CN108434147A - 4-(3-氰基苯基)-6-吡啶基嘧啶mglu5调节剂 - Google Patents
4-(3-氰基苯基)-6-吡啶基嘧啶mglu5调节剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108434147A CN108434147A CN201810360220.3A CN201810360220A CN108434147A CN 108434147 A CN108434147 A CN 108434147A CN 201810360220 A CN201810360220 A CN 201810360220A CN 108434147 A CN108434147 A CN 108434147A
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- pyrimidine
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- cyano
- benzonitrile
- acid
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- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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Abstract
本申请涉及4‑(3‑氰基苯基)‑6‑吡啶基嘧啶MGLU5调节剂。在此披露内容涉及具有化学式的新颖的化合物,其中R1、R2、R3和R4以及n是在此定义的,并且涉及这些化合物在治疗、预防、改善、控制或降低与调节mGlu5受体功能相关的炎症、神经障碍或精神障碍的风险中的用途。
Description
本申请是申请日为2014年7月17日,申请号为201480039925.5,发明名称为“4-(3-氰基苯基)-6-吡啶基嘧啶MGLU5调节剂”的申请的分案申请。
本发明涉及新颖的化合物及其作为mGlu5调节剂的用途。在此描述的化合物可以是在治疗或预防涉及谷氨酸能神经传递的疾病中有用的。本发明还涉及包括这些化合物的药用组合物以及在预防或治疗此类神经病理学疾病中这些化合物和组合物的制造和用途。
发明背景
谷氨酸盐是大脑中的主要兴奋性神经递质。谷氨酸盐通过离子型谷氨酸受体和代谢型谷氨酸受体发挥其作用。存在八种代谢型谷氨酸(mGlu)受体,这八种代谢型谷氨酸(mGlu)受体属于C类G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)家族。这八种mGlu受体基于其序列相似性、药理学性质以及转导机制可以进一步分为三组。这些mGlu1和mGlu5受体属于组I;这些受体主要位于突触后并且通过Gq/11途径偶联。组II由mGlu2和mGlu3受体构成,并且组III由mGlu4、mGlu6、mGlu7和mGlu8受体构成;组II和组III受体两者位于突触前并且主要通过Gi/o偶联。这些mGlu受体由三种不同区域构成;胞外区(捕蝇草结构域)、跨膜区以及胞内区。谷氨酸盐结合胞外位点。调节剂结合跨膜结构域,其中它们可以起增强(正向别构调节剂或PAM)或降低(负向别构调节剂或NAM)谷氨酸盐活性的作用。这些mGlu受体涉及微调神经反应以及改变谷氨酸能信号传递,该谷氨酸能信号传递牵涉人类以及其他物种中广泛的疾病过程(例如,参见,安原(Yasuhara)和沙基(Chaki),开放的药物化学杂志(The Open MedicinalChemistry Journal),2010,4,20-36)。因此,调节谷氨酸能信号传递的活性在治疗各种神经障碍和精神障碍中可以是有效的。
本发明涉及代谢型谷氨酸受体(具体是mGlu5受体)的调节剂。mGlu5受体在涉及情绪、动机过程以及认知功能的整个皮层、海马体、纹状体、尾状核和伏核区域中都是丰富的。作用于mGlu5受体的化合物在治疗、预防、缓解、控制或降低的多种病状的风险中具有效用;特别重要的那些病状包括以下项中的一种或多种:痴呆(包括老年性痴呆和由AIDS引起的痴呆),疼痛(包括头痛(例如偏头痛以及丛集性头痛)、炎性疼痛(例如炎性舌痛)、内脏痛综合征(例如疼痛性膀胱综合征)、胃肠痛(包括肠易激综合征),搔痒,纤维肌痛,泌尿道障碍(包括失禁、前列腺炎、尿频、夜尿、膀胱过动症、膀胱炎、良性前列腺增生、逼尿肌反射亢进、出口梗阻、尿急、盆腔过敏、急迫性失禁、尿道炎、前列腺痛症、原发性膀胱超敏反应),物质相关性障碍(包括成瘾、酗酒、酒精依赖、酒精戒断、安非他明依赖、安非他明戒断、可卡因依赖、可卡因戒断、阿片样物质依赖、阿片样物质戒断),焦虑性障碍(包括广场恐怖症、广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)、强迫症(OCD)、惊恐性障碍、创伤后应激障碍、社交恐惧症和特定恐惧症、物质诱发的焦虑障碍),饮食失调(包括肥胖症、厌食症和贪食症),注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD;ADD),注意力和警觉、执行功能和记忆中的缺陷和异常,运动障碍(包括帕金森病、左旋多巴诱发的异动症、图雷特综合征、亨廷顿病、肌张力障碍、下肢不宁综合征、单纯抽搐、复杂抽搐以及症状性抽搐、周期性肢动综合征),肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS),多发性硬化,精神分裂症,癌症(包括黑色素瘤、鳞状细胞癌以及星形细胞瘤),情绪障碍(包括重性抑郁障碍、心境恶劣、难治性抑郁症和双相型障碍I和II),包括遗传病和发育障碍的罕见神经疾病(包括自闭症谱系障碍[阿斯伯格综合征、瑞特综合征、未另外指定的广泛性发育障碍、儿童期崩解症]和唐氏综合征),脆性X综合征以及智力迟钝的其他领域,胃肠道障碍(包括胃食管返流疾病、功能性消化不良、功能性烧心、肠道易激综合征、功能性腹胀、功能性腹泻、慢性便秘、术后肠梗阻),癫痫,视刚膜病变,神经保护(包括阿尔茨海默病、中风、癫痫持续状态和头部损伤),缺血(包括脑缺血,尤其急性缺血,眼睛的缺血性疾病),肌肉痉挛(例如局部或全身痉挛状态),包括副肿瘤综合征的神经系统自身免疫性障碍,脊肌萎缩症,呕吐,皮肤病以及与谷氨酸能信号传递的不规律性相关的任何其他障碍。
已经提出该谷氨酸能系统是一种精神病病理学的介体,并且潜在地,它是抗抑郁药的治疗作用的常见路径(莎娜科拉(Sanacora)等人,神经药理学(Neuropharmacology),2012,62,63-77)。该mGlu5受体位于海马体和前额皮质中的γ氨基丁酸能中间神经元上;抑制在这些神经元上的mGlu5可以导致中间的中间神经元的抑制解除,最终导致谷氨酸能传递的降低(沙基(Chaki)等人,神经药理学,2012,66,40-52)。已经显示,急性给予mGlu5NAM(GRN-529)在减轻抑郁(减少在悬尾测试和强迫游泳测试中的移动时间)、焦虑(通过衰减压力诱导的高热)和疼痛(由于坐骨神经结扎逆转痛觉过敏)(休斯(Hughes)等人,神经药理学,2012,66,202-214)。因此,mGlu5调节剂在治疗抑郁、焦虑及其他情绪障碍和疼痛方面中可以是有用的。
已经在炎性疼痛的模型中证实mGlu5拮抗剂/NAM作为镇痛药的活性。完全弗氏佐剂注射的舌(炎性舌痛的模型)中,当在初试大鼠中连续鞘内给予选择性mGlu5激动剂诱发触摸痛时,选择性mGlu5拮抗剂显著降低机械性触摸痛以及热痛敏(刘(Liu)等人,神经炎症杂志(Journal of Neuroinflammation),2012,9:258)。mGlu5受体的NAM和拮抗剂可以具有降低内脏痛综合征的功效。例如,在疼痛性膀胱综合征(内脏痛综合征的类型)中,在扁桃体的中央核(用于处理膀胱伤害感受的神经调节的关键位点)中的mGlu5受体的药理活化已经显示出导致增加对驱使膀胱痛敏化的膀胱膨胀的反应(克罗克(Crock)等人,神经科学杂志(Journal of Neuroscience),2012,32,14217-14226)。谷氨酸受体分布于其中谷氨酸盐在三叉神经血管活化、中枢敏化以及皮层扩散性抑制(CSD)中具有关键作用的疼痛传递结构中;对偏头痛和丛集性头痛病理生理学是重要的区域中(蒙蒂思与戈德比(Monteith&Goadsby),神经学当前治疗观点(Current Treatment Options in Neurology),2011,13,1-14)。通过由电刺激下颌神经进行诱导三叉神经尾核的浅层中长时程增强来证实mGlu5在中枢敏化中的具体作用,该刺激由mGlu5NAM MPEP选择性阻断的mGlu5激动剂CHPG进行(梁(Liang)等人,疼痛(Pain),2005,114,417-428)。
该mGlu5受体在对多种物质滥用的行为反应中发挥了至关重要的作用并且因此可以在治疗物质滥用相关的障碍中具有一定作用。该mGlu5受体位于大脑区域中,这些大脑区域被认为参与奖赏相关行为,例如终纹床核。mGlu5受体的急性药理性拮抗作用已经显示出破坏例如精神刺激剂(例如,可卡因;格吕特尔(Grueter)等人,神经科学杂志,2008;28,9261-9270)、酒精(布莱诺(Blednov)和哈里斯(Harris),国际神经精神药理学杂志(TheInternational Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology)2008,11,775-793)和烟碱(帕尔马蒂尔(Palmatier)等人,神经精神药理学(Neuropsychopharmacology)2008,33,2139-2147)的增强特性。
当选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂经受长起效时间时,苯二氮平一般被认为是有效的抗焦虑剂,但是受到剂量限制性副作用,这些副作用包括镇静、记忆损伤和滥用。该mGlu5受体在与焦虑相关的若干大脑区域中表达并且可以在治疗焦虑障碍中发挥作用。mGlu5NAM非诺班被证实在多重动物模型(压力诱导的高热模型、沃格尔(Vogel)冲突测试、盖勒-赛夫特(Geller-Seifter)冲突测试、条件性情绪应答测试)中具有抗焦虑用作(波特(Porter)等人,药理学与实验治疗学杂志(The Journal of Pharmacology and ExperimentalTherapeutics),2005,315,711-721)。mGlu5NAM非诺班还在广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)的第2期试验中显示出效力。
与健康的对照相比,在注意力不足多动症(ADHD)儿童中质子能谱学已经显示出在右前额皮质和左纹状体中谷氨酸能共振的增加,其中该共振是在与ADHD症状的发病年龄相关的前额皮质中(麦克马斯特(MacMaster)等人,生物精神病学(Biological Psychiatry),2003,53,184-187)。患有ADHD的患者中拷贝数变体关联分析已经显示出在编码mGlu5受体(GRM5)的基因中和其他谷氨酸能信号传导途径基因中的变化(伊利亚(Elia)等人,分子精神病学(Molecular Psychiatry),2010,15,637-646)。这表明谷氨酸能信号传递通过mGlu5拮抗作用或负向别构调节的改变可以是一种ADHD/ADD的治疗策略。
黑质是在运动机能中发挥关键作用的基底神经节运动回路中的一个关键核。mGlu5受体涉及直接激发增加放电频率(firing frequency)和猝发放电活性的黑质神经元(阿瓦德(Awad)等人,神经科学杂志,2001,20,7891-7879)。在包括帕金森病(PD)、图雷特病和亨廷顿病的多种运动障碍中黑质是病理学的原发位点。PD的特征在于黑质中缺失产生多巴胺的神经元。针对PD的当前治疗包括抵抗多巴胺缺失的左旋多巴疗法,尽管该疗法导致左旋多巴诱发的异动症(LID)的发展。存在两种类型的异动症,即舞蹈症(快速不受控运动)和肌张力障碍(缓慢扭转运动)。纹状体中多巴胺能神经元的缺失造成了来自黑质的谷氨酸能输出的增加。在降低PD-LID中临床验证了mGlu5受体的拮抗作用,在不改变多巴胺能疗法的抗帕金森病作用的情况下,显示出临床相关的和显著的抗异动症作用,并且在治疗其他运动障碍中可以是有用的。mGlu5的拮抗剂或负向别构调节剂还具有治疗在PD中高副发病变的焦虑和抑郁的潜能。对mGlu5NAM dipraglurant的研究显示在反转舞蹈症和肌张力障碍中的效力,并且据报道,dipraglurant作为用于其他罕见的肌张力障碍的疗法将进入临床试验。
在亨廷顿病和图雷特综合征中,存在黑质活性降低,因此在这些疾病背景下mGlu5的激动剂和PAM作为治疗性处理是有利的。在一个亨廷顿病的小鼠模型中,mGlu5PAM显示出是神经保护的,保护纹状体神经元免于兴奋毒性细胞死亡(多利亚(Doria)等人,英国药理学杂志(British Journal of Pharmacology),2013,169,909-921)。
mGlu5受体的正向别构调节剂在治疗精神分裂症的阳性和阴性症状中可以是有用的,并且在大鼠行为模型中已经显示出具有抗精神病作用(金尼(Kinney)等人,药理学与实验治疗学杂志(The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics),2005,313,199-206)。该mGlu5受体协同促进NMDA受体功能并且mGlu5PAM在临床前试验中用于治疗精神分裂症。
mGlu5受体已经涉及多种类型非神经性癌症的生长和迁移,这些癌症包括鳞状细胞癌(帕克(Park)等人,肿瘤学报告(Oncology reports),2007,17,81-87)以及黑色素瘤(蔡(Choi)等人,PNAS,2011,108,15219-15224),并且因此mGlu5的调节剂可以在治疗癌症中发挥作用。
脆性X综合征(FXS)是导致脆性X智力迟钝肽1(Fmrp1)的水平降低的一种单基因病。Fmrp1与mGlu5在功能上相反地工作;降低Fmrp1导致增加的mGlu5信号传递。存在良好的临床前证据证明FXS可以通过药理学介入来修饰;在小鼠模型(Fmr1敲除)中,FXS的症状和神经病理学可以通过mGlu5拮抗作用来挽救(麦克兰(Michalon)等人,神经元(Neuron),2012,74,49-56),并且已经针对FXS的治疗在III期临床试验中评估了mGlu5负向别构调节剂(NAM)mavoglurant。FXS是发展自闭症谱系障碍的最高已知风险因子。在DSM-IV分类下,自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)包括自闭症、阿斯伯格综合征、未另外指定的广泛性发育障碍、瑞特综合征以及儿童期崩解症。ASD的特征在于社会交往、沟通和语言发育中的损伤以及受限的兴趣或重复性行为的存在。在谷氨酸能信号传递中的活动过强已经在ASD中牵涉到,表明mGlu5拮抗作用针对治疗ASD可以是治疗有益的。
在FXS中最常见的神经异常是癫痫。在癫痫模型例如扁桃体激动大鼠中,存在组ImGlu受体的持久功能增强(唐(Tang)等人,当今神经药理学(CurrentNeuropharmacology),2005,3,299-307)。已经显示出mGlu5受体负向别构调节剂阻断小鼠癫痫模型中的发作(查普曼(Chapman)等人,神经药理学,2000,39,1567-1574)。
胃食管返流疾病(GERD)经常是由瞬时食管下端括约肌舒张(TLESR)引起,这是一种被认为由mGlu5受体来部分地调节的机制。概念验证试验显示出mGlu5的负向别构调节剂(ADX10059)通过在整个24h时期内在pH<4下显著减少时间和降低症状性返流发作的次数和时间,在治疗GERD中具有功效(凯伍德(Key wood)等人,肠道(Gut),2009,58,1192-1199)。
mGlu5受体的选择性阻断有力地保护了培养的皮层神经元免于NMDA或β-淀粉样蛋白毒性以及还免于体内模型中的神经变性(布鲁诺(Bruno)等人,神经药理学(Neuropharmacology)2000,39,2223-2230)。普遍接受的是淀粉样蛋白β促成阿尔茨海默病的发病。已经显示该mGlu5受体是淀粉样蛋白β寡聚体的共受体,与细胞的朊病毒蛋白结合以活化细胞内Fyn激酶(乌姆(Um)等人,神经元,2013,79,887-902)。mGlu5受体的活化去除了脆性X智力迟钝肽1对淀粉样前体蛋白mRNA翻译(淀粉样蛋白β的前体)的抑制作用(索科尔(Sokol)等人,神经学(Neurology),2011,76,1344-1352)。淀粉样蛋白β介导的长时程增强的损伤可以通过用mGlu5NAM MPEP共同处理来减弱(王(Wang)等人,神经科学杂志(TheJournal of Neuroscience),2004,24,3370-3378),这表明mGlu5负向别构调节剂可以在神经保护作用中发挥作用。
肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS;又称运动神经元病)是表征为运动神经元退化的神经障碍。已经将超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)酶中的突变与家族性肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症联系起来。mGlu5NAM MPEP在ALS(hSOD1G93A)的小鼠模型中显示功效,其中MPEP延迟疾病发作、增加存活并且延缓星形细胞退化,(罗西(Rossi)等人,细胞死亡与分化(Cell DeathDiffer.)2008,15,1691-1800)。与对照相比,在ALS脊髓中看到mGlu5表达的上调(阿罗尼卡(Aronica)等人,神经科学(Neuroscience),2001,105,509-520)。
发明概述
在此披露了新颖的化合物、以及所述化合物的第一医学用途。本发明还涉及新颖的和已知的化合物二者作为mGlu5的负向别构调节剂的第一医学用途。本发明的化合物包括具有化学式(1)的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
X1和X2是CH或N,其中X1或X2的一个或两个是N;并且
Q是可任选经取代的5或6元的单环芳香族杂环基团。
Q可以是可任选经取代的吡嗪基、吡啶基、噁唑基(oxazyl)、噻唑基或二嗪基。
化合物可以包括具有化学式2的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;并且
Q是可任选经取代的吡啶基或吡嗪基基团。
化合物可以包括具有化学式3的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
R3是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N;
R4是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N并且n是0-3。
化合物可以包括具有化学式4的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;并且
R3是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N;
化合物可以包括具有化学式5的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
R5是H、D、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基;并且
R6是H、D、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基。
本申请提供如下内容:
1)一种具有化学式(3)的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
R3是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N;
R4是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N并且n是0-3。
2)根据1)所述的化合物,其中R1是F、Cl、OMe、CH2OMe、Me、氟甲基或氰基。
3)根据1)所述的化合物,其中R1是F、Cl或氰基。
4)根据1)至3)所述的化合物,其中R3是H、Me、F、Cl、氰基或环氮。
5)根据1)至4)所述的化合物,其中R3是H或F。
6)根据1)至5)所述的化合物,其中R4是环氮并且n是0或1。
7)根据任一以上所述的化合物,其中该化合物选自:
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
6-[6-(3-氯-5-氰基苯基)嘧啶-4-基]吡啶-3-甲腈、
3-甲基-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(哒嗪-3-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-(4,4’-二嘧啶-6-基)-5-氯苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氯吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈、
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-甲基-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-(甲氧基甲基)苯甲腈、
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-甲氧基苯甲腈。
8)如1)至7)所述的化合物,用于用作mGlu5的调节剂以用于治疗、预防、改善、控制或降低与mGlu5受体功能相关的炎症、神经障碍或精神障碍的风险。
9)如1)至7)所述的化合物,用于在治疗或预防以下各项中使用:痴呆(包括老年性痴呆和由AIDS引起的痴呆),疼痛(包括头痛(例如偏头痛以及丛集性头痛)、炎性疼痛(例如炎性舌痛)、内脏痛综合征(例如疼痛性膀胱综合征)、胃肠痛(包括肠易激综合征),搔痒,纤维肌痛,泌尿道障碍(包括失禁、前列腺炎、尿频、夜尿、膀胱过动症、膀胱炎、良性前列腺增生、逼尿肌反射亢进、出口梗阻、尿急、盆腔过敏、急迫性失禁、尿道炎、前列腺痛症、原发性膀胱超敏反应),物质相关性障碍(包括成瘾、酗酒、酒精依赖、酒精戒断、安非他明依赖、安非他明戒断、可卡因依赖、可卡因戒断、阿片样物质依赖、阿片样物质戒断),焦虑性障碍(包括广场恐怖症、广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)、强迫症(OCD)、惊恐性障碍、创伤后应激障碍、社交恐惧症和特定恐惧症、物质诱发的焦虑障碍),饮食失调(包括肥胖症、厌食症和贪食症),注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD;ADD),注意力和警觉、执行功能和记忆中的缺陷和异常,运动障碍(包括帕金森病、左旋多巴诱发的异动症、图雷特综合征、亨廷顿病、肌张力障碍、下肢不宁综合征、单纯抽搐、复杂抽搐以及症状性抽搐、周期性肢动综合征),肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS),多发性硬化,精神分裂症,癌症(包括黑色素瘤、鳞状细胞癌以及星形细胞瘤),情绪障碍(包括重性抑郁障碍、心境恶劣、难治性抑郁症和双相型障碍I和II),包括遗传病和发育障碍的罕见神经疾病(包括自闭症谱系障碍[阿斯伯格综合征、瑞特综合征、未另外指定的广泛性发育障碍、儿童期崩解症]和唐氏综合征),脆性X综合征以及智力迟钝的其他领域,胃肠道障碍(包括胃食管返流疾病、功能性消化不良、功能性烧心、肠道易激综合征、功能性腹胀、功能性腹泻、慢性便秘、术后肠梗阻),癫痫,视刚膜病变,神经保护(包括阿尔茨海默病、中风、癫痫持续状态和头部损伤),缺血(包括脑缺血,尤其急性缺血,眼睛的缺血性疾病),肌肉痉挛(例如局部或全身痉挛状态),包括副肿瘤综合征的神经系统自身免疫性障碍,脊肌萎缩症,呕吐,皮肤病以及与谷氨酸能信号传递的不规律性相关的任何其他障碍。
10)一种包含如任一以上所述的化合物的药用组合物。
11)一种生产如1)所述的化合物的方法,该方法包括将具有化学式(X)的试剂:
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;并且
R2是H或F;
与2-吡啶基锡烷试剂(史帝勒偶联)或2-吡啶基有机锌试剂(根岸偶联)进行偶联,以形成芳基-芳基键。
附图
图1显示了本发明化合物的各种合成途径。
发明详细说明
本发明涉及新颖的化合物。在化合物是新颖的情况下,可以要求保护这些化合物本身。在之前已经合成这些化合物,但是还没有报道医学用途的情况下,可以要求保护已知的化合物的第一医学用途。本发明还涉及新颖的和已知的化合物二者作为mGlu5的拮抗剂或负向别构调节剂的用途。本发明进一步涉及在生产用作mGlu5受体拮抗剂或负向别构调节剂的药剂中化合物的用途。本发明进一步涉及用于治疗以下各项的化合物、组合物以及药剂:痴呆(包括老年性痴呆和由AIDS引起的痴呆),疼痛(包括头痛(例如偏头痛以及丛集性头痛)、炎性疼痛(例如炎性舌痛)、内脏痛综合征(例如疼痛性膀胱综合征)、胃肠痛(包括肠易激综合征),搔痒,纤维肌痛,泌尿道障碍(包括失禁、前列腺炎、尿频、夜尿、膀胱过动症、膀胱炎、良性前列腺增生、逼尿肌反射亢进、出口梗阻、尿急、盆腔过敏、急迫性失禁、尿道炎、前列腺痛症、原发性膀胱超敏反应),物质相关性障碍(包括成瘾、酗酒、酒精依赖、酒精戒断、安非他明依赖、安非他明戒断、可卡因依赖、可卡因戒断、阿片样物质依赖、阿片样物质戒断),焦虑性障碍(包括广场恐怖症、广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)、强迫症(OCD)、惊恐性障碍、创伤后应激障碍、社交恐惧症和特定恐惧症、物质诱发的焦虑障碍),饮食失调(包括肥胖症、厌食症和贪食症),注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD;ADD),注意力和警觉、执行功能和记忆中的缺陷和异常,运动障碍(包括帕金森病、左旋多巴诱发的异动症、图雷特综合征、亨廷顿病、肌张力障碍、下肢不宁综合征、单纯抽搐、复杂抽搐以及症状性抽搐、周期性肢动综合征),肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS),多发性硬化,精神分裂症,癌症(包括黑色素瘤、鳞状细胞癌以及星形细胞瘤),情绪障碍(包括重性抑郁障碍、心境恶劣、难治性抑郁症和双相型障碍I和II),包括遗传病和发育障碍的罕见神经疾病(包括自闭症谱系障碍[阿斯伯格综合征、瑞特综合征、未另外指定的广泛性发育障碍、儿童期崩解症]和唐氏综合征),脆性X综合征以及智力迟钝的其他领域,胃肠道障碍(包括胃食管返流疾病、功能性消化不良、功能性烧心、肠道易激综合征、功能性腹胀、功能性腹泻、慢性便秘、术后肠梗阻),癫痫,视刚膜病变,神经保护(包括阿尔茨海默病、中风、癫痫持续状态和头部损伤),缺血(包括脑缺血,尤其急性缺血,眼睛的缺血性疾病),肌肉痉挛(例如局部或全身痉挛状态),包括副肿瘤综合征的神经系统自身免疫性障碍,脊肌萎缩症,呕吐,皮肤病以及与谷氨酸能信号传递的不规律性相关的任何其他障碍。
在此示例的化合物基于以下结构:
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
X1和X2是CH或N,其中X1或X2的一个或两个是N;并且
Q是可任选经取代的5或6元的单环芳香族杂环基团。
化合物可以包括具有化学式2的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;并且
Q是可任选经取代的吡啶基或吡嗪基基团。
化合物可以包括具有化学式3的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
R3是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N;
R4是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N并且n是0-3。R4可以是1-3个任选的取代基,这些取代基包括环氮原子。另外的取代基可以是在吡啶环上的任何位置。在n大于1时,每个R4可以是相同或不同的。在这些取代基是环氮原子时,n可以是1或2。在这些取代基是环氮原子时,该环可以被R4基团在不同的碳原子上来进一步取代。在R4是H并且n是3(或者n是0,并且因此R4不存在)时,作为化学式4的环并没有被进一步取代。
化合物可以包括具有化学式4的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;并且
R3是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N。
化合物可以包括具有化学式5的化合物
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;
R2是H或F;
R5是H、D、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基;并且
R6是H、D、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基。
Q可以是可任选经取代的5或6元的单环芳香族杂环基团。Q可以是芳基或杂芳基基团。在一个通用实施例中,对于形成Q的部分的芳基和杂芳基基团的取代基可以选自:氘、卤素(氟、氯、溴或碘)、C1-4烷基、C1-4烷基硫烷基、C1-4烷基亚磺酰基、C1-4烷基磺酰基、C3-6环烷基、羟基、C1-4烷氧基、氰基、硝基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基、C2-4烯基氨基、二-C1-4烷基氨基、C1-4酰基氨基、苯基、苯基氨基、苯甲酰基氨基、苄基氨基、苯基酰胺基、羧基、C1-4烷氧基羰基或苯基-C1-10烷氧基羰基、氨甲酰基、单-C1-4氨甲酰基、二-C1-4氨甲酰基或以上中的任一个,其中烃基部分本身被卤素、氰基、羟基、C1-2烷氧基、氨基、硝基、氨甲酰基、羧基或C1-2烷氧基羰基取代。
更具体地说,对于形成Q的部分的芳基和杂芳基基团的取代基可以选自:氘、卤素(氟、氯、溴或碘)、C1-4烷基、C3-6环烷基、羟基、C1-4烷氧基、氰基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基、二-C1-4烷基氨基、C1-4酰基氨基、羧基、C1-4烷氧基羰基、氨甲酰基、单-C1-4氨甲酰基、二-C1-4氨甲酰基或以上取代基中的任一个,其中烃基部分本身被卤素、氰基、羟基、C1-2烷氧基、氨基、硝基、氨甲酰基、羧基或C1-2烷氧基羰基取代。
在一个具体的实施例中,对于形成Q的部分的芳基和杂芳基基团的取代基可以选自:氘、氟、氯、溴、C1-3烷基、C3-6环烷基、羟基、C1-4烷氧基、氰基、氨基、C1-2烷基氨基、二-C1-2烷基氨基、C1-2酰基氨基、羧基、C1-2烷氧基羰基、氨甲酰基、单-C1-2氨甲酰基、二-C1-2氨甲酰基或以上取代基中的任一个,其中烃基部分本身被氟原子或被氰基、羟基、C1-2烷氧基、氨基、氨甲酰基、羧基或C1-2烷氧基羰基取代。
在更具体的实施例中,对于形成Q的部分的芳基和杂芳基基团的取代基可以选自:氘、氟、氯、溴、氰基、C1-3烷基和C1-3烷氧基,其中这些C1-3烷基和C1-3烷氧基部分各自可任选地被一个或多个氟原子取代。
该Q基团可以包括经取代的芳基或杂芳基基团。在6元芳环中,这些取代基可以位于2、3、4、5或6位。该芳基或杂芳基基团可以包括一个、两个、三个、四个或更多个取代基。该芳基基团可以是在位置2至6中的任何两处被取代基双取代。该芳基基团可以是2,3-双取代的、2,4-双取代的、2,5-双取代的、2,6-双取代的、3,4-双取代的或3,5-双取代的芳基基团。
该Q基团可以是杂芳基基团,例如2、3或4吡啶基。该杂芳基基团可以任选地被进一步取代,例如5-氟、2-吡啶基,或者双取代,例如4,5-二氟、2-吡啶基。该杂芳基基团可以是5或6元的,并且含有一个或多个杂原子。该杂芳基基团可以是5元环,含有两个或更多个杂原子。这些杂原子可以独立地是氮、氧或硫。
Q可以是可任选经取代的吡嗪基、吡啶基、噁唑基(oxazyl)、噻唑基或二嗪基。Q可以选自具有化学式(a)的可任选经取代的环
X1和X2可以是CH或N。在具体实施例中,X1或X2是N。在具体实施例中,X1和X2两者均是N。
其中R1可以是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2。R1不是H,并且因此R1一定被不是H的原子取代。R1可以是F。R1可以是Cl。R1可以是甲基或经取代的甲基,例如甲氧基甲基、氟甲基、二氟甲基或三氟甲基。R1可以是甲氧基或经取代的甲氧基,例如氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基或三氟甲氧基。R1可以是可任选经取代的环丙基。R1可以是氰基。这些可任选的取代基可以由一种或多种卤素、烷基或烷氧基基团组成,或可以选自以下所示的可任选的取代基的清单。
R2可以是H或F。R2可以是H。R2可以是F。
R3可以是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N。R3可以是H。R3可以是D。R3可以是F。R3可以是Cl。R3可以是环氮。R3可以是甲基或经取代的甲基,例如甲氧基甲基、氟甲基、二氟甲基或三氟甲基。R3可以是氰基。这些可任选的取代基可以由一种或多种卤素、烷基或烷氧基基团组成,或可以选自以下所示的可任选的取代基的清单。
R4可以是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基或环N。R4可以是H。R4可以是D。R4可以是F。R4可以是Cl。R4可以是环氮。R4可以是甲基或经取代的甲基,例如甲氧基甲基、氟甲基、二氟甲基或三氟甲基。R4可以是氰基。这些可任选的取代基可以由一种或多种卤素、烷基或烷氧基基团组成,或可以选自以下所示的可任选的取代基的清单。
R5可以是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基。R5可以是H。R5可以是D。R5可以是F。R5可以是Cl。R5可以是甲基或经取代的甲基,例如甲氧基甲基、氟甲基、二氟甲基或三氟甲基。这些可任选的取代基可以由一种或多种卤素、烷基或烷氧基基团组成,或可以选自以下所示的可任选的取代基的清单。
R6可以是H、卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基或氰基。R6可以是H。R6可以是D。R6可以是F。R6可以是Cl。R6可以是甲基或经取代的甲基,例如甲氧基甲基、氟甲基、二氟甲基或三氟甲基。这些可任选的取代基可以由一种或多种卤素、烷基或烷氧基基团组成,或可以选自以下所示的可任选的取代基的清单。
可以将在此定义的R1-R6、Q、X1和X2的特征中的任一个与R1-R6、Q、X1和X2的其他特征中的任一个结合。以下示出了化合物的某些具体实例。
本发明的另外的实施例包括治疗方法,这些方法包括给予作为mGlu5调节剂的具有化学式1-5的化合物。使用具有化学式1-5的化合物的治疗可以治疗:痴呆(包括老年性痴呆和由AIDS引起的痴呆),疼痛(包括头痛(例如偏头痛以及丛集性头痛)、炎性疼痛(例如炎性舌痛)、内脏痛综合征(例如疼痛性膀胱综合征)、胃肠痛(包括肠易激综合征),搔痒,纤维肌痛,泌尿道障碍(包括失禁、前列腺炎、尿频、夜尿、膀胱过动症、膀胱炎、良性前列腺增生、逼尿肌反射亢进、出口梗阻、尿急、盆腔过敏、急迫性失禁、尿道炎、前列腺痛症、原发性膀胱超敏反应),物质相关性障碍(包括成瘾、酗酒、酒精依赖、酒精戒断、安非他明依赖、安非他明戒断、可卡因依赖、可卡因戒断、阿片样物质依赖、阿片样物质戒断),焦虑性障碍(包括广场恐怖症、广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)、强迫症(OCD)、惊恐性障碍、创伤后应激障碍、社交恐惧症和特定恐惧症、物质诱发的焦虑障碍),饮食失调(包括肥胖症、厌食症和贪食症),注意力缺陷/多动症(ADHD;ADD),注意力和警觉、执行功能和记忆中的缺陷和异常,运动障碍(包括帕金森病、左旋多巴诱发的异动症、图雷特综合征、亨廷顿病、肌张力障碍、下肢不宁综合征、单纯抽搐、复杂抽搐以及症状性抽搐、周期性肢动综合征),肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS),多发性硬化,精神分裂症,癌症(包括黑色素瘤、鳞状细胞癌以及星形细胞瘤),情绪障碍(包括重性抑郁障碍、心境恶劣、难治性抑郁症和双相型障碍I和II),包括遗传病和发育障碍的罕见神经疾病(包括自闭症谱系障碍[阿斯伯格综合征、瑞特综合征、未另外指定的广泛性发育障碍、儿童期崩解症]和唐氏综合征),脆性X综合征以及智力迟钝的其他领域,胃肠道障碍(包括胃食管返流疾病、功能性消化不良、功能性烧心、肠道易激综合征、功能性腹胀、功能性腹泻、慢性便秘、术后肠梗阻),癫痫,视刚膜病变,神经保护(包括阿尔茨海默病、中风、癫痫持续状态和头部损伤),缺血(包括脑缺血,尤其急性缺血,眼睛的缺血性疾病),肌肉痉挛(例如局部或全身痉挛状态),包括副肿瘤综合征的神经系统自身免疫性障碍,脊肌萎缩症,呕吐,皮肤病以及与谷氨酸能信号传递的不规律性相关的任何其他障碍。治疗方法将典型地涉及向有需要的受试者(例如,哺乳动物受试者例如人类)给予治疗有效量(优选地无毒量)的化合物。
本发明的某些新颖的化合物显示出作为mGlu5负向别构调节剂的特别高的活性;例如
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
6-[6-(3-氯-5-氰基苯基)嘧啶-4-基]吡啶-3-甲腈
3-甲基-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(哒嗪-3-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-(4,4’-二嘧啶-6-基)-5-氯苯甲腈
3-甲基-5-[6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-[4-(1H-吡唑-1-基)吡啶-2-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-[2-(1H-吡唑-1-基)吡啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(4-氟-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-甲基-5-{6-[(2H3)-1H-吡唑-1-基]嘧啶-4-基}苯甲腈
3-氯-5-{6-[(2H3)-1H-吡唑-1-基]嘧啶-4-基}苯甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-{6-[(2H3)-1H-吡唑-1-基]嘧啶-4-基}苯甲腈
3-(氟甲基)-5-[6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氯吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-甲基-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-(甲氧基甲基)苯甲腈
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-甲氧基苯甲腈
在所描述的任何化合物都具有手性中心的程度上,本发明延伸到此类化合物的所有旋光异构体,无论呈外消旋物还是已拆分的对映异构体形式。然而如此制备时,在此描述的发明涉及任何披露的化合物的所有晶体形式、溶剂合物以及水合物。在在此披露的任何化合物都具有酸性或碱性中心(如羧酸酯或氨基)的程度上,那么在此包括所述化合物的所有盐形式。在药物用途的情况下,盐应视为一种药学上可接受的盐。
可以提及的药学上可接受的盐包括酸加成盐和碱加成盐。可以通过常规手段,例如任选地在一种溶剂中或在其中该盐不可溶的一种介质中,通过使一种化合物的游离酸或游离碱形式与一个或多个当量的适当的酸或碱进行反应,接着使用标准技术(例如,在真空中,通过冷冻干燥或通过过滤)去除所述溶剂或所述介质来形成此类盐。还可以通过例如使用适合的离子交换树脂将呈盐形式的化合物的一种平衡离子与另一种平衡离子进行交换来制备盐。
药学上可接受的盐的实例包括衍生自矿物酸和有机酸的酸加成盐,以及衍生自金属如钠、镁、或优选钾和钙的盐。
酸加成盐的实例包括用以下酸形成的酸加成盐:乙酸、2,2-二氯乙酸、己二酸、海藻酸、芳基磺酸(例如,苯磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、萘-1,5-二磺酸以及对甲苯磺酸)、抗坏血酸(例如L-抗坏血酸)、L-天冬氨酸、苯甲酸、4-乙酰胺基苯甲酸、丁酸、(+)-樟脑酸、樟脑-磺酸、(+)-(1S)-樟脑-10-磺酸、癸酸、己酸、辛酸、肉桂酸、柠檬酸、环己氨磺酸、十二烷基硫酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、乙磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、甲酸、富马酸、半乳糖二酸、龙胆酸、葡庚糖酸、葡萄糖酸(例如D-葡萄糖酸)、葡糖醛酸(例如D-葡糖醛酸)、谷氨酸(例如L-谷氨酸)、α-氧代戊二酸、乙醇酸、马尿酸、氢溴酸、盐酸、氢碘酸、羟乙基磺酸、乳酸(例如(+)-L-乳酸和(±)-DL-乳酸)、乳糖酸、马来酸、苹果酸(例如(-)-L-苹果酸)、丙二酸、(±)-DL-杏仁酸、偏磷酸、甲磺酸、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、烟酸、硝酸、油酸、乳清酸、草酸、棕榈酸、双羟萘酸、磷酸、丙酸、L-焦谷氨酸、水杨酸、4-氨基-水杨酸、癸二酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、硫酸、鞣酸、酒石酸(例如(+)-L-酒石酸)、硫氰酸、十一碳烯酸以及戊酸。
盐的具体的实例是衍生自矿物酸如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、偏磷酸、硝酸和硫酸的盐;衍生自有机酸如酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸、富马酸、苯甲酸、乙醇酸、葡糖酸、琥珀酸、芳基磺酸的盐;和衍生自金属如钠、镁、或优选钾和钙的盐。
还涵盖这些化合物及其盐的任何溶剂合物。优选的溶剂合物是通过将一种无毒性药学上可接受的溶剂(以下称为溶剂化溶剂)的分子结合到本发明的化合物的固态结构(例如晶体结构)中而形成的溶剂合物。此类溶剂的实例包括水、醇类(如乙醇、异丙醇以及丁醇)以及二甲亚砜。可以通过用一种溶剂或含有该溶剂化溶剂的溶剂混合物重结晶本发明的这些化合物来制备溶剂合物。在任何给定情况下是否已经形成一种溶剂合物可以通过使用熟知并且标准的技术(如热重分析(TGE)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)以及X-射线晶体学)对化合物的晶体进行分析来确定。
溶剂合物可以是化学计量的或非化学计量的溶剂合物。具体溶剂合物可以是水合物,并且水合物的实例包括半水合物、一水合物以及二水合物。
对于溶剂合物和用以制备并且表征其的方法的更详细讨论,参见布林(Bryn)等人,药物固态化学(Solid-State Chemistry of Drugs),第二版,SSCI出版,美国印第安纳州西拉斐特公司(Inc of West Lafayette,IN,USA),1999,ISBN 0-967-06710-3。
如在此定义的化合物的“药学功能衍生物”包括酯衍生物和/或衍生物,这些酯衍生物和/或衍生物具有或提供用于作为本发明的任何相关化合物的相同生物学功能和/或活性。因此,出于本发明的目的,术语还包括如在此定义的化合物的前药。
相关化合物的术语“前药”包括任何化合物,其在口服或肠胃外给药后,在体内被代谢以形成实验上-可检测的量的化合物,并且是在预定的时间(例如在6和24小时之间的给药间隔(即每天一次至四次))之内。
可以按一种方式来通过修饰存在于该化合物上的官能团来制备化合物的前药,该方式使得当向哺乳动物受试者给予这样一种前药时,这些修饰在体内被切割。典型地,通过合成具有前药取代基的母体化合物来完成这些修饰。前药包括化合物,其中在化合物中的羟基、氨基、硫氢基、羧基或羰基被结合到在体内可以被切割的任何基团上以分别再生出游离的羟基、氨基、硫氢基、羧基或羰基。
前药的实例包括但不局限于,羟基官能团的酯和氨基甲酸酯、羧基官能团的酯基、N-酰基衍生物和N-曼尼希碱。有关前药的一般信息可以例如在班德加德(Bundegaard)·H.“前药的设计”第1-92页,爱思唯尔(Elsevier),纽约-牛津(New York-Oxford)(1985)中找到。
定义
C1-C3烷基
烷基意指一种脂肪族烃基。烷基可以是直链的或支链的。“支链的”意指,在基团例如异丙基中存在至少一个碳分支点。C1-C3烷基基团包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基。烷基基团可以是任选地被取代的,例如如下文所例证。
术语烷基还包括脂肪烃基团例如烯基、和亚烷基。
烯基
烯基意指一种不饱和的脂肪族烃基。不饱和可以包括一个或多个双键、一个或多个三键或其任何组合。该烯基可以是直链的或支链的。“支链的”意指在该基团中存在至少一个碳分支点。任何双键在该基团中独立于任何其他双键,可以呈(E)或者(Z)构型。C1-C3烯基基团包括乙烯基、正丙烯基、异丙烯基。在替代性(E)和(Z)形式可能的时候,每一者被视为被个别地鉴别。该烯基可以是可任选经取代的,例如如下所举例说明。
亚烷基
亚烷基意指通过一个双键连接至分子的其余部分的任何烷基或烯基。对针对烷基和烯基在此提供的定义和说明进行适当修改也适用于亚烷基。
C1-C3烷氧基
烷氧基意指通过氧原子连接的脂肪烃基团。烷基可以是直链的或支链的。“支链的”意指,在基团例如异丙基中存在至少一个碳分支点。C1-C3烷氧基基团包括甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、异丙氧基。烷氧基基团可以是可任选经取代的,例如如下文所例证。
芳基
芳基意指所有的环成员都是碳原子,例如具有6个碳原子环成员(苯基)的任何芳香基团。
杂芳基
杂芳基意指至少一个环成员不是碳的芳香基团。例如,至少一个环成员(例如,一个、两个或三个环成员)可以选自氮、氧和硫。示例性杂芳基基团包括吡嗪基、吡啶基、噁唑基(oxazyl)、噻唑基或二嗪基。
可任选经取代的
当应用于任何基团时“可任选经取代的”意指,必要时所述基团可以被一个或多个取代基取代,这些取代基可以是相同或不同的。对于“经取代的”和“可任选经取代的”部分的适合的取代基的实例包括卤素(氟、氯、溴或碘)、氘、C1-3烷基、羟基、C1-3烷氧基、氰基、氨基、硝基、C1-3烷基氨基、C2-6烯基氨基、二-C1-3烷基氨基、C1-3酰基氨基、二-C1-3酰基氨基、羧基、C1-3烷氧基羰基、氨甲酰基、单-C1-3氨甲酰基、二-C1-3氨甲酰基或以上中任一项,其中烃基部分本身被卤素、氰基、羟基、C1-2烷氧基、氨基、硝基、氨甲酰基、羧基或C1-2烷氧基羰基取代。在含有一个氧原子的基团(如羟基和烷氧基)中,氧原子可以被硫置换以得到如硫基(SH)和硫代烷基(S-烷基)的基团。因此任选的取代基包括如S-甲基的基团。在硫代-烷基中,该硫原子可以被进一步氧化以得到一个亚砜或砜,并且因而可任选的取代基因此包括如S(O)-烷基和S(O)2-烷基的基团。
因此,经取代的基团包括例如CN、CFH2、CF2H、CF3、CH2NH2、CH2OH、CH2CN、CH2SCH3、CH2OCH3、OMe、OEt、Me、Et、-OCH2O-、CO2Me、C(O)Me、i-Pr、SCF3、SO2Me、NMe2等等。在芳基的情况下,这些取代基可以呈来自芳基环中的相邻碳原子的环形式,例如环状缩醛,如O-CH2-O。
“酰基”意指H-CO-或C1-3烷基-CO-基团,其中该烷基基团如在此定义。示例性酰基基团包括甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基和2-甲基丙酰基。
在本发明的上下文中,术语“药用组合物”意指包含一种活性剂并且另外包含一种或多种药学上可接受的载体的一种组合物。取决于给药模式和剂型的性质,组合物可以进一步含有选自例如以下的成分:稀释剂、佐剂、赋形剂、运载体、防腐剂、填充剂、崩解剂、湿润剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂、甜味剂、调味剂、芳香剂、抗细菌剂、抗真菌剂、润滑剂以及分散剂。组合物可以采用例如以下的形式:片剂、糖衣丸、粉剂、酏剂、糖浆,液体制剂(包括悬浮液)、喷雾剂、吸入剂、片剂、锭剂、乳液、溶液、扁囊剂、颗粒剂、胶囊和栓剂、以及注射用液体制剂(包括脂质体制剂)。
剂量可以取决于患者的需求、所治疗的病状的严重程度、以及所采用的化合物而变化。对于一种具体情况适当的剂量的确定在本领域的技术之内。通常,治疗是以小于化合物的最优剂量的更小剂量来开始的。其后,剂量以小增量增加直到达到在这些情况下的最优作用。为了方便起见,必要时可以将总的每日剂量分开并且在当天内以多个部分给予。
当然,一种化合物的一个有效剂量的量值将根据有待治疗的病状的严重程度本质并且根据具体化合物及其给予途径而变化。适当剂量的选择在本领域的普通技术人员能力之内,而没有过度负担。总的来说,每日剂量范围可以是从约10μg至约30mg/kg人和非人动物体重,优选地从约50μg至约30mg/kg人和非人动物体重,例如从约50μg至约10mg/kg人和非人动物体重,例如从约100μg至约30mg/kg人和非人动物体重,例如从约100μg至约10mg/kg人和非人动物体重以及最优选地从约100μg至约1mg/kg人和非人动物体重。
实例的合成:
本发明化合物的制备
可以通过包括图1中那些的途径来制备本发明的化合物,其中在每种情况下该起始的芳香族环或杂芳香族环可以可任选地被除所示的那些之外的基团取代。许多标准转化细节例如以下途径以及可以用来进行相同转化的其他途径中的那些可以发现于标准参考教材例如“有机合成(Organic Synthesis)”,M.B.史密斯(Smith),麦格劳-希尔集团(McGraw-Hill)(1994)或“高等有机化学(Advanced Organic Chemistry)”,第4版,J.马驰(March),约翰威利父子出版公司(John Wiley&Sons)(1992)。
其中烷基基团通常是甲基或正丁基的杂芳基三烷基锡烷可以从对应的杂芳基卤化物例如溴化物形成(例如如在途径1、步骤1或途径4中,其中可以合成杂芳基三烷基锡烷用于步骤2中)。可以在钯介导的交叉偶联条件下,使用适合的钯(0)催化剂例如四(三苯基膦)合钯(0),在适合的溶剂如DME中,典型地在高温例如80℃-110℃下,进行到三烷基锡烷的转化。另外,许多杂芳基三烷基锡烷是可商购的。可以在本领域技术人员已知的钯介导的史帝勒交叉偶联条件下进行杂芳基三烷基锡烷与杂芳基卤化物(例如在途径1,步骤2或途径4,步骤2)例如氯嘧啶的交叉偶联。例如,可以使用适合的钯(0)催化剂(例如四(三苯基膦)合钯(0))、铜(I)盐(例如碘化铜(I)),在适合的溶剂如甲苯中,典型地在高温例如110℃下,进行史帝勒偶联。使用史帝勒交叉偶联程序的替代方案是根岸交叉偶联反应(根岸(Negishi)等人,化学学会化学通讯杂志(J.C.S.Chem.Comm.),1977,683-684),该根岸交叉偶联反应使用适合的钯催化剂,例如四(三苯基膦)合钯(0),在适合的溶剂例如THF中,典型地在高温例如50℃-60℃下,将有机锌化合物与芳基卤化物或杂芳基卤化物进行偶联(例如在途径5,步骤2中)。可以通过本领域技术人员已知的方法,例如通过用在THF中的异丙基氯化镁处理芳基卤化物或杂芳基卤化物,随后用氯化锌(II)处理,来制备有机锌化合物。
化合物可以通过以下方式来制备,将具有化学式X的化合物:
其中R1是卤素、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷基、环丙基、可任选经取代的C1-C3烷氧基、氰基、羟基、硝基或NH2;并且
R2是H或F;
与2-吡啶基锡烷试剂(史帝勒偶联)或2-吡啶基有机锌试剂(根岸偶联)进行反应以形成芳基-芳基键。
可以将芳基或杂芳基硼酸或酯例如频那醇酯用于制备本发明的化合物中,例如途径1,步骤3;途径2,步骤3;途径3,步骤2;途径4,步骤1和途径5,步骤1中。许多芳基或杂芳基硼酸或酯是可商购的。此外,可以使用本领域技术人员将已知的条件用于其合成。例如,从芳基或杂芳基卤化物,在低温,典型地-78℃下,在惰性溶剂例如THF中,可以使用卤素-锂交换,典型使用有机锂试剂例如n-BuLi,来形成芳基或杂芳基锂亲核试剂,该亲和试剂可以随后与三烷基硼酸盐例如三异丙基硼酸盐反应,以在水性处理之后形成芳基或杂芳基硼酸。可以通过铱催化的C-H硼基化,使用本领域技术人员已知的方法,直接从芳基或杂芳基化合物形成芳基或杂芳基硼酸频那醇酯,例如如哈特维希(Hartwig)等人,化学评论(Chem.Rev.)2010,110,890-931所综述的。一种这样的方法,例如如在斯蒂尔(Steel)等人,有机快报(Org.Lett.)2009,11,3586-3589中所描述的,在适合的溶剂例如TBME中,在适合的温度例如80℃下,在常规的或微波加热条件下,使用铱催化剂例如(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体、配体例如4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶基和双(频那醇并)二硼。可以在本领域技术人员已知的钯介导的铃木交叉偶联条件下,将芳基或杂芳基硼酸或酯与杂芳基卤化物(例如,氯嘧啶、氯吡啶或溴吡啶)交叉偶联(例如在途径1,步骤3;途径2,步骤3;途径3,步骤2或途径4,步骤1中)。例如,铃木偶联可以使用适合的钯催化剂,例如[1,1′-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]二氯钯(II)或该催化剂与二氯甲烷的络合物,以及碱例如碳酸铯或碳酸钠,在适合的溶剂或溶剂混合物例如1,4-二噁烷或1,4-二噁烷和水的混合物中,典型地在高温例如80℃-100℃下进行。
多个经杂环取代的氯嘧啶或溴嘧啶或者氯吡啶或溴吡啶是可商购的,例如中间体34、35和36。此外,可以使用本领域技术人员将已知的条件用于其合成。一种这样的方法(例如途径2)使用乙酸乙酯的阴离子将杂环羧酸通过酰基氯转化为对应的β酮酯。随后在碱性条件下,例如在甲醇中的甲醇钠的存在下,在室温下,与甲脒盐酸盐缩合可以被用来形成经羟基取代的嘧啶,可以将该经羟基取代的嘧啶在标准条件下例如使用氯氧化磷(V)转化为氯嘧啶。用于合成经杂环取代的氯嘧啶或吡啶的其他方法包括以上描述的那些,钯(0)催化的史帝勒或铃木交叉偶联。合成经杂环取代的氯嘧啶的另外的方法使用亲核性芳香取代反应(SNAr)(例如途径3,步骤1)。在合成本发明的化合物中,SNAr反应典型地是在0℃或室温下,在适合的溶剂例如DMF中,并且在适合的碱例如碳酸钾的存在下进行的。
通用程序
在不包括制备途径的情况下,相关的中间体是可商购的。不经进一步纯化利用商业试剂。室温(rt)是指大约20℃-27℃。在布鲁克尔(Bruker)、瓦里安(Varian)或日本电子光学实验室(JEOL)仪器上在400MHz下记录1H NMR谱。以百万分率(ppm)即(δ)-值表示化学移位值。针对多个NMR信号使用以下缩写:s=单峰、br=宽峰、d=双重峰、t=三重峰、q=四重峰、quin=五重峰、h=七重峰、dd=双双重峰、dt=双三重峰、m=多重峰。偶联常数被列为J值,以Hz测量。校正NMR和质谱法结果以将背景峰考虑在内。色谱法是指使用60-120目硅胶进行并在氮气压(快速色谱法)条件下生效的柱色谱法。用于监测反应的TLC是指使用特定的流动相和来自默克公司(Merck)的硅胶F254作为固定相运行的的TLC。微波介导的反应是在比奥泰冶(Biotage)启动器或CEM发现微波反应器中进行的。
使用电喷射条件,在以下条件下进行LCMS实验。仪器:沃特斯Alliance2795,沃特斯2996PDA检测器,Micromass ZQ(或具有G1315ADAD的惠普(Hewlett Packard)1100,Micromass ZQ例如24和25);柱:沃特斯X-桥C-18,2.5微米,2.1×20mm或菲罗门Gemini-NXC-18,3微米,2.0×30mm;梯度[时间(min)/在C中的溶剂D(%)]:0.00/2、0.10/2、8.40/95、9.40/95;溶剂:溶剂C=2.5L H2O+2.5mL 28%在水溶液中的氨;溶剂D=2.5L MeCN+135mLH2O+2.5mL 28%在水溶液中的氨;注射体积3μL(或1μL,例如24和25);UV检测230至400nM;柱温45℃;流速1.5mL/min。以如下版式给出实验部分中的LCMS数据:质量离子、保留时间、近似纯度。
缩写
DMAC = N,N-二甲基乙酰胺
DME = 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷
DMF = 二甲基甲酰胺
DMSO = 二甲化砜
ES = 电喷雾
EtOAc = 乙酸乙酯
h = 小时
HPβCD = (2-羟丙基)-β-环糊精
L = 升
LC = 液相色谱
LDA = 二异丙基酰胺锂
MeCN = 乙腈
min = 分钟
MS = 质谱法
NMR = 核磁共振
rt = 室温
SNAr = 亲核性芳香取代反应
TBME = 甲基叔丁基醚
THF = 四氢呋喃
TLC = 薄层色谱
前缀n-、s-、i-、t-和tert-具有其通常的意义:正、仲、异、以及叔。
中间体的合成
途径1
用于经由可商购的三烷基锡烷与4,6-二氯嘧啶进行的史帝勒偶联来制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体1即4-氯-6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶所示例的。
通过用N2吹扫,将在甲苯(10mL)中的4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,1.2g,8.1mmol)和2-(三丁基甲锡烷基)吡啶(中间体3,3.0g,8.1mmol)的混合物脱气5min。添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)(940mg,0.81mmol)和碘化铜(I)(155mg,0.81mmol),并且将该反应混合物在110℃下搅拌16h。在冷却至室温后,使该反应混合物在H2O(250mL)和EtOAc(100mL)之间分配并且分离各相。用EtOAc(2×100mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-10%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(310mg,1.62mmol)。
数据在表1中。
用于经由从对应的杂芳基卤化物合成三烷基锡烷,随后进行史帝勒偶联来制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体4即6-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)吡啶-3-甲腈所示例的。
通过用N2吹扫,将在DME(10mL)中的2-溴-5-氰基吡啶(中间体5,1.07g,5.85mmol)和六甲基二锡(1.21mL,5.84mmol)的混合物脱气5min。添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)(330mg,0.29mmol)并且将该反应混合物在110℃下搅拌16h,之后冷却至室温并且在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配。分离各相,并且用EtOAc(2×25mL)提取该水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中浓缩,以产生呈褐色液体的粗品6-(三甲基甲锡烷基)烟碱甲腈(950mg),无需表征或进一步纯化将其用于后续步骤。
将4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,500mg,3.36mmol)和粗品6-(三甲基甲锡烷基)烟碱甲腈(895mg)溶解于甲苯(15mL)中并且通过用N2吹扫,将该反应混合物脱气5min。添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)(388mg,0.34mmol)和碘化铜(64mg,0.33mmol),并且将该反应混合物在110℃下搅拌16h。在冷却至室温后,使该反应混合物在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配,分离各相并且用EtOAc(2×25mL)提取水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中进行浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-10%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈浅黄色固体的标题化合物(175mg,0.81mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体6,3-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)哒嗪。
使用中间体4的方法,从3-溴哒嗪(中间体7,500mg,3.14mmol)、六丁基二锡(1.23mL,2.43mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,300mg,2.01mmol),以两步制备标题化合物(250mg,1.30mmol)。
数据在表1中。
途径2
用于经由从杂芳基羧酸形成嘧啶环制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体8即6-氯-4,4’-二嘧啶所示例的。
在经10min滴加草酰氯(2.7mL,31.5mmol)之前,将在DMF(0.01mL)和CH2Cl2(60mL)中的4-嘧啶甲酸(中间体9,3.0g,24.2mmol)冷却至0℃。在室温下搅拌2h后,将反应混合物在真空中浓缩,并且将得到的粗品酰基氯再溶解于THF(10mL)中。单独地,在滴加LDA(36.0mL的在THF中的2M溶液,72.0mmol)之前,将EtOAc(8.3mL,84.6mmol)溶解于THF(30mL)并且冷却至-78℃。在-78℃下搅拌1h后,添加粗品酰基氯的THF溶液,并且将混合物在-78℃下搅拌3h。添加水性HCl(1N,25mL),随后添加H2O(100mL)和EtOAc(100mL),并且分离各相。用EtOAc(3×100mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-8%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的3-氧代-3-(嘧啶-4-基)丙酸乙酯(0.40g,2.06mmol)。
TLC:Rf 0.6,己烷/乙酸乙酯4:1
将3-氧代-3-(嘧啶-4-基)丙酸乙酯(1.2g,6.18mmol)、甲醇钠(1.33g,24.6mmol)和甲脒盐酸盐(1.0g,12.4mmol)溶解于MeOH(20mL)中,并且在真空中浓缩之前在室温下搅拌24h。添加H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(50mL)并且分离各相。用EtOAc(3×50mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中浓缩,以产生粗品[4,4’-二嘧啶]-6-醇(200mg),无需进一步纯化将其用于下一步骤。
TLC:Rf 0.1,乙酸乙酯
将粗品[4,4’-二嘧啶]-6-醇(120mg,0.69mmol)溶解于氯氧化磷(V)(4.0mL,42.9mmol)并且在室温下搅拌14h。在0℃下用饱和的水性NaHCO3溶液(30mL)将混合物中和至约pH 7,并且在添加EtOAc(300mL)和H2O(100mL)之前搅拌15min。分离各相,用EtOAc(300mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-9%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(42mg,0.22mmol)。
数据在表1中。
途径3
用于经由将吡唑与4,6-二氯嘧啶进行SNAr反应来制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体10即4-氯-6-[(2H3)-1H-吡唑-1-基]嘧啶所示例的。
将在DMF(10mL)中的4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,1.50g,10.1mmol)、吡唑-d4(中间体11,761mg,10.6mmol)和K2CO3(1.46g,10.6mmol)的混合物在室温下搅拌17h,之后添加至H2O(50mL)。在搅拌5min后,通过过滤分离出呈淡黄色固体的标题化合物(1.20g,6.54mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体12,4-氯-6-(4-氟-1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶。
使用中间体10的方法,在DMF(20mL)中,从4-氟吡唑(中间体13,551mg,6.40mmol)、4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,908mg,4.57mmol)和K2CO3(884mg,6.40mmol)制备标题化合物(622mg,3.13mmol)。数据在表1中。
途径4和5
用于经由将硼酸或酯与4,6-二氯嘧啶进行铃木偶联来制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体14即3-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)-5-氟苯甲腈所示例的。
将4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,1.8g,12.2mmol)、3-氰基-5-氟苯基硼酸(中间体15,2.0g,12.1mmol)和碳酸铯(7.8g,23.9mmol)溶解于1,4-二噁烷/水(9:1,10mL)中,并且通过用N2吹扫,将该混合物脱气5min。添加与二氯甲烷络合的[1,1’-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]二氯钯(II)(490mg,0.60mmol),并且将反应混合物在90℃下搅拌16h。使该反应混合物在H2O(250mL)和EtOAc(150mL)之间分配,分离各相并且用EtOAc(2×150mL)提取水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中进行浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-10%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(1.0g,4.28mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体16,3-氯-5-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)-4-氟苯甲腈
使用中间体14的方法,从3-氯-5-氰基-2-氟苯基硼酸、频那醇酯(中间体17,245mg,0.87mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,200mg,1.34mmol),制备标题化合物(110mg,0.41mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体18,3-氯-5-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)苯甲腈。
使用中间体14的方法,从3-氯-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(中间体19,17.6g,66.8mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,9.0g,60.4mmol),制备标题化合物(4.0g,16.0mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体19即3-氯-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈的制备。
使用中间体28,步骤2的方法,在TBME(24mL)中,从3-氯苯甲腈(中间体20,1.23g,8.94mmol)、(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(89mg,0.13mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶(72mg,0.27mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(2.49g,9.81mmol)制备标题化合物。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在异己烷中的0-10%乙醚洗脱),产生呈透明油的标题化合物(1.39g,5.27mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体21,3-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)-5-甲基苯甲腈。
使用中间体14的方法,从3-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(中间体22,326mg,1.34mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,200mg,1.34mmol),制备标题化合物(170mg,0.74mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体22即3-甲基-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈的制备。
使用中间体28,步骤2的方法,在TBME(30mL)中,从3-甲基苯甲腈(中间体23,1.76mL,15.0mmol)、(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(149mg,0.23mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶(121mg,0.45mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(4.19g,16.5mmol)制备标题化合物。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在异己烷中的0-10%乙醚洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(2.34g,9.63mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体38即3-(甲氧基甲基)-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈的制备。
使用中间体28,步骤2的方法,使用微波照射,在80℃下,在TBME(5mL)中,从3-(甲氧基甲氧基)苯甲腈(中间体37,221mg,15.0mmol)、(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(14mg,0.02mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶(12mg,0.05mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(419mg,l.65mmol),持续1h,制备标题化合物。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-8%乙酸乙酯洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(285mg,l.04mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体39,3-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)-5-(甲氧基甲基)苯甲腈。
使用中间体14的方法,从3-(甲氧基甲基)-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(中间体38,549mg,2.01mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,272mg,1.83mmol),制备标题化合物(300mg,1.16mmol)。
数据在表1中。
中间体41,3-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)-5-甲氧基苯甲腈。
使用中间体14的方法,从3-(甲氧基甲基)-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(中间体40,5.1g,19.7mmol)和4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,2.7g,18.1mmol),制备标题化合物(3.2g,13.2mmol)。
数据在表1中。
用于经由Ir催化的硼酸酯的形成和随后与4,6-二氯嘧啶的铃木偶联来制备中间体的典型程序,如通过制备中间体24即5-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)苯-1,3-二甲腈所示例的。
在N2下,制备在TBME(135mL)中的(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(505mg,0.76mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶(409mg,1.52mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(13.4g,52.7mmol)的溶液。将该溶液的部分(15mL)添加至间苯二甲腈(中间体25,700mg,5.46mmol)并且在微波反应器中将该混合物在80℃下加热1h。将该反应根据该规模再重复8次,并且将合并的反应混合物在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-10%EtOAc洗脱),产生5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)间苯二甲腈(5.6g,22.0mmol)。
TLC:Rf 0.3,己烷/乙酸乙酯4:1
1H NMR:(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:1.33(s,12H),8.25-8.27(m,2H),8.60-8.61(m,1H)
将4,6-二氯嘧啶(中间体2,3.28g,22.0mol)、5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)间苯二甲腈(5.6g,22.0mmol)和碳酸铯(14.4g,44.2mmol)溶解于1,4-二噁烷/水(9:1,60mL)中,并且通过用N2吹扫,将该混合物脱气10min。添加[1,1’-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]二氯钯(II)(806mg,1.10mmol),并且将反应混合物在90℃下搅拌3h。在冷却至室温后,使该反应混合物在H2O(250mL)和EtOAc(150mL)之间进行分配,分离各相并且用EtOAc(2×150mL)提取水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中进行浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-15%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(1.70g,7.06mmol)。
数据在表1中。
另外的硼酸和硼酸酯中间体的制备
中间体26即(3-氰基-5-甲基苯基)硼酸的制备
将3-溴-5-甲基苯甲腈(中间体27,250mg,1.28mmol)溶解于THF(5mL)中,冷却至-78℃并且滴加n-BuLi(1.19mL的在THF中的1.6M溶液,1.91mmol)。在-78℃下搅拌30min后,在-78℃下滴加三异丙基硼酸盐(0.64mL,2.81mmol),去除冰浴并且将反应混合物在室温下搅拌16h。添加饱和水性氯化铵溶液(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)并且分离各相。用EtOAc(2×25mL)提取水相,将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中浓缩,以产生呈灰白色固体的粗标题化合物(200mg),无需进一步纯化来使用它。
数据在表1中。
中间体28即3-(氟甲基)-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈的制备
向3-(羟甲基)苯甲腈(中间体29,1.0g,7.50mmol)在CH2Cl2(50mL)中的溶液添加(二乙氨基)三氟化硫(2.01mL,2.0mmol)并且将得到的混合物在室温下搅拌2h。添加饱和水性NaHCO3溶液(30mL)和CH2Cl2(20mL)并且分离各相。用CH2Cl2(2×25mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-25%EtOAc洗脱),产生3-(氟甲基)苯甲腈(500mg,3.70mmol)。
1H NMR:(400MHz,CDCl3)δ:5.45(d,J=47,2H),7.53-7.57(m,1H),7.62-7.70(m,3H)
将3-(氟甲基)苯甲腈(500mg,3.70mmol)、(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(74mg,0.11mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基-2,2’-二吡啶(60mg,0.22mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(1.1g,4.06mmol)的混合物溶解于TBME(15mL)中。在N2下将该反应混合物在80℃下加热16h,之后将其冷却至室温并且在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配。用EtOAc(2×25mL)提取水相,将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-80%EtOAc洗脱),产生粗品3-(氟甲基)-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(中间体28,950mg),无需表征或进一步纯化将其用于随后步骤。
表1
实例的合成
途径1
用于经由与可商购的或合成的硼酸或硼酸酯进行铃木偶联来制备实例的典型程序,如通过制备实例1即3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈所示例的
将4-氯-6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶(中间体1,96mg,0.50mmol)、3-氯-5-氰基-2-氟苯基硼酸、频那醇酯(中间体17,169mg,0.60mmol)、[1,1’-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]二氯钯(II)(22mg,0.03mmol)和1M水性Na2CO3溶液(1.25mL,1.25mmol)在1,4-二噁烷(1.2mL)中的混合物通过用N2吹扫脱气5min,之后在80℃下加热2h。在冷却至室温并且在真空中浓缩后,添加CH2C12和H2O并且分离各相。用CH2Cl2提取水相,并且将合并的有机相在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在异己烷中的10%-30%EtOAc洗脱),随后用二乙醚研磨,产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(35mg,0.11mmol)。
数据在表2中。
用于经由Ir催化的硼酸酯的合成随后进行铃木偶联来制备实例的典型程序,如通过制备实例2即3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈所示例的。
将3-氯苯甲腈(中间体20,1.0g,7.3mmol)、(1,5-环辛二烯)(甲氧基)铱(I)二聚体(144mg,0.22mmol)、4,4’-二-叔-丁基2,2’-二吡啶(117mg,0.44mmol)和双(频那醇并)二硼(2.0g,7.88mmol)的混合物溶解于TBME(15mL)中。在N2下将该反应混合物在80℃下加热16h,之后将其冷却至室温并且在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配。用EtOAc(2x 25mL)提取水相,将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并在真空中浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-80%EtOAc洗脱),产生粗品3-氯-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(1.90g),无需表征或进一步纯化将其用于随后步骤。
将4-氯-6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶(中间体1)(200mg,1.04mmol)、粗品3-氯-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(275mg)和碳酸铯(678mg,2.08mmol)溶解于二噁烷/水(9:1,10mL)中,并且通过用N2吹扫将该混合物脱气5min。添加与二氯甲烷络合的[1,1’-双(二苯基膦基)二茂铁]二氯钯(II)(42.6mg,0.05mmol),并且将反应混合物在90℃下搅拌16h。在冷却至室温后,将该反应混合物在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配,用EtOAc(2x 25mL)提取水相并且干燥(Na2SO4)合并的有机相。在真空中浓缩后,通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-30%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈浅黄色固体的标题化合物(45mg,0.15mmol)。
数据在表2中。
途径2
实例6,3-(4,4’-二嘧啶-6-基)-5-氯苯甲腈
使用实例2即3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈的方法,在100℃下,从6-氯-4,4'-二吡啶(中间体8,40mg,0.21mmol)和粗品3-氯-5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯甲腈(50mg)制备标题化合物(27mg,0.09mmol)。
数据在表2中。
途径3
用于经由与可商购的或合成的硼酸或硼酸酯进行铃木偶联来制备实例的典型程序,如通过制备实例7即3-甲基-5-[6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈所示例的
使用实例2即3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈的方法,在90℃下,从4-氯-6-(1H-吡唑-1-基)嘧啶(中间体34,225mg,1.25mmol)和(3-氰基-5-甲基苯基)硼酸(中间体26,200mg,1.24mmol)制备标题化合物(27mg,0.10mmol)。
数据在表2中。
途径4
用于经由不可商购的三烷基锡烷的合成、随后进行史帝勒偶联来制备实例的典型程序,如通过制备实例17即3-氯-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈所示例的。
通过用N2吹扫,将在DME(10mL)中的2-溴-5-氟吡啶(中间体30,500mg,2.89mmol)和六甲基二锡(946mg,2.89mmol)的混合物脱气5min,之后添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)(166mg,0.14mmol)。将该反应混合物在110℃下搅拌16h,之后冷却至室温并且在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配。分离各相,并且用EtOAc(2x 25mL)提取该水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中浓缩,以产生粗品5-氟-2-(三甲基甲锡烷基)吡啶(700mg),无需表征或进一步纯化将其用于后续步骤。
将3-氯-5-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)苯甲腈(中间体18,100mg,0.39mmol)和粗品5-氟-2-(三甲基甲锡烷基)吡啶(114mg)溶解于甲苯(15mL)中并且通过用N2吹扫将该反应混合物脱气5min,之后添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(0)(46.2mg,0.04mmol)和碘化铜(I)(7.6mg,0.03mmol)。将该反应混合物在110℃下搅拌16h,之后冷却至室温并且在H2O(50mL)和EtOAc(25mL)之间分配。分离各相,并且用EtOAc(2x 25mL)提取该水相。将合并的有机相干燥(Na2SO4)并且在真空中进行浓缩。通过梯度快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的0-10%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈淡黄色固体的标题化合物(37mg,0.12mmol)。
数据在表2中。
途径5
用于经由根岸偶联来制备实例的典型程序,如通过制备实例17即3-氯-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈所示例的。
在氮气下,向干烧瓶添加在THF(40mL)中的i-PrMgCl(2M在THF中,11.2mL,22.4mmol)和2-溴-5-氟吡啶(中间体30,3.94g,22.4mmol)。在室温下搅拌3.5h后,滴加ZnCl2(0.5M在THF中,51.2mL,25.6mmol),保持温度低于25℃,并且将该混合物再搅拌1h。单独地,在氮气下,向3-氯-5-(6-氯嘧啶-4-基)苯甲腈(中间体18,4.00g,16.0mmol)在THF(80mL)中的溶液中添加四(三苯基膦)合钯(924mg,0.80mmol),并且然后先前滴加制备的锌酸盐溶液,并且将该混合物加热至50℃-60℃持续18h。在冷却至室温后,蒸发该混合物至其原体积的约10%,用EtOAc(400mL)稀释并且用水(500mL)洗涤。然后用EtOAc(3x 400mL)提取水相,并且将合并的有机相用盐水(500mL)洗涤,干燥(无水Na2SO4),过滤并在真空中浓缩。通过快速色谱纯化(用在己烷中的5%EtOAc洗脱),产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(2.97g,9.56mmol)。将纯化的化合物与来自其他反应的产物批次(17.6g总材料)组合,并且从热EtOAc中重结晶以产生呈白色固体的标题化合物(12.5g,40.2mmol)。
数据在表2中。
生物学方法
膜制备使用转染试剂Genejuice(Novagen)将编码人类mGlu5受体的cDNA转染到HEK293细胞中。在转染后四十八小时,收获细胞并且用冰冷的磷酸盐缓冲盐水洗涤两次。将沉淀物再悬浮于含有20mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.4、1mM EDTA的冰冷的缓冲液中,并且用Ultraturax以最大速度均质30s。将悬浮液离心(在4℃下,800x g持续5min)并且收集上清液。离心上清液(在4℃下,40,000xg持续30min)。再悬浮得到的沉淀物并且在使用前在-80℃下冷冻。使用BCA蛋白测定方法(默克化工有限公(Merck Chemicals Ltd))测定蛋白浓度。
[3H]-M-MPEP放射配基结合测定
在解冻后,将膜匀浆物再悬浮于结合缓冲液(50mM HEPES pH 7.5,150mM NaCl)中,至2.5μg蛋白/孔的最终测定浓度。在250μL的总反应体积中,经过90min,在室温下,通过添加各种浓度(0-50nM)的[3H]-M-MPEP来测定饱和等温线(格斯帕里尼(Gasparini)等人,生物有机化学医药化学通讯(Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.)2002,12,407-409)。在孵育结束时,在用0.1%聚乙烯亚胺预孵育的、具有Tomtec细胞收获仪的96孔GF/B滤器上过滤膜,并且用0.5mL蒸馏水洗涤5次。在0.1mM MPEP盐酸盐(图克里斯生物科学公司(TocrisBioscience),目录号1212)的存在下,测量非特异性结合(NSB)。在添加50μL的闪烁液后,在microbeta计数器上对在滤器上的放射活性进行计数(1min)。针对竞争结合实验,以与放射性配体的KD值相等的浓度并且以抑制性化合物的10倍浓度(典型地在0.1mM-3.16pM的范围之间),用[3H]-M-MPEP孵育膜。IC50值来源于抑制曲线,并且使用成-普鲁索夫(Cheng-Prusoff)方程来计算平衡解离常数(Ki)值。以下列出了本发明的某些化合物的pKi值(其中pKi=-log10Ki)。
IPone积累测定
将可诱导的人类mGlu5受体HEK293稳定的细胞系与IPone HTRF测定试剂盒(CisBio)一起使用。优化测定,以测量拮抗剂/负向别构调节剂减少激动剂(L-使君子氨酸)诱导的肌醇磷酸周转的能力(潜能;pIC50)。简言之,将细胞以35,000细胞/孔的密度铺板于半区96孔白壁板上。在铺板后16小时,将细胞生长培养基用25μL IPone刺激缓冲液(在试剂盒中提供)替换,该缓冲液补充有5mM丙酮酸钠和20μg/mL谷丙转氨酶。在添加5μL化合物用于测定之前,将细胞在潮湿气氛中在37℃下孵育45min。在37℃下另外的15min孵育时间之后,添加5μL的EC80浓度(30μM)的L-使君子氨酸(图克里斯目录号0188),以刺激肌醇磷酸周转。在L-使君子氨酸刺激的30分钟后,通过根据厂家说明书添加检测混合物终止该测定。计算将肌醇磷酸的L-使君子氨酸刺激的周转降低了50%的化合物的浓度(IC50)。本发明的某些化合物,例如实例2、17和18的pIC50值(其中pIC50=-log10IC50)是pIC50>8。
离体mGlu5受体占用
将斯普拉-道来大鼠(雄性;250-300g)经口服给予运载体或实例2、17或18(1-10mg/kg po)。实例17的运载体是10%DMAC+10%solutol HS 15+80%(在水中的10%HP-β-CD);实例2和18的运载体是10%DMAC+5%solutol HS 15+85%(在水中的10%VE-TPGS)。给药后一小时,处死动物并且去除全脑,冲洗并且印记干燥。切割含有海马体的冠状块并且沿着中线分开并且快速冷冻在异戊烷中以用于切片制作和放射自显影。将冠状半脑部分切成20μm厚,在前囟后面约4mm,以包含海马体CA3区域。将三个相邻的切片固定在载玻片上,并且与2nM[3H]-M-MPEP(全部结合的)或2nM[3H]-M-MPEP和10μM非诺班(非特异性结合,图克里斯生物科学公司,目录号2386)一起在室温下孵育10min。通过抽吸终止结合,并且用冰冷的测定缓冲液(4x 5min)洗涤并且允许这些切片风干。经16h时间,使用β成像仪测定在这些切片中结合的放射性的水平。将占用测定为平均特异性结合,其中运载体处理的对照为10%。本发明的某些化合物,例如实例2、实例17和18以剂量依赖的方式占用海马体mGlu5受体,其中估算的ED50值分别为2.8mg/kg(po)、0.3mg/kg(po)和2.9mg/kg(po)。
体内功效测试-石珠掩埋
在小鼠石珠掩埋测试中评估实例17的活性。在石珠掩埋测试前30min,将雄性CD-I小鼠(25-30g)给予实例17(1、3、10和30mg/kg,po;n=15个/组)或运载体(10%solutolHS15+90%(10%(w/v)水性HPβCD;n=15个/组))。在30min后,将小鼠单独置于含有24块小玻璃球(直径-10mm)的笼中,这24块小玻璃球在整个垫层上被均匀间隔开并以格状形式排列。三十分钟后,从笼中去除这些动物,并且计数并记录到至少三分之二被掩埋入木屑中的石珠数量。用邓尼特事后测试(Dunnett's post-hoc test)的单向方差分析(方差分析)显示出与运载体组对比,以10和30mg/kg的剂量掩埋的石珠的数量在统计学上的显著的减少。
Claims (13)
1.一种式(I)、式(II)或式(III)的化合物或其盐在制备用于炎症、神经障碍或精神障碍的疾病的治疗的药物中的用途,
其中R1是卤素、C1-C3烷基、被C1-C3烷氧基取代的C1-C3烷基、C1-C3烷氧基或氰基;
R2是H或F;
R3是H、卤素、C1-C3烷基或氰基;并且
R4是卤素、C1-C3烷基或氰基;并且
n是0-3。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述疾病为偏头痛、肌张力障碍、抑郁症、焦虑性障碍或肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述疾病为偏头痛。
4.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述疾病为肌张力障碍。
5.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述疾病为抑郁症。
6.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述疾病为焦虑性障碍。
7.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述疾病为肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的用途,其中R1是F、Cl、OMe、CH2OMe、Me或氰基。
9.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的用途,其中R1是F、Cl或氰基。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的用途,其中R3是H、Me、F、Cl、或氰基。
11.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的用途,其中R3是H或F。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的用途,其中n是0或1。
13.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的用途,其中该化合物选自由以下组成的组:
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
6-[6-(3-氯-5-氰基苯基)嘧啶-4-基]吡啶-3-甲腈、
3-甲基-5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(哒嗪-3-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-(4,4’-二嘧啶-6-基)-5-氯苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-氯-5-[6-(5-氯吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
5-[6-(吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯-1,3-二甲腈、
3-氯-4-氟-5-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-甲基-5-[6-(5-甲基吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]苯甲腈、
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-(甲氧基甲基)苯甲腈、以及
3-[6-(5-氟吡啶-2-基)嘧啶-4-基]-5-甲氧基苯甲腈。
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TW202412803A (zh) * | 2022-06-24 | 2024-04-01 | 美商騰沛羅生物股份有限公司 | 使用4-(3-氰基苯基)-6-吡啶基嘧啶mglu5負別構調節劑治療物質使用障礙之方法 |
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