CN108511739A - 一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- URXNVXOMQQCBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene;sodium Chemical compound [Na].C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 URXNVXOMQQCBHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料及其制备方法,所属方法包括:将硅纳米颗粒‑THF分散体系和多层石墨烯‑THF分散体系混合均匀,得到混合溶液;将混合溶液干燥,除去THF溶剂,并进行退火处理,得到目标添加负极活性物质;将所述目标添加负极活性物质与石墨混合,得到所述含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料。本发明利用纳米级的硅纳米颗粒对锂离子电池的传统石墨负极进行添加,依靠硅单质的高理论容量,提升电池比容量,与此同时超细的硅纳米颗粒避免了锂循环过程中体积膨胀对材料结构的影响,防止硅的粉化;并且,加入的多层石墨烯与硅纳米颗粒紧密结合,进一步稳定硅材料的结构,同时弥补硅单质的低电导率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电池技术领域,具体涉及一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
锂离子电池作为当前能量密度最高的电能储存技术手段,在移动电子设备、电动车、储能设备等多个领域都具有广泛的应用。随着应用市场的蓬勃发展和需求的日益增加,也对锂离子电池的能量密度、容量密度、功率密度等多项技术指标提出了更高的要求。
现有技术中,通常将石墨作为锂离子电池的负极材料,石墨以其低电平、廉价和循环性能出色等优势,被最广泛地应用。但是,石墨有限的理论容量(372mAh/g),使其在面对更高能量密度要求时,显得力不从心。
为了实现高能量密度,硅单质材料以4200mAh/g的理论容量成为关注的焦点,但硅材料在锂嵌入和脱嵌这一循环过程中表现出巨大的体积变化(300%),并且会导致硅单质的粉化,对材料结构的稳定性和锂离子电池的安全性和循环寿命都造成了巨大的影响。
由上述可知,对于实现锂离子电池高能量密度的要求,现有锂离子电池的负极材料很难满足条件。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,制备得到一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,满足锂离子电池高能量密度的要求。
本发明的技术方案为:一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒溶解于THF溶剂中,得到硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系;
(2)将多层石墨烯分散至THF溶剂中,得到多层石墨烯-THF分散体系;
(3)将硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系和多层石墨烯-THF分散体系混合均匀,得到混合溶液,其中硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系在混合溶液中的质量百分比为10~90%;
(4)将混合溶液干燥,除去THF溶剂,并进行退火处理,其中退火温度为500~650℃,得到目标添加负极活性物质;
(5)将所述目标添加负极活性物质与石墨混合,得到所述含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,其中所述目标添加负极活性物质在含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料中的质量占比为1~50%。
作为优选,所述硅纳米颗粒通过纳米级硅单质化学合成制备而成。
作为优选,所述化学合成的方法包括化学气相沉积、液相微乳液法或水热法。
作为优选,所述表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒的制备方法包括:在无水无氧的THF溶液体系中,由钠萘还原四氯化硅合成直径为3~20nm的硅纳米颗粒,然后加入正丁基锂溶液,在硅纳米颗粒表面形成正丁基官能团修饰,提纯,得到表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒。
作为优选,所述多层石墨烯的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(2-1)将石墨和硝酸钾加入浓硫酸中,并加入高锰酸钾进行氧化,反应温度控制在35℃,反应时间2小时,得到反应混合液;
(2-2)将所述反应混合液加水稀释,稀释过程中控制温度在70℃,再加入双氧水中和过量的高锰酸钾,并继续稀释混合液;
(2-3)将稀释混合液过滤处理,得到滤饼,对滤饼进行酸洗处理,并在40℃下干燥24小时,得到干燥滤饼;
(2-4)将干燥滤饼进行超声分散,得到分散液;
(2-5)将分散液进行还原处理之后,得到多层石墨烯。
作为优选,所述多层石墨烯的层数为2~10层。
作为优选,所述步骤(4)中,所述退火温度为600℃。
本发明还提供了一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,由上述的制备方法制备而成。本发明采用纳米级的硅纳米颗粒,以多层石墨烯进行包裹,而后对石墨负极进行掺杂,以提升锂离子电池比容量和倍率性能。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果体现在:
本发明利用纳米级的硅纳米颗粒对锂离子电池的传统石墨负极进行添加,依靠硅单质的高理论容量,提升电池比容量,与此同时超细的硅纳米颗粒避免了锂循环过程中体积膨胀对材料结构的影响,防止硅的粉化;并且,加入的多层石墨烯与硅纳米颗粒紧密结合,进一步稳定硅材料的结构,同时弥补硅单质的低电导率。
附图说明
图1为本发明中含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的产品图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒溶解于THF溶剂中,得到硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系;其中,表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒的制备方法包括:在无水无氧的THF溶液体系中,由钠萘还原四氯化硅合成直径为5nm的硅纳米颗粒,然后加入正丁基锂溶液,在硅纳米颗粒表面形成正丁基官能团修饰,提纯,得到表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒。
(2)将多层石墨烯分散至THF溶剂中,得到多层石墨烯-THF分散体系,其中,所述多层石墨烯的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(2-1)将石墨和硝酸钾加入浓硫酸中,并加入高锰酸钾进行氧化,反应温度控制在35℃,反应时间2小时,得到反应混合液;
(2-2)将所述反应混合液加水稀释至三倍体积,稀释过程中控制温度在70℃,再加入双氧水中和过量的高锰酸钾,并继续稀释混合液至原浓硫酸混合液四倍体积;
(2-3)将稀释混合液过滤处理,得到滤饼,对滤饼进行酸洗处理,并在40℃下干燥24小时,得到干燥滤饼;
(2-4)将干燥滤饼进行超声分散,得到分散液;
(2-5)将分散液进行还原处理之后,得到多层石墨烯。
(3)将硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系和多层石墨烯-THF分散体系混合均匀,得到混合溶液,其中硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系在混合溶液中的质量百分比为50%;
(4)将混合溶液干燥,除去THF溶剂,并进行退火处理,其中退火温度为600℃,得到目标添加负极活性物质;
(5)将所述目标添加负极活性物质与石墨混合,得到所述含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,其中所述目标添加负极活性物质在含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料中的质量占比为20%。
Claims (8)
1.一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒溶解于THF溶剂中,得到硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系;
(2)将多层石墨烯分散至THF溶剂中,得到多层石墨烯-THF分散体系;
(3)将硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系和多层石墨烯-THF分散体系混合均匀,得到混合溶液,其中硅纳米颗粒-THF分散体系在混合溶液中的质量百分比为10~90%;
(4)将混合溶液干燥,除去THF溶剂,并进行退火处理,其中退火温度为500~650℃,得到目标添加负极活性物质;
(5)将所述目标添加负极活性物质与石墨混合,得到所述含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,其中所述目标添加负极活性物质在含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料中的质量占比为1~50%。
2.如权利要求1所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硅纳米颗粒通过纳米级硅单质化学合成制备而成。
3.如权利要求2所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述化学合成的方法包括化学气相沉积、液相微乳液法或水热法。
4.如权利要求1所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒的制备方法包括:在无水无氧的THF溶液体系中,由钠萘还原四氯化硅合成直径为3~20nm的硅纳米颗粒,然后加入正丁基锂溶液,在硅纳米颗粒表面形成正丁基官能团修饰,提纯,得到表面具备官能团修饰的硅纳米颗粒。
5.如权利要求1所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述多层石墨烯的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(2-1)将石墨和硝酸钾加入浓硫酸中,并加入高锰酸钾进行氧化,反应温度控制在35℃,反应时间2小时,得到反应混合液;
(2-2)将所述反应混合液加水稀释,稀释过程中控制温度在70℃,再加入双氧水中和过量的高锰酸钾,并继续稀释混合液;
(2-3)将稀释混合液过滤处理,得到滤饼,对滤饼进行酸洗处理,并在40℃下干燥24小时,得到干燥滤饼;
(2-4)将干燥滤饼进行超声分散,得到分散液;
(2-5)将分散液进行还原处理之后,得到多层石墨烯。
6.如权利要求1所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述多层石墨烯的层数为2~10层。
7.如权利要求1所述的含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中,所述退火温度为600℃。
8.一种含硅的石墨基锂离子电池负极活性材料,其特征在于,由权利要求1~7任一所述的制备方法制备而成。
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