CN108440707A - 制备改进的量子点树脂配制物的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN108440707A CN108440707A CN201810118091.7A CN201810118091A CN108440707A CN 108440707 A CN108440707 A CN 108440707A CN 201810118091 A CN201810118091 A CN 201810118091A CN 108440707 A CN108440707 A CN 108440707A
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Classifications
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- C09K11/025—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor non-luminescent particle coatings or suspension media
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- B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F2/46—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation
- C08F2/48—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation by ultraviolet or visible light
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
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- C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于制备可聚合单体组合物的方法,所述方法包括通过以下任一种或多种方法纯化(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基的单体与(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体的单体混合物:在活性多孔氧化铝或二氧化硅柱中处理单体混合物;在真空下筛干燥单体混合物,然后在平均孔径是2至20埃的干燥分子筛上干燥;通过在器皿或容器中将单体混合物冷冻至低于‑75℃的温度,施加在102至10‑2Pa范围内的真空使单体混合物脱气,在真空下密封器皿或容器,并将组合物解冻至室温的冷冻‑抽真空‑解冻(FPT)处理;以及在惰性气体气氛下将所得到的单体混合物(b)与呈干燥形式或有机溶剂溶液形式的量子点的组合物(a)组合。
Description
本发明涉及制备提供改善的初始量子产率性能的含量子点、优选无镉量子点的可聚合单体组合物的方法,以及所述组合物和用这些组合物制备的聚合物复合材料。
半导体量子点(QD)提供光学吸收和发射(光致发光PL或电致发光EL)行为,使其能够用于许多展示和照明应用中。许多QD具有由较大带隙的材料制成的无机壳,用以将电子和空穴对限制在核心区域内,并防止出现任何表面电荷状态。外壳或QD自身则被有机配体封端以减少可能导致量子产率(QY)降低的壳的陷阱态。包围QD的典型有机配体帮助QD分散在有机/含水溶剂中,并具有相对较长的烷基链,用以在非极性溶剂或单体中提供高溶解度。不幸的是,QD在光吸收和/或光转换过程中对光氧化非常敏感。另外,湿度也会有类似的影响。QD通常被封装在聚合物基质中以保护它们免受水和氧气的不利影响。然而,当QD从溶剂溶液转移到单体配制物中并随后聚合形成QD聚合物复合材料,如膜时,QY仍然有明显的损失。
Leong的美国专利申请第US 2009/0146202 A1号公开了包括控制层、活性层以及在这两者之间的由有机介电共聚物材料之上或之内的纳米颗粒构成的电荷存储层的有机存储装置,其中聚合物已经通过溶剂萃取处理而去除了离子杂质并形成聚合物溶液。纳米颗粒可以涂覆在介电共聚物上或者可以是共聚物层的一部分。对于聚合物溶液和纳米颗粒一起使用的情况,纳米颗粒或QD在溶液中原位形成。如若从含有纳米颗粒的聚合物溶液中萃取离子杂质,Leong也只公开了去除盐或水溶液中的离子从而得到聚合物的有机溶剂溶液。这种方法不会改进含有QD和可聚合单体的配制物的性能。
本发明人致力于提供制备具有改善的初始量子产率性能的含QD的可聚合单体组合物及其膜的方法。
发明内容
本发明提供一种可聚合单体组合物,其包含:(a)量子点;和(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团上的单体与(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体的单体混合物,其中所述酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基,如脂肪烷基,其中所述组合物包含如由卡尔费休滴定法(Karl Fisher Titration)所测定的150ppm或更少,或优选60ppm或更少,例如5至60ppm的H2O,包含如由参考文献(《聚合物科学A辑:聚合物化学(J.Polym.Sci.A:Polym.Chem.)》2004,第(42)卷,第1285-1292页)中所描述的光化学方法测定的75ppm或更少,或优选60ppm或更少的总溶解氧,包含50ppm或更少,或优选25ppm或更少,例如1至25ppm的总阻聚剂化合物,如氢醌,以及150ppm或更少,或优选100ppm或更少,例如10至100ppm的有机自由基活性分子,如自由基引发剂和光引发剂。
根据本发明的可聚合单体组合物,所述(a)量子点优选是无镉量子点,如ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、GaN、GaP、GaAs、InP、InAs或其混合物,或者更优选地,(a)量子点是具有核壳结构的核壳型无镉量子点,其中壳材料相比核材料具有较宽的带隙并且对核材料的晶格失配小,例如具有III-V纳米颗粒核和II-VI纳米颗粒壳的材料,或甚至更优选地,所述(a)量子点是具有含铟核、InP、GaP、GaN、GaAs或InAs核及含Zn壳、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe或HgTe壳的无镉量子点。
根据本发明的可聚合单体组合物,所述单体混合物(b)包含(i)二乙烯基苯、三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯或其混合物,和(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。
根据本发明的可聚合单体组合物,所述单体混合物(b)包含(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体和(b)(ii)丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)。
根据本发明的可聚合单体组合物,所述组合物包含(a)0.001至5重量%,或优选0.01至5重量%,或更优选0.1至5重量%的量子点;(b)0.5至40重量%,或优选0.5至10重量%的(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体,和55至95重量%,或55至94.999重量%,或55至94.99重量%,或55至94.9重量%,或优选65至92重量%的(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基,所有重量%都是以所述组合物的总固体含量计。
第二方面,本发明提供了制备可聚合单体组合物的方法,其包括:
通过以下任一种或多种方法纯化(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体与(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体的单体混合物,其中所述酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基,如脂肪烷基:在例如具有100至300m2/g,如130至180m2/g,例如155m2/g表面积的活性多孔氧化铝或二氧化硅柱中处理单体混合物;将单体混合物在真空中过筛干燥,即在平均重量孔径是2至20埃,或优选是2.5至10埃的干燥分子筛如沸石上干燥;通过在器皿或容器中将单体混合物冷冻至-75℃或更低的温度,接着施加真空,例如102至1×10-2Pa,使单体混合物脱气,并在真空下密封器皿或容器并且将组合物解冻至室温来进行冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT)处理,优选重复FPT直至解冻时见不到气泡;
将纯化的单体混合物(b)储存于干燥的惰性气体如氮气中;以及
在惰性气氛中,如在氮气下,将得到的单体混合物(b)与呈干燥形式或呈有机溶剂溶液形式,优选呈干燥形式的量子点的组合物(a)组合或随后干燥,以制备可聚合单体组合物,所述组合物包含150ppm或更少,或优选60ppm或更少,例如5至60ppm的H2O,包含如由参考文献(《聚合物科学A辑:聚合物化学》2004,第42卷,第1285-1292页)中所描述的光化学方法测定的75ppm或更少,或优选60ppm或更少的总溶解氧,包含50ppm或更少,或优选25ppm或更少,例如1至25ppm的总阻聚剂化合物,例如醌类,如单甲基醚氢醌(MEHQ)、氢醌,和N-氧基化合物类,如4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧基(4-HT),以及150ppm或更少,或优选100ppm或更少,例如10至100ppm的有机自由基活性分子,如自由基引发剂和光引发剂。
根据本发明的方法,其中单体混合物(b)的纯化优选包括冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT)处理,接着在干燥的分子筛上干燥所得到的经过处理的单体混合物。
根据本发明的方法,其中单体混合物(b)的纯化包括在102至10-2Pa的真空下,使单体混合物脱气1小时,然后在活性多孔氧化铝或二氧化硅柱中对其进行处理,其中活性氧化铝或二氧化硅已经通过在102至1×10-2Pa的真空下,在60至120℃热处理2至16小时进行干燥,然后被装入柱,如一次性聚丙烯柱中。
根据本发明的方法,其中单体混合物(b)的纯化包括在102至10-2Pa的真空下使单体混合物脱气,然后通过使其暴露于分子筛或优选通过将其与分子筛混合来进行干燥,所述分子筛已经在75至200℃,例如120至200℃的温度下脱水4至24小时的时间,并且被保存在惰性气氛如氮气中。
根据本发明的方法,其中在组合单体混合物(b)和量子点的组合物(a)时,在所述组合之前,使(a)量子点在真空下干燥以去除任何有机溶剂,或将可聚合单体组合物与(a)量子点一起在真空下干燥以去除任何有机溶剂。
根据本发明的方法,其中在组合单体混合物(b)和量子点的组合物(a)时,量子点优选包含无镉量子点,例如ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、GaN、GaP、GaAs、InP、InAs或其混合物,或更优选地,量子点的组合物(a)包含核壳型无镉量子点,所述核壳型无镉量子点具有核壳结构,其中壳材料相比核材料具有较宽的带隙并且对核材料的晶格失配小,例如具有III-V纳米颗粒核和II-VI纳米颗粒壳的那些,或甚至更优选地,量子点包含具有含铟核的无镉量子点,或者甚至更优选地,(a)量子点是具有InP、GaP、GaN、GaAs或InAs核以及含Zn壳、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe或HgTe壳的无镉量子点。
根据本发明的方法,单体混合物(b)包含(i)二乙烯基苯、三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯或其混合物,和(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。
根据本发明的方法,单体混合物(b)包含(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体,和(b)(ii)丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)。
根据本发明的方法,单体混合物(b)包含以固体计0.5至40重量份,或优选0.5至10重量份的(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体,以及55至95重量份,或优选65至92重量份的(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。
根据本发明的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括使可聚合单体组合物聚合以形成聚合物复合材料,如膜。
第三方面,本发明提供聚合物复合材料,其包含由可聚合单体组合物形成的聚合物,所述可聚合单体组合物包含(a)量子点以及(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体,优选三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、二乙烯基苯或其混合物,和(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。
根据本发明的聚合物复合材料,其中(a)量子点是无镉量子点,或优选是核-壳型量子点。
根据本发明的聚合物复合材料,其中所述复合材料是膜。
根据本发明的聚合物复合材料,其中聚合物复合材料构成多层膜、层压材料或组件的一部分,所述多层膜、层压材料或组件还在聚合物复合膜的每一侧上包含外层。优选地,外层是氧气阻隔层,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET),其还抑制湿气通过。
除非另有说明,否则百分数是重量百分数(重量%)并且温度以℃为单位。
除非另有说明,否则操作和实例都是在室温(20-25℃)下进行。
除非另有说明,否则沸点是在大气压力(约101千帕)下测量。
除非另外指明,否则包含括号的任何术语可选地指整个术语,即如不存在括号和没有括号的术语,以及每个备选的组合。因此,术语“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”是指丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯或其混合物。
所有范围都包括端点在内并且是可组合的。例如,术语“50至3000cPs,或者100或更高cPs的范围”将包括50至100cPs、50至3000cPs和100至3000cPs中的每一个。
如本文所用,术语“ASTM”是指宾夕法尼亚州西康舍霍肯的ASTM国际标准协会(ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)的出版物。
如本文所用,术语“平均孔径”是指由制造商文件提供的通过BET表面积法测定的指定材料的孔径。
如本文所用,术语“带隙”是指如通过紫外光电子能谱法(UPS)测量的在给定量子点或其层中的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)与最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)之间的能隙。
如本文所用,术语“固体”是指在本发明的方法中不挥发并由此最终存在于本发明的聚合物复合材料的任何材料。氨、水和挥发性有机溶剂(VOC)不视为固体。根据本发明,当含有量子点(QD)的组合物分散于经纯化的丙烯酸基或乙烯基单体的单体混合物中时,聚合物复合材料的光致发光量子产率(PLQY)得到提高。在本发明中,从用于制造聚合物复合材料的可聚合单体组合物中去除大部分的杂质,如水、氧气、自由基引发剂、光引发剂及阻聚剂。本发明人已经发现,在QD转移到单体混合物中以及在随后的含QD的单体混合物配制物聚合期间,这些杂质的存在会对PLQY产生负面影响。其它杂质,如一些溶解的离子物种、酸、醇、酮以及醛类,可以吸收光或还会在QD合成过程中以及QD的长期操作中对QD的PLQY不利。通过在配制期间去除杂质,在含有QD的聚合物复合材料或膜中实现了更高的初始或时间零点性能。
量子点是本领域中是众所周知的,参见例如Dubrow等人的美国专利公开号US2012/0113672A。优选地,本发明的聚合物复合材料中的量子点是无镉量子点,或者更优选地是核-壳型无镉量子点。
合适的量子点和核-壳型量子点可以包括以下任一公开的量子点中的任何一种:Mushtaq等人的美国专利第7,588,828B2号,例如含有富集铟的InP核的量子点,如通过使InP与羧酸铟(即,羧酸铟(III))接触而形成的量子点,如月桂酸铟;Guo等人的美国专利公开号2015/0236195A1中公开的那些;Mingjun等人的美国专利公开号US2015/0166342A1中公开的那些;第III-IV族半导体纳米结构,如在Scher等人的美国专利号7557028B1、Scher等人的美国专利号8062967B1、Scher等人的美国专利号US8884273B1或Scher等人的美国专利号US9469538B1中的;具有第IIIA族和第VA族元素的核的纳米晶体,如在Clough等人的美国专利号9136428B2中的;Breen等人的美国专利号US9212056B2中公开的纳米颗粒;或Bawendi等人的US6322901B1中公开的纳米结晶材料。
无镉量子点材料的可接受效率(PLQY)在40%以上,或者优选地在60%以上,或者更优选地是75%或以上,如从75至95%。
优选地,(b)单体混合物中的可聚合乙烯基是(甲基)丙烯酸酯基(CH2=C(R)C(O)O-,其中R是H或CH3;又称为(甲基)丙烯酰氧基。
优选地,(b)单体混合物中的单体仅具有碳、氢、氧和氮原子;或者更优选仅具有碳、氢和氧原子。
在(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体中,芳族环可以是例如苯、萘或吡啶环,或者优选芳族环具有三至二十个碳原子,或优选五至十五个碳原子。优选地,芳族环不含杂原子并且具有六至十五个碳原子,优选六至十二个碳原子。
(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体优选具有二至六个可聚合乙烯基,或更优选具有不超过四个可聚合乙烯基。
特别优选的具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体(b)(i)包括三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,10-双(丙烯酰氧基)癸烷以及
根据本发明的聚合物复合材料还包含(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体的聚合单元,其中所述酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。优选地,此类单体(b)(ii)是脂肪族或脂环族单体,如丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)。
特别优选的(b)(ii)具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团(其中所述酯包含脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基)的一部分的单体包括丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸3,5,5-三甲基己酯、丙烯酸十二烷基酯、丙烯酸癸酯、丙烯酸十三烷基酯、丙烯酸异癸酯、丙烯酸L-薄荷酯、丙烯酸三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸基甲酯,甲基丙烯酸3,3,5-三甲基环己酯及甲基丙烯酸3,3,5-三甲基环己酯。
优选地,本发明的聚合物复合材料是多层膜、层压材料或组件的一部分,所述多层膜、层压材料或组件还在聚合物复合材料的每一侧上包括外层。优选地,外层是氧气阻隔层,其还抑制湿气通过。优选地,外层包含聚合物复合材料,优选包含聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚芳基醚酮、聚酰亚胺、聚烯烃、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚苯乙烯或其组合的聚合物复合材料。优选地,外层进一步包含氧化物或氮化物,优选氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化铝、氮化硅或其组合。优选地,氧化物或氮化物被涂覆在聚合物复合材料面向QD层的表面上。优选地,每个外层包含厚度是25至150微米(优选50至100微米)的聚合物复合材料和厚度是10至100nm(优选30至70nm)的氧化物/氮化物层。
根据本发明的聚合物复合材料,多层膜、层压材料或组件的外层优选包含至少两个聚合物复合材料层和/或至少两个氧化物/氮化物层。在本发明的任何多层膜中,不同的层可以具有不同的组成。优选地,外层具有极低的透氧率(OTR,<10-1cc/m2/天)和较低的水蒸气透过率(WVTR,<10-2g/m2/天)。
优选地,外层中的聚合物复合材料的Tg是60至200℃;或者更优选是至少90℃,或者最优选是至少100℃。
优选地,根据本发明的聚合物复合材料的厚度是20至500微米,优选是至少50微米,优选是至少70微米,优选是至少80微米,优选是至少90微米;优选不大于400微米,优选不大于300微米,优选不大于250微米,优选不大于200微米,优选不大于160微米。优选地,每个外层的厚度是20至100微米,优选是25至75微米。
优选地,本发明的聚合物复合材料是通过将(b)单体混合物与一种或多种QD的组合物(a)以及任何可选添加剂混合而制备的配制物的自由基聚合来制备。优选地,通过典型方法,例如旋涂、槽模涂覆、凹版印刷、喷墨及喷涂,将配制物涂覆于第一外层上,随后使其固化。优选地,通过使配制物暴露于紫外光或热,优选紫外光,优选在UVA范围内来起动固化。
优选地,本发明的聚合物复合材料包含以固体计0.01至5重量%,优选至少0.025重量%,优选至少0.03重量%,优选不超过4重量%,优选不超过3重量%,优选不超过2重量%的量子点。
优选地,量子点包含CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、GaN、GaP、GaAs、InP、InAs或其组合。更优选地,量子点是无镉的。最优选地,量子点是核-壳型量子点,如核-壳型无镉量子点。
优选地,(a)量子点的组合物包含在量子点的无机部分周围的具有非极性组分的配体。优选的配体包括,例如包括三辛基氧化膦、十二烷硫醇和脂肪酸盐(例如硬脂酸盐、油酸盐)。
可以掺入本发明的可聚合单体组合物或聚合物复合材料中的其它添加剂包括紫外线(UV)稳定剂、抗氧化剂、改善光提取的散射剂以及增加粘度的增稠剂(例如氨基甲酸乙酯丙烯酸酯低聚物)。优选地,可聚合单体组合物中的任何UV稳定剂的用量仅为至多100ppm,或者优选是至多50ppm。
优选的增稠剂包括聚氨基甲酸乙酯丙烯酸酯、纤维素醚、纤维素丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯聚合物、聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物、丙烯酸树脂以及聚烯烃弹性体。优选地,聚苯乙烯、丙烯酸类和聚烯烃增稠剂的Mw在50,000至400,000;优选100,000至200,000的范围内。优选地,纤维素醚的Mw在1,000至100,000范围内。
氨基甲酸乙酯丙烯酸酯低聚物可以在它们所含的丙烯酸酯基团之间具有聚酯、聚醚、聚丁二烯或聚己内酯主链。它们可以具有双官能、三官能、六官能反应性。这样的低聚物在50℃下的粘度可以是1000至200,000cPs。对于非极性配体QD,聚丁二烯氨基甲酸乙酯丙烯酸酯低聚物是优选的。
聚合物复合材料的优选形式包括例如复合材料、珠粒、条形、棒状、立方体以及板状。聚合物复合材料可用于许多应用中,包括例如展示、照明和医疗应用。优选的展示应用包括公共信息展示、标牌、电视机、监控器、手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑、汽车以及其它仪表板和手表。
实例:以下实例是对本发明的举例说明。除非另外指明,否则所有温度单位都是室温并且所有压力单位都是标准压力或101kPa。
使用以下测试方法:
用测微计测量固化膜,然后减去任何阻隔膜的厚度的厚度而测得膜厚度。
光致发光量子产率(PLQY)在处理液体和膜时,使用Quantaurus-QY绝对PL量子产率光谱仪(Absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer)(C11347-01型)(HamamatsuPhotonics KK,日本滨松市(Hamamatsu City,Japan))测量光致发光量子产率(PLQY)。对于每个报告的实例,从每一指定分析物底物中的三(3)个随机选择的点获取总共三(3)个测量值,并且所示PLQY代表所获取的测量值的平均值。
发射峰的半高全宽(FWHM)是用Quantaurus-QY绝对PL量子产率光谱仪(C11347-01型)积分球(Hamamatsu Photonics KK)测量。
膜厚度是通过测微计测量固化膜然后减去阻隔膜厚度来测定。
峰值发射波长(PWL)是使用Quantaurus-QY绝对PL量子产率光谱仪(C11347-01型,Hamamatsu Photonics KK)测定;对于以下实例中的绿光QD,目标波长是520至540nm;对于红光QD,目标波长是620至640nm。
卡尔-费休滴定:利用如制造商的文献中所述校准的Metrohm 831型库仑计式KARLFISCHER滴定仪(Metrohm Ltd,瑞士黑里绍(Herisau,Switzerland))以及703型滴定台(Metrohm)分析单体的含水量。
单体纯化方法:如下所示的实例中使用以下方法:
冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT):将所示单体混合物装入20mL的闪烁小瓶中。如果使用筛来干燥单体,则将筛加入到小瓶中,然后小瓶用隔塞密封。将小瓶浸入液氮中,直至单体冷冻(冷冻)。一旦冷冻,立即使用Schlenk真空线上配备的针抽真空(1-0.1Pa)以排空顶部空间(抽真空)。使单体在静态真空下解冻,直至完全融化。进行冷冻-抽真空-解冻循环3次或直至解冻循环中不再见到气泡。经冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT)纯化的单体小瓶回冲氮气,然后将其放入充满N2的手套箱中以供后续处理。FPT单体在纯化后的48小时内使用。
柱纯化:将活性氧化铝(在水中pH 4.5-9.5,Aldrich,密苏里州圣路易斯(St.Louis,MO))在80℃下真空干燥4小时,然后装入一次性聚丙烯柱中。使所示单体在真空烘箱(0.1-1Pa)中脱气1小时,然后缓慢通过柱。柱在惰性气氛下展开并且纯化的单体被储存在氮气吹扫箱中。纯化的单体在纯化后的48小时内使用。
筛干燥:在所示实例中,使用沸石分子筛(平均粒度)来干燥单体。使筛在110℃的烘箱中过夜脱水,并趁热装入充满N2的手套箱中。干燥单体。在充满N2的手套箱中,将筛加入到单体中,轻轻振荡,然后在室温下静置数小时待用。筛干燥过的单体在纯化后的48小时内使用。
实例中使用的缩写:
IBOA是丙烯酸异冰片酯;SR833是三环[5.2.1.02,6]癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯;I-819和I-651是IRGACURE光敏性聚合引发剂(BASF AG,德国勒沃库森(Leverkusen,DE));FinexTM氧化锌颗粒(日本Sakai Chemical Industry co.,LTD.);并且CFQD代表无镉量子点。绿光CFQD包含具有含铟核的核-壳型QD并且展现73.9%QY、44.1 nm FWHM和534.4 nm PWL(在吸光度=0.3时);红光CFQD包含具有含铟核的核-壳型QD并且展现85%QY、52.8 nm FWHM和630 nm PWL(在吸光度=0.35)。
除非另外指明,否则在以下实施例中,如下制备配制物:
所有QD和单体混合物配制物均在惰性环境中制备。在除量子点或量子点溶液外的所有指定组分都装载到钳口小瓶之后,使小瓶脱气并使用双轴行星式混合器(THINKY ARE-310,Thinky CA)混合3至5分钟。通过氮气吹扫10分钟从量子点去除甲苯,然后将干燥的QD粉末分散于所示单体混合物中,从而将量子点从甲苯转移到单体。将量子点预分散于丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)或所示单体混合物中,然后与其它组分混合,随后在N2气氛下使用双轴行星式混合器混合1分钟。将单体混合物组分与干燥的QD粉末以所示方式处理后组合,所述方式包括短暂脱气以将它们引入惰性气氛(仅用于比较),或通过在活性氧化铝柱上展开(柱纯化),用分子筛干燥>2小时(筛干燥),在用或不用筛情况下进行3个循环的冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT及筛干燥或仅FPT),或在室温下通过施加真空48-72小时脱气(RT脱气)来纯化。
膜制备:通过层压两个i-组分PET阻隔膜之间的树脂配制物来制备所述配制物的膜。在底膜上施配约2mL树脂并且顶部用间隙涂覆棒施加,所述涂覆棒具有基于所希望的膜厚度的间隙设置。样品在Fusion UV F300S或FUSION UV SYSTEMS,INC(DRS-10/12 QNH,Fusion UV Systems,Inc.,马里兰州盖瑟斯堡(Gaithersburg,MD))固化系统中用约400mJ/cm2的UVA固化。
单体纯化对PLQY的影响:使用溶液PLQY来确定QD与单体之间的相容性,其中使用约1克下表1中各溶液(以组合物的总重量计,0.025重量%的QD固体)放入1 mL小瓶中并在450nm激发下测量PLQY。
表1.溶液PLQY测量值
*-表示比较实例;1.在真空(0.1-1Pa)下处理60分钟的脱气材料。
如上表1中所示,量子点在溶剂中展现出不错的量子产率(QY)(参见比较实例1和10),但在转移到单体混合物或单体配制物时会损失大部分QY(参见比较实例2和11)。然而,无论使用哪种单体,柱纯化、FPT或FPT联合筛干燥在量子点溶液转移到单体混合物中后保留了原始QY的大部分QY。参见实例3、6、7及12。仅仅筛干燥使量子点溶液保留了与FPT几乎一样多的QY。参见实例8和9。
表2:通过卡尔费休滴定表征水含量
实例1 | ppm水 |
1A*-脱气的IBOA | 252±16 |
2A-IBOA(脱气并通过分子筛干燥) | ND(<50) |
3A-IBOA(脱气并通过AlOx柱纯化) | ND(<50) |
4A*-IBOA(通过冷冻-抽真空-解冻脱气) | 303 |
5A-IBOA(通过冷冻-抽真空-解冻并在分子筛上干燥来脱气) | ND(<50) |
6A*-IBOA(脱气并通过AlOx柱纯化,然后加水) | 785 |
*-表示比较实例;1.在真空(0.1-1Pa)下处理60分钟的脱气材料。
如上表2中所示,筛干燥和柱纯化可有效地干燥单体混合物;不过,仅使用FPT而不进行单独干燥则无法干燥单体混合物。
使用棒涂机(Paul N.Gardner Co.,美国佛罗里达州(FL,USA))拉伸如下表3中所示的配制物以制备具有一致厚度的膜并测量每一膜的PLQY。所有膜均通过层压两个i-组分PET阻隔膜之间的所示配制物来制备。将约2mL树脂施配于底部阻隔膜上,并用具有250至300(10mil-12mil)间隙的间隙涂覆棒拉伸,以确保获得所希望的膜厚度。使用DRS-10/12QNH(Fusion UV Systems,Inc.,马里兰州盖瑟斯堡)以500mJ/cm2 UV的固化强度固化所有配制物。结果呈现于下表4中。
表3.QD配方(均为重量份)
*-表示比较实例;1.通过AlOx柱纯化的单体;2.通过筛干燥的纯化的单体。
表4:膜PLQY的表征
膜 | PLQY(%) | 吸光度 | 峰值(nm)FWHM(nm) |
14 | 44.4 | 0.200 | 535.944.1 |
15* | 41.5 | 0.216 | 534.445.3 |
16 | 50.0 | 0.327 | 640.454.6 |
17* | 45.7 | 0.306 | 641.954.5 |
*-表示比较实例。
如上表4中所示,本发明的纯化组合物显示经柱纯化后初始量子产率显着提高。
在以下实例中,如上所述处理如下表5中所示的单体混合物和QD的配制物,其中脱气的IBOA在氧化铝柱上纯化。在惰性气氛下将每种QD组合物基于以下配方加入到单体中。将1.0克每种配制物装载到玻璃小瓶中,并使用Quantaurus量子产率光谱仪测量PLQY。以配制物的总重量计,单体中QD的装载量是0.0025重量%。测试结果在下表6中示出。
表5:更多的配方
*-表示比较实例。
表6:配制物性能
实例 | PLQY | 在450nm下的吸光度 | 峰值红光波长 | 峰值FWHM |
18 | 0.473 | 0.212 | 615.81 | 28.79 |
19* | 0.448 | 0.18 | 616.56 | 29.91 |
20 | 0.321 | 0.029 | 624.75 | 68.3 |
21* | 0.214 | 0.043 | 627.73 | 73.93 |
*-表示比较实例。
如上表6中所示,本发明配制物的初始量子产率性能明显高于比较配制物,特别是在无镉InP点(InP/ZnS核-壳型)的情况下。相较于比较实例21,本发明配制物在实例20中也展现出较少的红移。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于制备可聚合单体组合物的方法,包括:
通过以下任一种或多种方法纯化(b)(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体与(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体的单体混合物,其中所述酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基:在具有例如100至300m2/g表面积的活性多孔氧化铝或二氧化硅柱中处理所述单体混合物;在真空下筛干燥所述单体混合物,然后在平均孔径是2至20埃的干燥分子筛上干燥;通过在器皿或容器中将所述单体混合物冷冻至低于-75℃的温度,施加在102至10-2Pa)范围内的真空使所述单体混合物脱气,在真空下密封所述器皿或容器,并将所述组合物解冻至室温来进行冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT)处理;
将所述纯化的单体混合物(b)储存于干燥的惰性气体中;以及
在惰性气氛中,将所得到的单体混合物(b)与呈干燥形式或呈有机溶剂溶液形式的量子点的组合物(a)组合以制备可聚合单体组合物,其包含150ppm或更少的H2O、100ppm或更少的总阻聚剂化合物以及150ppm或更少的有机自由基活性分子。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物(b)的纯化包括冷冻-抽真空-解冻(FPT)处理,随后在干燥的分子筛上干燥所得到的经过处理的单体混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物(b)的纯化包括在102至10-2Pa的真空下使所述单体混合物脱气,然后在填入一次性聚丙烯柱中的活性氧化铝柱中处理。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物(b)的纯化包括在102至10-2Pa的真空度下使所述单体混合物脱气,然后通过使其暴露于分子筛或通过将其与分子筛混合来进行干燥,所述分子筛已经在75至200℃的温度下脱水4至24小时的时间,并且被保存在惰性气氛中。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述单体混合物(b)和所述量子点的组合物(a)组合时,在所述组合之前,使所述(a)量子点在真空下干燥以去除任何有机溶剂,或将所述可聚合单体组合物与所述(a)量子点一起在真空下干燥以去除任何有机溶剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在所述单体混合物(b)和所述量子点的组合物(a)组合时,所述量子点包含无镉量子点。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述量子点的组合物(a)包含具有核壳结构的核-壳型无镉量子点,其中所述壳材料相比所述核材料具有较宽的带隙并且对所述核材料的晶格失配小。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物(b)包含(i)二乙烯基苯、三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯或其混合物和(b)(ii)一种或多种具有单一可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分的单体,其中所述酯含有脂环族基团或C6至C24烷基。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物(b)包含(i)一种或多种具有至少两个可聚合乙烯基作为(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的一部分或直接连接到芳族环或脂环族基团的单体和(b)(ii)丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述可聚合单体组合物包含如由卡尔费休滴定法测定的150ppm或更少的H2O,并且包含如由参照文献(《聚合物科学A辑:聚合物化学》2004,第42卷,第1285-1292页)中所描述的光化学方法测定的75ppm或更少的总溶解氧。
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