CN108450049B - 电源转换装置 - Google Patents

电源转换装置 Download PDF

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CN108450049B
CN108450049B CN201780004118.3A CN201780004118A CN108450049B CN 108450049 B CN108450049 B CN 108450049B CN 201780004118 A CN201780004118 A CN 201780004118A CN 108450049 B CN108450049 B CN 108450049B
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circuit
power supply
gate
switching element
supply circuit
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CN108450049A (zh
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平沼聪
八幡光一
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Hitachi Astemo Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/061Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for DC powered loads
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M7/53875Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Abstract

为了增设电源电路,电路结构部件变得复杂,即使在逆变器的通常动作中也必须使用反相电路来控制开关元件。驱动电路(911)监视栅极电源电路(10)的稳定性,如果电压值(P3)小于所设定的阈值,则判断为栅极电源电路(10)产生了异常,将信号(P4)输出给控制器(6)。控制器(6)接收到信号(P4)后,将信号输出给信号线(S1),并使电源供给电路(92)的光电耦合器动作。然后,蓄电电路(93)内的MOS晶体管(T1)成为导通状态,蓄积在电容器(C1)中的电荷立刻开始对开关元件(81)的栅极电极进行充电,并将开关元件(81)设为接通状态。另外,从电容器(C1)放电的电荷为从光电耦合器进行充电的状态。

Description

电源转换装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电源转换装置。
背景技术
一种电源转换装置,具备作为由上臂和下臂组成的桥电路而形成开关元件的逆变器,在该电源转换装置中已知一种逆变器,为了防止在产生故障时产生过电压,下臂的开关元件的至少一个在没有施加电源电压时成为导通状态而实现。在专利文献1中公开一种逆变装置,在上下臂使用常闭型的开关元件,在丧失电源电压时接通下臂的开关元件。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2014-192975号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
在上述专利文献1所记载的电路结构中,在逆变器的通常动作中必须使用反相电路来控制开关元件,因此电路结构复杂。
用于解决问题的手段
本发明的电源转换装置具备:逆变器电路,其由开关元件构成,输入直流电压并输出交流电压;栅极驱动电路,其输出用于驱动上述开关元件的驱动信号;栅极电源电路,其将用于输出上述驱动信号的栅极电源电压提供给上述栅极驱动电路;以及蓄电电路,其将用于接通上述开关元件的电荷进行蓄电,上述蓄电电路在上述栅极电源电路为正常状态的情况下,通过上述栅极电源电压将上述电荷进行蓄电,在上述栅极电源电路为异常状态的情况下,将上述电荷提供给上述开关元件并使上述开关元件为接通状态。
发明的效果
根据本发明,能够提供电路结构简单且能够应对电源电压的丧失的电源转换装置。
附图说明
图1是电源转换装置的电路结构图。
图2是栅极控制电路的电路结构图。
图3是电源转换装置的一部分的详细电路结构图。
具体实施方式
图1是本发明一个实施方式的电源转换装置的电路结构图。
电源转换装置1将电池2的DC电压转换为AC电压,驱动电动发电机3。电动发电机3被用作电动汽车和混合动力汽车等车辆的各种动力。电容器4与电池2并联连接,将在电源转换时发生变动的电压平滑化。接触器5进行电池2与电源转换装置1之间的连接以及分离。接触器5的开关由控制器6来控制,通过来自控制器6的接触器开关信号来进行开关动作。
电流传感器7检测驱动电动发电机3的三相电流值,并输出给控制器6。控制器6根据来自电流传感器7的电流值等,将电动发电机3成为希望的转矩、转速的PWM(脉冲宽度调制)信号赋予电源转换装置1。
电源转换装置1具备逆变器电路8、栅极控制电路9、栅极电源电路10。逆变器电路8由3相桥结构的开关元件81构成,与U相、V相以及W相对应地设置分别由2个开关元件81组成的上下臂串联电路8U、8V、8W。上下臂串联电路8U、8V、8W分别与正极线P和负极线N电连接。
为了驱动控制逆变器电路8的3相桥结构的各个开关元件81而设置6相的栅极控制电路9。栅极电源电路10向各个栅极控制电路9提供为了接通开关元件81所需要的栅极电源电压。
图2是栅极控制电路9的电路结构图。各个栅极控制电路9具备栅极驱动电路91、电源供给电路92、蓄电电路93。
栅极驱动电路91根据来自控制器6的PWM(脉冲宽度调制)信号P1进行逆变器电路8的开关元件81的开关控制。即,栅极驱动电路91在驱动下臂时,使用从栅极电源电路10提供的栅极电源电压将下臂的PWM信号进行绝缘并放大,将其作为驱动信号输出给下臂的开关元件81的栅极电极。同样在驱动上臂时,使用从栅极电源电路10提供的栅极电源电压将上臂的PWM信号进行绝缘并放大,将其作为驱动信号输出给上臂的开关元件81的栅极电极。这样,各个开关元件81根据输入的驱动信号进行开关动作。
后面详细描述电源供给电路92根据在栅极电源电路10为异常时从控制器6输出的信号,将电压提供给蓄电电路93。蓄电电路93通常由从栅极电源电路10提供的栅极电源电压进行充电,当栅极电源电路10为异常时,响应从电源供给电路92提供的电压,将充电后的电力进行放电。这样,对开关元件81的栅极进行充电,使开关元件81为接通状态。
这里,说明牵引装载了电动发电机3的车辆的情况。通常,在车辆被牵引的状况下,接触器5被切断,在逆变器电路8与电池2被分离的状态下发生电动发电机3空转的情况。在对电动发电机3使用同步电动机的情况下,从装载了磁铁的转子产生的磁通与定子的绕组交链,从而使电动发电机3的端子产生感应电压。
当车辆被牵引时,在将逆变器电路8的开关元件81全部断开的三相开放模式中,通过感应电压产生的感应电流通过开关元件81的二极管,使平滑用的电容器4进行充电,使其电压上升。感应电压与转速成比例,因此当车辆被高速牵引时,电动发电机3的端子电压变高。因此有可能超过电容器4或开关元件81等电源转换装置1内的部件的耐压。
因此,通常需要进行设计使得电源转换装置1的电气耐压成为电动发电机3的最大感应电压以下,但是有时候根据车辆所要求的转矩和逆变器电路8能够通电的最大电流之间的平衡,降低通电电流并增大电动机磁铁的输出地进行设计。此时,感应电压变高,会产生上述的问题。
因此,有时采用以下方法,在牵引车辆时启动电源转换装置1,通过控制器6接通逆变器电路8的上臂或下臂的所有相使电动发电机3为三相短路模式,使得电动发电机3的感应电压不对电容器4进行充电。但是,需要在牵引车辆时启动逆变器电路8,所以当由于事故等栅极电源电路10成为异常状态而不启动时,不能够接通开关元件8,不能够将逆变器电路8转移到三相短路模式。因此,必须低速牵引车辆使得不能够牵引车辆或感应电压不会增高。在本实施方式中,如以下所说明那样,即使在由于事故等栅极电源电路10为异常的情况下,也能够将电动发电机3转移到三相短路模式。
图3是详细表示本实施方式的电源转换装置1的一部分的电路结构图。
控制器6将PWM信号P1赋予栅极驱动电路91的驱动电路911。驱动电路911由栅极驱动器IC构成,从驱动电路911输出的信号P2被输入到构成缓冲电路912的晶体管的栅极端子。缓冲电路912由栅极电源电路10提供栅极电源电压,构成电阻与晶体管串联连接的放大电路,其输出作为驱动信号与开关元件81的栅极端子连接。这样,在栅极电源电路10正常动作的通常状态下,与来自控制器6的PWM信号P1对应地从栅极驱动电路91输出驱动信号,驱动控制开关元件81。另外,驱动电路911检测栅极电源电路10的栅极电源电压值P3,在由于栅极电源电路10的故障导致栅极电源电压成为不能够驱动开关元件81的电压以下时,将信号P4输出给控制器6。另外,省略了图示,但是栅极电源电路10例如由反激变换器构成。
蓄电电路93经由电源供给电路92与控制器6连接。电源供给电路92是由发光侧以及受光侧的光电二极管构成的光电耦合器。与从控制器6输出的信号线S1连接。电源LV经由电阻R1与信号线S1连接。电阻R1是用于限制从电源LV通电的电流的电阻。
电源供给电路92的光电耦合器在从控制器6被赋予信号时,电流从电源LV通过电阻R1流过光电耦合器的发光侧的光电二极管,将光信号传输给受光侧。受光侧的二极管接受光信号,使用光电效应在受光侧二极管的阳极-阴极间感应电压,并且使电流流通。
蓄电电路93经由二极管D1与电容器C1并联连接,二极管D1、MOS晶体管(MOSFET)T1、二极管D3串联连接,与开关元件81的栅极电极连接。驱动电路911的信号P2的输出线经由二极管D1与二极管D1和MOS晶体管T1的连接线连接。电容器C1积蓄用于对开关元件81的栅极电极进行充电的电荷。电容器C1的容量根据使开关元件81为接通状态所需要的充电电荷量来设定。二极管D1限定通电方向为从作为电源供给电路92的光电耦合器向电容器C1充电电荷的方向。二极管D2限定通电方向为从驱动电路911向电容器C1充电电荷的方向。二极管D3将通电方向限定为从电容器C1向开关元件81的栅极电极充电电荷的方向。MOS晶体管T1切断电流的流动使得在栅极电源电路10产生异常以外时积蓄在电容器C1中的电荷不对开关元件81的栅极电极进行充电。图3中,图示了与一个开关元件81对应的栅极驱动电路91、电源供给电路92、蓄电电路93。与图3同样,这些栅极驱动电路91、电源供给电路92、蓄电电路93与6个开关元件81分别对应地设置。
接着,参照图1~图3说明本实施方式的电源转换装置1的动作。
电源转换装置1在通常的动作中,从控制器6向栅极驱动电路91赋予PWM信号P1,经由缓冲电路912来驱动开关元件81,将电池2的直流电转换为交流电,驱动电动发电机3。此时,通过从驱动电路911传输来的PWM信号P1经由二极管D2在蓄电电路93内的电容器C1中蓄积电荷。另外,虽然省略了图示,但是PWM信号P1是根据从栅极电源电路10提供的栅极电源电压而生成的信号,换言之,通过从栅极电源电路10提供的栅极电源电压在电容器C1中蓄积电荷。另外,也可以不通过PWM信号P1,而从栅极电源电路10直接经由二极管D2在电容器C1中蓄积电荷。这样在电容器C1中蓄积的电荷被MOS晶体管T1切断,所以,不会对开关元件81的栅极电极进行充电,不会妨碍通常的开关元件81的驱动。
驱动电路911监视栅极电源电路10的稳定性,如果电压值P3小于所设定的阈值,则判断栅极电源电路10产生了异常,将信号P4输出给控制器6。控制器6接收到信号P4后,将信号输出给信号线S1,使电源供给电路92的光电耦合器动作。然后,蓄电电路93内的MOS晶体管T1成为导通状态,蓄积在电容器C1中的电荷被立刻提供给开关元件81的栅极电极,使开关元件81为接通状态。另外,电容器C1由从光电耦合器提供来的电压进行充电后成为蓄积电荷的状态。这样,蓄电电路93在栅极电源电路10为异常状态的情况下,使上臂所有相的开关元件81或下臂所有相的开关元件81为接通状态。
通过以上的动作,即使在栅极电源电路10发生了故障的情况下,也能够使逆变器电路8的上臂或下臂的所有相导通,将电动发电机3转移到三相短路模式。另外,说明了栅极电源电路10将栅极电源电压统一提供给所有的开关元件18的例子,但是也可以是按照三相的各个相分散地具备栅极电源电路10的结构。另外,作为开关元件81以IGBT的例子进行了说明,但是也可以是MOSFET或双极型的晶体管。进一步,作为电源供给电路92以光电耦合器的例子进行了说明,但是也可以通过绝缘类型以比反激变换器更简单的结构的电源电路来构成。进一步,以使用缓冲电路912驱动开关元件81的例子进行了说明,但是也可以不通过缓冲电路912而只直接驱动栅极驱动器IC。
根据以上说明的实施方式得到以下的作用效果。
(1)电源转换装置1由开关元件81构成,具备:逆变器电路8,其输入直流电压并输出交流电压;栅极驱动电路91,其输出用于驱动开关元件81的驱动信号;栅极电源电路10,其将用于输出驱动信号的栅极电源电压提供给栅极驱动电路91;以及蓄电电路93,其将用于接通开关元件的电荷进行蓄电,蓄电电路93在栅极电源电路10为正常状态的情况下,通过栅极电源电压将电荷进行蓄电,在栅极电源电路10为异常状态的情况下,将电荷提供给开关元件81使开关元件81为接通状态。这样,能够提供一种电路结构简单,且能够应对电源电压的丧失的电源转换装置。
以上说明了各种实施方式以及变形例,但是本发明不限于这些内容。在本发明的技术思想范围内考虑的其他方式也包括在本发明的范围内。
附图标记的说明
1:电源转换装置、2:电池、3:电动发动机、4:电容器、5:接触器、6:控制器、7:电流传感器、8:逆变器电路、9:栅极控制电路、10:栅极电源电路、81:开关元件、91:栅极驱动电路、92:电源供给电路、93:蓄电电路。

Claims (6)

1.一种电源转换装置,其特征在于,
该电源转换装置具备:
逆变器电路,其由开关元件构成,输入直流电压并输出交流电压;
栅极驱动电路,其输出用于驱动上述开关元件的驱动信号;
栅极电源电路,其将用于输出上述驱动信号的栅极电源电压提供给上述栅极驱动电路;以及
蓄电电路,其将用于接通上述开关元件的电荷进行蓄电,
上述蓄电电路在上述栅极电源电路为正常状态的情况下,通过上述栅极电源电压将上述电荷进行蓄电,在上述栅极电源电路为异常状态的情况下,将上述电荷提供给上述开关元件使上述开关元件为接通状态。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电源转换装置,其特征在于,
上述蓄电电路在上述栅极电源电路为异常状态的情况下,将上臂所有相的上述开关元件或下臂所有相的上述开关元件设为接通状态。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电源转换装置,其特征在于,
该电源转换装置还具备将电压提供给上述蓄电电路的电源供给电路,
上述蓄电电路在上述栅极电源电路为异常状态的情况下,通过从上述电源供给电路提供的电压将上述电荷进行蓄电。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的电源转换装置,其特征在于,
上述蓄电电路具备切断上述电荷的供给的切断电路,当上述栅极电源电路为正常状态的情况下,上述蓄电电路通过上述切断电路切断上述电荷,不提供给上述开关元件。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的电源转换装置,其特征在于,
上述蓄电电路具备将上述电荷进行蓄电的电容器,
上述电容器的容量根据为了接通上述开关元件所需要的栅极充电电荷量来进行设定。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的电源转换装置,其特征在于,
该电源转换装置具备将电源提供给上述蓄电电路的光电耦合器。
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