CN108479778A - 一种改性凹凸棒石的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于凹凸棒石改性技术领域,提供了一种改性凹凸棒石的制备方法。其制备方法包括:(1)取纯化过的凹凸棒石进行酸化处理,使H+置换出凹凸棒石八面体结构中的部分阳离子(Al3+,Mn2+,Mg2+)及层间部分阳离子(Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+);(2)将酸化后的凹凸棒石放到过渡金属盐(Mn3+,Fe3+,Co3+,Ni3+)溶液中,在60~100℃的水浴锅中充分反应;(3)将上述反应液置于微波水热化学反应仪中反应,然后离心,洗涤,干燥后得到成品。本发明能够使凹凸棒石具有可见光响应性,增大光响应范围,提高光催化作用,同时可以使其具有吸附作用,比表面积和孔隙率得到提升。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于凹凸棒石加工技术领域,特别涉及一种改性凹凸棒石的制备方法。
背景技术
凹凸棒石粘土(又名坡缕石或坡缕缟石,简称ATP)是一种天然一维纳米矿物材料,具有特殊的纤维状晶体结构,含水富镁铝硅酸盐粘土矿物,其单根纤维晶的直径在30nm左右,长度可达几个微米,独特的结构赋予了其比表面积大、吸附能力强和耐盐碱性好的理化性质。CN 106892433 A公开了一种改性凹凸棒石粘土的制备方法,经过酸处理,热处理后,再与有机化合物和催化剂反应制得改性凹凸棒石粘土,使其具有较好的界面相容性和消泡效果,但是存在制备方法复杂的问题;南京理工大学张剑等用染料曙红Y对ATP进行表面修饰,使其光响应范围拓展到可见光区,可以直接作为光催化剂用于光催化分解水制氢,但是需要染料曙红Y对ATP进行表面修饰,才可以使其达到可见光响应;浙江大学张平萍等研究了不同酸浓度,反应温度,反应时间处理凹凸棒石,提出了酸对凹凸棒石的作用原理与过程,发现了晶格破坏与重建可能性,但是仅仅研究了盐酸浓度和温度对凹凸棒石的活化处理效果,并没有使其达到光响应的效果,使其半导体化。
凹凸棒石在天然形成过程中,晶体中镁、铝离子可被铁等过渡金属离子替代,从而形成含少量铁元素等天然掺杂的凹凸棒石,而具有紫外光响应效果,但是较窄的光响应范围阻碍了其在光催化领域的应用。
发明内容
由于凹凸棒石结构中含有丰富的Mg-O和Al-O,可以通过晶格置换或者晶格重建对凹凸棒石进行化学键的改性研究,使凹凸棒石达到可见光响应的效果,直接用作光催化剂,拓展其在光催化领域的应用。
为了解决天然凹凸棒石光响应范围较窄的技术问题,本发明以凹凸棒石粘土,盐酸,过渡金属盐为主要原料,采用水浴法和微波水热法结合,对凹凸棒石进行改性处理,并选择合适的盐酸浓度、水浴温度,水浴时间和微波水热温度等工艺参数得到了一种具有可见光响应的凹凸棒石。
本发明解决技术问题采用的技术方案涉及一种改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)取一定量纯化过的凹凸棒石加入到一定浓度的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在60~100℃温度下处理8~15h时间后,5000-6000r/min离心2min,洗涤,60~100℃温度下干燥15~20h得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;
(2)将步骤(1)中预处理后的凹凸棒石放入过渡金属盐溶液中,在60~100℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应8~15h;
(3)将步骤(2)中的反应液转移到100mL水热反应釜中,置于微波水热化学反应仪中,在160~200℃下反应1h,然后5000-6000r/min离心2min,洗涤,60~100℃温度下干燥12~24h后得到改性后的可见光响应凹凸棒石成品。
步骤(1)所述的制备方法中,盐酸浓度为1~5mol/L。
步骤(2)中过渡金属盐溶液中金属的摩尔数与凹凸棒石的质量之比可以为0.0005~0.001mol:1g。
其中,过渡金属盐可以为Co、Fe、Mn、Ni盐中的任意一种;过渡金属的盐溶液可以为过渡金属的硝酸盐,硫酸盐,氯化物中的任意一种的水溶液;作为示例,所述过渡金属盐可以为FeCl3。
微波水热后的产物经过充分(一般至少3-5次)水洗,以除尽杂质,并在60~100℃烘干12~24h。
与已有技术相比,本发明有益效果在于:
1、采用盐酸酸化预处理凹凸棒石,一方面可除去分布于凹凸棒石孔道中的碳酸盐等杂质,使孔道疏通,另一方面,由于凹凸棒石的阳离子的可交换性,半径较小的H+能置换出凹凸棒石层间部分K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+等离子,增大孔容积。
2、将进行预处理后的凹凸棒石与Si4+,Al3+离子半径极为接近的过渡金属盐(Co3+,Fe3+,Mn3+,Ni3+)进行置换反应,使少部分的金属离子与酸处理的凹凸棒石中的占据八面体镁铝后的H+发生置换反应,通过微波水热,使被置换出的Al3+,Mg2+八面体位置被钴、铁、锰、镍填充,同时在微波水热条件下,对置换过渡金属盐后的凹凸棒石进行晶格重建修复,得到改性后的可见光响应凹凸棒石,该制备方法简单,方便可行。
3、通过对凹凸棒石的改性处理,大幅度提高了其对太阳光的吸收,使其达到半导体化,拓宽了光响应的范围(380-790nm),使其可以直接用作可见光响应半导体光催化剂。
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明。
附图说明
图1为原始ATP、实施例1得到的酸处理ATP、可见光响应ATP及对比实施例1得到的普通水浴改性ATP样品的XRD谱图;
图2为原始ATP样品100nm标尺范围的TEM照片;
图3为实施例1得到的酸处理ATP样品100nm标尺范围的TEM照片;
图4为实施例1得到的可见光响应ATP样品100nm标尺范围的TEM照片;
图5为原始ATP、实施例1得到的酸处理ATP和可见光响应ATP样品的UV-vis光谱图;
具体实施方式
实施例1
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 3mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在70℃下处理10h后,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下18h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.0005mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于70℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应8h;最后将烧杯中的反应液转移至100mL微波水热反应釜中160℃保温反应1h,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下18h烘干,得到改性后的可见光响应凹凸棒石。
对本实施例所制备的改性后的可见光响应凹凸棒石进行X射线粉末衍射实验,在透射电镜下观察其形貌和结构,并在紫外可见漫反射光谱仪下测试其对光的吸收,其与凹凸棒石、酸处理凹凸棒石的XRD图谱如图1所示:酸处理凹凸棒石的XRD中仅出现了二氧化硅的特征衍射峰,说明凹凸棒石八面体结构中的Al以及少量的Mg、Fe被H+替换出来;另外发现可见光响应凹凸棒石的XRD峰强度有所降低,但是其各个特征峰峰位和原始凹凸棒石基本一致,说明在微波水热条件下,大部分H+被Fe3+置换出来,可见光响应凹凸棒石结构基本上没有被破坏。
本实施例所改性可见光响应凹凸棒石,与凹凸棒石、酸处理凹凸棒石的TEM照片如图2-图4所示,从图中可以看出,凹凸棒石的纤维棒状结构,酸处理凹凸棒石棒状结构没有发生改变,但其表面凹凸不平,说明部分杂质被除去,孔容积得以增大,而可见光响应凹凸棒石仍然为棒状结构,与XRD的结果一致。
本实施例所改性可见光响应凹凸棒石,与凹凸棒石、酸处理凹凸棒石的UV-vis光谱图如图5所示,从图中可以看出,凹凸棒石的光响应吸收边在380nm左右,酸处理凹凸棒石的光响应吸收边在480nm左右,而可见光响应凹凸棒石的光响应吸收边在690nm左右,明显拓宽了凹凸棒石的光吸收范围,说明半导体化凹凸棒石的成功改性。
实施例2
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 5mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在60℃下处理8h后,在离心机中以5000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在60℃下20h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.0008mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于60℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应10h;最后将烧杯中的反应液转移至100mL微波水热反应釜中160℃保温反应1h,在离心机中以5000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在60℃下24h烘干,得到改性可见光响应凹凸棒石,后续检测如实施例1。
实施例3
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在100℃下处理15h后,在离心机中以5000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在100℃下15h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.0006mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于100℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应15h;最后将烧杯中的反应液转移至100mL微波水热反应釜中200℃保温反应1h,在离心机中以5000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在100℃下12h烘干,得到改性后可见光响应凹凸棒石,后续检测如实施例1。
实施例4
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 2mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在80℃下处理12h后,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下18h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.0007mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于80℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应12h;最后将烧杯中的反应液转移至100mL微波水热反应釜中170℃保温反应1h,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下14h烘干,得到改性后可见光响应凹凸棒石,后续检测如实施例1。
实施例5
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 4mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在90℃下处理12h后,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在90℃下16h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.001mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于90℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应13h;最后将烧杯中的反应液转移至100mL微波水热反应釜中160℃保温反应1h,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在90℃下20h烘干,得到改性后可见光响应凹凸棒石,后续检测如实施例1。
对比实施例1
首先称取2g的凹凸棒石溶于100mL 3mol/L的盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中,在70℃下处理10h后,在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下18h烘干,得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;然后取0.0005mol氯化铁置于含有50mL去离子水的100mL烧杯中,搅拌溶解后加入上述预处理后的凹凸棒石1g,再次搅拌溶解,放于70℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应8h;最后在离心机中以6000r/min离心2min,移除上层液体,下层固体经充分水洗,在80℃下18h烘干,得到普通水浴改性后凹凸棒石。
对本对比实施例所制备的普通水浴改性后凹凸棒石进行X射线粉末衍射实验,其XRD图谱如图1所示:和实例1制备出的可见光响应凹凸棒石的XRD比较可以发现,图中出现了较少的特征衍射峰,而且峰的强度相对较弱,说明在普通水浴条件下,凹凸棒石八面体结构中仅有少量的Al以及少量的Mg、Fe被H+替换出来,而且其晶格重建复原程度相对于微波水热条件下较差。
因此,为了使改性后可见光响应凹凸棒石半导体化,而最大程度的使其离子置换,晶格复原,应该采取微波水热方法。
Claims (6)
1.一种改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:所述制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)取纯化过的凹凸棒石加入到盐酸溶液中,超声溶解后置于水浴锅中进行处理后,离心,洗涤,干燥得到凹凸棒石预处理产物;
(2)将经步骤(1)预处理后的凹凸棒石放入过渡金属盐溶液中,在60~100℃的水浴锅中搅拌反应8~15h;
(3)将步骤(2)中的反应液转移到100mL水热反应釜中,置于微波水热化学反应仪中,在160~200℃下反应1h,然后离心,洗涤,干燥后得到改性凹凸棒石成品。
2.如权利要求1所述的改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的盐酸溶液浓度为1~5mol/L。
3.如权利要求1所述的改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的水浴锅中进行处理的温度为:60~100℃,处理时间为:8~15h;离心条件为:5000~6000r/min离心2min,干燥温度为:60~100℃,干燥时间为:15~20h。
4.如权利要求1所述的改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述的过渡金属盐为Co、Fe、Mn、Ni盐中的任意一种;过渡金属的盐溶液为过渡金属硝酸盐,硫酸盐,氯化物中的任意一种的水溶液。
5.如权利要求1所述的改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述的过渡金属盐溶液中金属的摩尔数与凹凸棒石的质量比为0.0005~0.001mol:1g。
6.如权利要求1所述的改性凹凸棒石的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述的离心条件为:5000-6000r/min离心2min;干燥温度为:60~100℃,干燥时间为:12~24h。
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