CN108441810B - 一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺 - Google Patents

一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺 Download PDF

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CN108441810B
CN108441810B CN201810064883.0A CN201810064883A CN108441810B CN 108441810 B CN108441810 B CN 108441810B CN 201810064883 A CN201810064883 A CN 201810064883A CN 108441810 B CN108441810 B CN 108441810B
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casting aluminium
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简开宇
杨前曾
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Ningbo Shenxin Technology Co.,Ltd.
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，将压铸铝零件经过喷砂处理；将经过喷砂处理后的压铸铝零件使用氮化镍进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理；压铸铝零件进行镀镍前处理工序；将经过前处理工序后的压铸铝零件在碱性化学镀镍溶液内将压铸铝零件镀覆一层镀镍层；使用拉丝机在镀镍层上拉出丝纹；在拉出丝纹的压铸铝零件上电镀保护层。本技术方案首先进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理，这样通过渗镍工艺将镍渗于压铸铝零件的空隙之间，然后再通过氮气与压铸铝零件表面的铝形成氮化铝保护层，该保护层即能够防止铝与氧气之间发生氧化反应，又能提高镀镍层与压铸铝表面的结合力。

Description

一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺
技术领域
本发明属于金属表面处理技术领域，特别是指一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺。
背景技术
铝及其合金虽然被广泛的应用，但是由于铝的电极电位较低，当在潮湿环境中与高电位金属接触时，极易产生接触腐蚀。另外铝合金在制造过程中，由于追求高的力学性能和其他方面的综合性能而添加各种合金元素，这些元素的存在使得铝合金内部化学成份和组织不均匀，再加上热处理和加工过程中残余应力的存在，使得铝合金材料在使用环境中极易造成微电池腐蚀。而且铝合金在使用环境中，不可避免地存在着潮湿空气，这些潮湿空气凝结在铝合金材料表面形成水膜，更为严重的是潮湿空气中存在一定含量的Cl-、SO2、H2S、CO2等物质，在这种情况下，铝合金材料更容易发生点蚀、晶间腐蚀、应力腐蚀等形式的破坏。
针对铝及铝合金材料的易腐蚀特性，对铝及铝合金的表面处理技术，以提高铝及铝合金材料的防腐蚀性能是本领域的重点课题，目前，型材铝合金阳极氧化技术和铬酸盐化学氧化技术得到广泛的应用，对于压铸铝合金零件，由于其形状复杂和合金元素含量高而不能采用阳极氧化，而铬酸盐化学氧化成本低、操作方便、耐蚀性能高而被广泛使用。
但是近年来，因为三价格对人类健康及环境存在潜在危害，而使用受到限制，为此，无铬化表面处理技术得到开发，现阶段，无机无铬处理方法主要是采用锆、钛、钴、钼、稀土等金属无机盐作为成膜溶液的主盐，在铝合金表面形成一层较薄的转化膜；有机膜处理方法是利用有机硅烷能够改善聚合物与无机材料之间的粘合力而在金属表面形成一层有机保护膜，但是有机膜的成膜时间长且成本高。
而且铝及铝合金材料在进行表面处理前处理后的表面易与空气中的氧进行反应，而影响后期的表面处理效果，现有技术通常是在铝及铝合金材料的表面采用覆锌层，并且在后序的表面处理时，通过部分牺牲这一覆锌层来防止铝及铝合金表面的氧化并且提高与表面处理层的结合。
但是覆锌层在最后基本上是以废液的方式被排出，这不仅导致对环境的污染，而且提高铝及铝合金表面处理的成本。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，以解决压铸铝表面处理存在结合力不高及处理成本高的问题。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，包括以下步骤：
1)将压铸铝零件经过喷砂处理；
2)将经过喷砂处理后的压铸铝零件使用氮化镍进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理；
3)将步骤2)的压铸铝零件进行镀镍前处理工序；
4)将经过前处理工序后的压铸铝零件在碱性化学镀镍溶液内将所述压铸铝零件镀覆一层镀镍层；
5)使用拉丝机在所述镀镍层上拉出丝纹；
6)在拉出丝纹的所述压铸铝零件上电镀保护层。
所述喷砂处理为陶瓷喷砂，压铸铝零件表面粗糙度控制在40-60μm。
所述压铸铝零件表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层的制备方法是，
将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在0.3-1MPa氮气氛围下加热到350℃-380℃，并保温0.5-2小时，然后降至室温；
所述氮化镍与所述碳的质量比为1：10-1：5。
所述镀镍前处理工序至少包括清洗工序及酸洗工序，在所述酸洗工序后还包括碱液中和工序及去离子水冲洗工序。
所述清洗工序包括碱液除油工序、超声波清洗工序或碱液除油及超声波清洗工序。
所述碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
所述保护层为无铬保护层或含铬保护层。
本发明的有益效果是：
本技术方案的压铸铝表面处理工艺，在进行镀镍层之前，首先进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理，这样通过渗镍工艺将镍渗于压铸铝零件的空隙之间，然后再通过氮气与压铸铝零件表面的铝形成氮化铝保护层，该保护层即能够防止铝与氧气之间发生氧化反应，又能提高镀镍层与压铸铝表面的结合力，同时，避免了在压铸铝表面处理工艺中锌的使用，减少了处理成本。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例来详细说明本发明的技术方案，以下的实施例仅是示例性的，仅能用来解释和说明本发明的技术方案，而不能解释为是对本发明技术方案的限制。
本技术方案提供一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，包括以下步骤：
1)将压铸铝零件经过喷砂处理；在本申请中，使用的陶瓷喷砂处理技术，并将压铸铝零件表面粗糙度控制在40-60μm。在本技术方案中，不使用其它喷砂技术的原因是，本申请使用的陶瓷为氧化铝陶瓷，以防止在进行喷砂过程中，因为压力的作用，会导致硅、铁等元素的渗入，而影响对压铸铝零件表面的最后处理效果，特别是影响镀镍层与压铸铝零件表面的结合力。
2)将经过喷砂处理后的压铸铝零件使用氮化镍进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理；
3)将步骤2)的压铸铝零件进行镀镍前处理工序；
4)将经过前处理工序后的压铸铝零件在碱性化学镀镍溶液内将压铸铝零件镀覆一层镀镍层；将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在0.3-1MPa氮气氛围下加热到350℃-380℃，并保温0.5-2小时，然后降至室温。
氮化镍与碳的质量比为1：10-1：5。
在本工序中，氮化镍在350℃-380℃会分解为氮气及金属镍，在此温度下，与压铸铝零件表面接触的金属镍会渗入压铸铝零件的表面，而在此温度下，碳不会渗入压铸铝零件表面也不会与压铸铝零件表面的铝发生反应生成碳化铝而影响后序处理。
通过在压铸铝零件表面的渗镍，其首先封闭压铸铝零件表面的孔隙，防止空气的进入，避免与氧气的接触，另一方面，渗镍层与压铸铝零件表面的结合度高，能够避免在使用电镀镍过程中，因为电镀时间短，镍层覆盖速度快而导致压铸铝零件表面的孔隙被镀镍层覆盖而不是填入，即在现有技术的镀镍层过程中，压铸铝零件表面的孔隙并不是被填补，而仅是覆盖，这样，在压铸铝零件表面在镀镍后的孔隙依然是存在的，并且，该孔隙有些会有电镀液中的水分子存在，这样在该孔隙处形成化学电池，而影响压铸铝零件的耐腐蚀性能。
本技术方案是通过渗入技术，在进行镀镍层前，通过渗入的方式，使得镍能够渗入到压铸铝零件的空隙中，填补了压铸铝零件的孔隙，这同时也是现有技术即使是覆锌层也解决不了压铸铝零件表面的孔隙问题，同时，也不需要使用覆锌层这一牺牲层的技术。
5)使用拉丝机在镀镍层上拉出丝纹；本技术方案是使用自动拉丝机在压铸铝零件的侧面镀镍层上拉上丝纹，以提高压铸铝零件的品质。
6)在拉出丝纹的压铸铝零件上电镀保护层。
镀镍前处理工序至少包括清洗工序及酸洗工序，在酸洗工序后还包括碱液中和工序及去离子水冲洗工序。
清洗工序包括碱液除油工序、超声波清洗工序或碱液除油及超声波清洗工序。在本技术方案中，镀镍前的前处理工序为现有技术，在此申请人不进行详细的说明，凡是能够适用于现有技术的前处理工序均可以在本技术方案中应用。
碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
在本申请中，化学镀镍溶液的pH值为8.0-9.0。
保护层为无铬保护层或含铬保护层。在本申请的技术方案中，关键技术中在镀镍层前的渗镍处理技术及氮化铝层的形成，对于最后的保护层的技术为现有技术，可以根据需要使用现有技术中的无铬处理技术或有铬处理技术均可，并不影响本申请技术方案的实现。
在本申请的技术方案中，各实施例的区别分别为表面渗镍及表面氮化铝层的处理以及碱性化学镀镍溶液的不同。
实施例1
压铸铝零件表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层的制备方法是，
将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在0.3MPa氮气氛围下加热到350℃，并保温0.5小时，然后降至室温；
氮化镍与碳的质量比为1：5。
碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
NaCL12.6H2O为8％；NiSO4.6H2O为10％；NaHPO2.2H2O为9％；(NH4)3C6H5O7为20％；络合剂为20％；NH4CL为12％；NH4OH为21％。
实施例2
压铸铝零件表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层的制备方法是，
将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在1MPa氮气氛围下加热到380℃，并保温2小时，然后降至室温；
氮化镍与碳的质量比为1：10。
碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
NaCL12.6H2O为9％；NiSO4.6H2O为11％；NaHPO2.2H2O为8％；(NH4)3C6H5O7为19％；络合剂为19％；NH4CL为12％；NH4OH为22％。
实施例3
压铸铝零件表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层的制备方法是，
将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在0.5MPa氮气氛围下加热到360℃，并保温1小时，然后降至室温；
氮化镍与碳的质量比为1：8。
碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
NaCL12.6H2O为8％；NiSO4.6H2O为10.5％；NaHPO2.2H2O为8.5％；(NH4)3C6H5O7为19.5％；络合剂为19.5％；NH4CL为12.5％；NH4OH为21.5％。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变形，本发明的范围由所附权利要求极其等同限定。

Claims (6)

1.一种压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
1)将压铸铝零件经过喷砂处理；
2)将经过喷砂处理后的压铸铝零件使用氮化镍进行表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层处理；
3)将步骤2)的压铸铝零件进行镀镍前处理工序；
4)将经过前处理工序后的压铸铝零件在碱性化学镀镍溶液内将所述压铸铝零件镀覆一层镀镍层；
5)使用拉丝机在所述镀镍层上拉出丝纹；
6)在拉出丝纹的所述压铸铝零件上电镀保护层；
所述压铸铝零件表面渗镍及形成表面氮化铝层的制备方法是，
将加工后的压铸铝零件封孔，并将封孔后的压铸铝零件埋于由氮化镍与碳混合物中，在0.3-1MPa氮气氛围下加热到350℃-380℃，并保温0.5-2小时，然后降至室温；
所述氮化镍与所述碳的质量比为1：10-1：5。
2.根据权利要求1所述的压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，所述喷砂处理为陶瓷喷砂，压铸铝零件表面粗糙度Ra值控制在40-60μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，所述镀镍前处理工序至少包括清洗工序及酸洗工序，在所述酸洗工序后还包括碱液中和工序及去离子水冲洗工序。
4.根据权利要求3所述的压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，所述清洗工序包括碱液除油工序或超声波清洗工序。
5.根据权利要求1所述的压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，所述碱性化学镀镍溶液，按重量百分比计算，其组成为：
6.根据权利要求1所述的压铸铝零件表面处理工艺，其特征在于，所述保护层为无铬保护层或含铬保护层。
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