位于下边的远离排气开口的区域也置于排气过程中,因为,该熔融物正停留在薄膜轴上。而楔形区9和10却没有充满熔融物,因为,该薄膜轴3将熔物保持在其表面上或者往回送。
因为,该薄层轴3既围绕自身轴进行转动又围绕轴2转动,所以它(3)会尽可能地将在光滑的壳体壁1或者在轴2的光滑壁上粘附的熔融物又带回到螺旋通道中。又因为,螺杆叶片14和15是相互按一个螺旋角设置的,所以,根据螺旋角就可以使通过行星构件5a到达单螺杆13和排出口19的熔物实现一个快速的或缓慢的连续输送。
在使用本发明装置的情况下,对于高粘度的尼龙熔融物通过排气也能实现优秀的不解聚的结果,但用传统的排气挤压机,要摆脱其残余单体数额是非常有缺陷的。
作为本高效排气挤压机相对传统挤压机的特别优点是尼龙不解聚,即在排气期间,机械的高温能量导入塑料熔物中是很微小的。由于导入很少的机械能量,所以排气工作就可以在特别节省的条件下和较低的材料温度时进行。(T材料≈235至240℃,取代两螺杆时的T材料≈290℃)。
但是,将本发明装置不用于排气,而用于往材料中加气,以便在粘滞的材料中也能进行化学反应时,也可实现明显好的结果。当在薄膜轴上的粘滞物质被扩展成具有巨大表面的很薄的层材、然后用一种反应气体施加作用(该气体通过排气开口在压力下提供)时,就可实现一个很快的和特别均匀的反应。
相关零件编号
1.壳体
2.轴
3.薄膜轴
4.行星齿轮
5.中心轴
5a.行星构件(中心轴)
6.箭头
7.箭头
8.箭头
9.楔形区
10.楔形区
11.熔物输入口
12.排气口或钟形腔(Dom)
13.单螺杆构件
14.螺杆叶片
15.螺杆叶片
16.间距
17.螺旋根部
18.箭头
19.排出口
20.环形喷咀
25.牵拉介质喷入咀
26.齿盘
30.段
31.段
32.段
33.段
34.段
35.段
36.段

Claims (9)

1、用于热塑性的塑料熔融物,高分子聚合物或类似要排气的液体至粘滞材料的以及用于使聚酰胺和聚脂熔化物再浓缩和排气的高效排气加气方法,其中,该熔物被输入到一个单螺杆挤压构件中,在该挤压机中沿工作方向建立一个熔物挤压作用;与输送方向相反通过熔融物在该单螺杆构件中建立一个熔融物压缩;在该熔物压缩流的上游往熔化物喷入一种牵拉介质;该熔融物/牵拉介质混合物经受一个强烈地混合和均匀作用;该熔化物/牵拉介质混合物经受一个突然的卸压作用,接着进行发泡过程;其特征在于:
该起过泡的熔融物/牵拉介质混合物经受一个机械的,使泡结构破坏的滚压效应;和,
该熔融物被大表面地涂抹成薄的层状结构并同时在全部处理过程的薄层空间上经受一个排气负压。
2、用于实施权利要求1方法的高效排气或加气装置,具有一个壳体,其中,安置有数个可转动驱动的、轴线平行的相互啮合的薄膜轴,同时,每个薄膜轴的螺杆密封轮廓是与其两边安置的薄膜轴啮合的,这样,在薄膜轴的加工物料就形成薄的层结构,其中,所有的薄膜轴上是可以同方向驱动的,而且,在反应器壳体内,该薄膜轴在其上边的和/或下边的端部是设置成行星齿轮的结构;还有,这些行星齿轮通过一个相应齿结构的中心轴所驱动,而中心轴的驱动轴伸出壳体安置,其特征在于:
与建立起一个熔融物压力的单螺杆段(31)相连接,安置一个使熔融物滞止和使熔融物压缩的隆起段(32);
在该隆起段(32)之后安置一个保证混合和均匀作用的齿盘段(33);
在该齿盘段(33)上安置一个牵拉介质喷入咀(25);
与齿盘段(33)相连接安置一个环形喷咀段(34);
与该环形喷咀段(34)连接一个起滚压效应的行星滚子段(35);和
在该行星滚子段(35)之后,安置一个高效薄层排气段(36)。
3、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
单螺杆段(31)具有一个3-5D(D=螺杆直径)的长度。
4、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
该齿盘段(33)具有一个1-3D的长度。
5、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
该行星滚子段(35)具有行星齿轮(4)和一个中心轴(5);而包围该行星齿轮(4)的壳体具有一个与该行星齿轮(4)配合工作的内齿结构。
6、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
该高效排气段(36)具有一个其内壁不带内齿结构的壳体(1);在壳体(1)中同轴安置一个中心、光滑,可驱动的圆柱轴(2);围绕该圆柱轴(2)相互以均匀的间距安置有多个薄膜轴(3),它们具有一个蹭抹、自清洁的螺杆密封轮廓,且既绕自身轴转动又围绕轴(2)作大回转;该薄膜轴(3)的结构设置成既在光滑的壳体(1)内壁上又在中心轴(2)的光滑圆柱壁上滚动和蹭抹;和壳体(1)具有一个排气开口(12)。
7、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
该单螺杆段(31)的螺杆,该隆起段(32)的隆起部,齿盘段(33)的齿盘(26),是安置在一个公共轴上的;这个公共轴与中心轴(5)和光滑轴(2)是抗扭连接的。
8、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
在第一高效排气挤压机段(36)之后连接一个第二段(36),在这两个段之间,分别安置一个单螺杆段(31),一个隆起段(32),一个齿盘段(33)和一个环形喷咀段(34)。
9、按权利要求2所述的装置,其特征在于:
该装置成排气挤压机是水平安置的;该壳体(1)在其外表面上置有一个排气开口(12);和在排气开口(12)上连接一个负(低)压管道(20)。
CN93117283A 1992-09-18 1993-09-13 排气和加气方法及排气和加气装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1051735C (zh)

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