CN108293861A - A kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture method - Google Patents
A kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108293861A CN108293861A CN201710889569.1A CN201710889569A CN108293861A CN 108293861 A CN108293861 A CN 108293861A CN 201710889569 A CN201710889569 A CN 201710889569A CN 108293861 A CN108293861 A CN 108293861A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture methods.The present invention realizes that scale, standardized production, and product quality are stablized, is conducive to the development of the green safe high efficiency of watermelon industry by building the measures such as cultivation bed, selection cultivation matrix appropriate, water and fertilizer irrigation automation.It was listed before the Dragon Boat Festival using the watermelon demonstration pilot project of the method for the present invention, more conventional production carries the last week, mu water-saving 30%, average fruit shape index 1.26, center sugared content 12.5%, side sugared content 10.4%, average list melon weight is 2.57kg, first planting melon per mu yield 5500kg or more, demonstration effect is apparent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to crops efficiency cultivation technology for high fields, and in particular to a kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix without
Native cultural method.
Background technology
The watermelon advantage crops traditional as Beijing, industrial advantage are apparent.In recent years, with Beijing Agriculture structure
Adjustment and upgrading, the production to the standardization of watermelon industry, equalization, branding, the operation of differentiation, ecology, high efficiency
Demand more stringent requirements are proposed, also for industrial upgrading development specifying direction.
Beijing area conventional plants growth of watermelon is mainly based on soil cultivation, there is land resources utilization rates low, water
The problems such as serious, occurs for the soil-borne diseases such as fertile utilization rate is low, labor intensity is big, droop and nematode, plants planted with experience in addition
Based on, standardization up-to-dateness is not high.Soilless culture is the effective ways for solving facility watermelon and being punished for being related to, due to nutrient solution prescription
Fixed, water and fertilizer irrigation automation is, it can be achieved that scale, standardized production, and product quality is stablized, and watermelon industry green is conducive to
The development of safe and efficientization.
In view of this, special propose the present invention.
Invention content
It is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture methods.
Technical solution of the present invention is as follows.
A kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture method, including：
(1) cultivation bed is handled with cultivation matrix
1. the structure of cultivation bed；
Using simple cultivation soil box form, it is 45-50cm that cultivation bed specification setting, which is width suitable for reading, and lower mouth width degree is
30-35cm, depth 30-35cm；Layer of plastic film isolation soil is first laid with when cultivation, in slot, film upper layer is laid with one layer
Fly net is thickeied, cultivation matrix is placed on fly net；
2. matrix selects；
Matrix formulations are turf:Perlite:Vermiculite=7:3:4(w/w)；The matrix and chicken manure are pressed 10:1 weight ratio
It is used as cultivation matrix after mixing, is filled in cultivation bed after disinfection；
Further, the usage amount of the cultivation matrix is 15-20kg/m2；
Further, the content of organic matter >=20% in the cultivation matrix；pH5.5-6.5；Full nitrogen (in terms of N) >=0.8%；
Full phosphorus is (with P2O5Meter) >=0.3%；Full potassium is (with K2O is counted) >=0.4%；
It further, can be by prepared cultivation matrix 50% carbendazol wettable powder, 800 times of liquid disinfectants, after mixing
It fills in cultivation bed；
3. liquid manure system；
Drip irrigation zone is spread in each cultivation bed, is applied fertilizer using accurate fertilizing system；
Further, 2 drip irrigation zones, a diameter of 15 millimeters of drip irrigation zone, water outlet interval in parallel laid in each cultivation bed
30 centimetres；Stem application accurate fertilizing system keeps every drip irrigation zone water outlet water outlet uniform, and installs filter device, to prevent
Water outlet blocks；
4. the selection of fertilizer；
Using watermelon special formula A fertilizer, B fertilizer；Potassium nitrate in A fertilizer：Four water-calcium nitrate=7:4(w/w)；Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate in B fertilizer
Hydrogen ammonium：7 water magnesium sulfate=1:1(w/w)；
Further, also contain appropriate trace element commonly used in the art in the A fertilizer, B fertilizer；
Further, the A fertilizer, B fertilizer pH are 5.5-5.8；
Further, A fertilizer, B fertilizer amount of application be respectively 90-100kg/m2；
(2) cultivation management
1. variety selection
Growth selection gesture is strong, premature senescence resistance, commodity are good, the hard meat type of tolerance to low temperature and weak light and comprehensive high-output stress-resistance is small-sized
Variety of watermelon, such as surmount dream, the northern agriculture auspicious, L600 of biography and capital grain husk " etc.；Stock variety is the glad anvil in capital 4；
2. crops for rotation arrangement；
Scion and stock are sowed at the beginning of 2 months, and field planting mid-March, mid or late April pollination, 5 start to harvest below the moon；
3. nursery；
Stock is sowed with scion at the beginning of 2 months, and stock is sowed at 32 hole hole trays, and scion is sowed at seedlings nursing plate；After young plant is appeared, daytime
At 26-28 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is controlled at 15-18 DEG C for temperature control；When 1 leaf of stock, 1 heart, when 2 cotyledon of scion flattens, using amplexiforming
Method is grafted；Control on temperature daytime is at 25-30 DEG C during grafting, night 18-20；Survive rear 20-28 DEG C of temperature daytime, night
Not less than 15 DEG C；It is colonized first 15 days and 7 days difference sprout tumbles is primary, to ensure seedling regularity；It is colonized the last week hardening, by temperature
Control is at 20 DEG C or so of daytime, 10-12 DEG C of night；
4. preparing before field planting；
Greenhouse is buckled well being colonized by the previous moon, is enclosed under the air port on greenhouse thing both sides and is covered the double-deck canopy film, kept the temperature with profit；2 months
The last ten-days period insert the cultivation matrix in cultivation bed, drip irrigation zone (such as 2) in parallel laid in each cultivation bed；First 10 days of field planting
Cultivation matrix is irrigated；
5. rational close planting；
When ground temperature is up to 15 DEG C or more in early or mid March, canopy, when 31 heart of leaf of melon seedling, is colonized；It is pruned using " a main side "
Mode, that is, first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine are supported, and a seedling stays a melon；Duplicate rows is colonized, spacing in the rows 25-30cm (such as
30cm), per 667m2It can be 1700-2100 plants (such as 2000 plants) to be colonized strain number；The fine day morning is selected to be colonized, seedling from nutritive cube
It takes out, moves into the definite value cave that the same day accomplishes fluently, put watermelon special slow release pesticide " one plant a piece of " in cave well in advance；After field planting, drop
Water (10min) is poured, Small plastic shed heat preservation is built, to improve transplanting survival rate；
6. field management
6.1CO2Fertilising
Using particle CO2Gas fertilizer is as used " Jin Lingshuan " board hanging bag type CO2Preferably, this method is easy to operate for gas fertilizer, nontoxic,
It is nuisanceless, per 667m2Uniformly hanging " Jin Lingshuan " board CO2Gas fertilizer 20 bags (about 2kg), the term of validity about 30 days, a Growing season is applied altogether
With 2 times (about 4kg)；
6.2 temperature and humidity management
6.2.1 temperature management
Seedling-slowing stage：Based on heat preservation, 25-30 DEG C of day temperature is kept, 10 DEG C of night temperature or more can when noon temperature is higher than 30 DEG C
It takes off arch shed membrane suitably to leak informaton, night temperature can remove Small plastic shed when being higher than 10 DEG C or more；Keep " double curtains " closing until slow seedling knot at this time
Beam；
Stretch the climing phase：Day temperature is kept for 28-30 DEG C, and night temperature is maintained at 12 DEG C or more, relies primarily on regulation and control two crosswind mouths of greenhouse
" double curtains " air port temperature control；Logical very night temperature is stablized at 15 DEG C or more, removes " double curtains "；
Bear fruit the phase：Day temperature is maintained between 28-35 DEG C, and night temperature is maintained at 15-20 DEG C, to ensure that plant normally blooms knot
Fruit can be not related to air port when nighttime temperature is at 20 DEG C or more；
6.2.2 moisture management
Its best field capacity of watermelon is most economical in 60%-80%, and different growing is different, and seedling stage is
65%, it stretches the climing phase 70%, fruit expanding period 75%；Watermelon requires to be air-dried, and suitable relative air humidity is 50%-
60%；There was dampness in the air then grows thin and weak, and fruit-setting rate is low, and poor quality easily induces disease；
6.3 water and fertilizer management
(1) pH and EC values control
EC values (soluble-salt concentration)：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix EC value controls between 1.5-2.5ms/cm；Seedling
Phase EC value controls between 1.5-1.8ms/cm；Climing phase EC values control is stretched between 1.8-2.0ms/cm；Phase EC value of bearing fruit controls
Between 2.0-2.5ms/cm；
PH value：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix pH value controls between 5.5-6.0；Seedling stage pH value is controlled in 5.5-5.8；
Climing phase pH value control is stretched between 5.8-6.0；Phase pH value of bearing fruit controls between 5.8-6.0；
(2) different growing nutrition liquid irrigation strategy
Nutrient solution generally takes Japanese garden formula formula and Si Tainai to be formulated；The last week is harvested, irrigation volume is reduced, improves fruit
Quality；
Specific irrigation strategy is as follows：
6.4 Plant adjustment
Using " a main side " training type, that is, first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine is supported, and a seedling stays a melon；Work as master
Climing length starts to hang climing to 80cm；It in addition to staying main stem, then selects and remain that the healthy and strong son of base portion 1 is climing to be used as lateral bine, removes that its minor is climing and grandson
It is climing；Main stem lower curtate is wound on when lateral bine is grown to 50cm to improve planting density, the lateral bine first planting does not tie melon and is only used as nutrition branch, 20
It pinches off young shoots when leaf or so, is beared fruit the nutrient consumption of phase with reducing main stem；To shift to an earlier date the Time To Market of main stem first planting melon, first planting melon is improved
Planting benefit；
6.5 flower and fruit protecting
First planting melon generally chooses main stem second and third female flower and pollinates, since early spring temperature is low, it is difficult to sit melon, artificial
Pollination is outer, can suitably spray " very good " board and bear fruit spirit to improve seat melon rate；Artificial pollination is preferably selected in the progress of fine day 9-11 points；Pollination
After mark, indicate pollination date；After watermelon is beared fruit, the watermelon that fruit shape in main stem is straight, and bristle is evenly distributed is selected and remain, and
When extract malformed fruit, to reduce nutrient consumption, every melon seedling of first planting melon selects and remain 1 melon；
6.6 two-batch melon continuous croppings are beared fruit
When first planting melon 8-9 maturations, lateral bine top starts long thick, and larger female of a collection of melon tire occur in main stem and lateral bine
Flower, using artificial supplementary pollination or honeybee pollination, irrigation strategy is consistent with first planting melon；Open greenhouse both ends and against the wind with waist wind
Mouthful, high temperature and humidity is avoided, reduces the generation of pest and disease damage, while can suitably open lower margin air port, increases ventilation quantity；Meet the rainy day when and
When close air port, avoid rain pour leaching melon seedling；
6.7 the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；
The spring prevention of greenhouse small watermelon pest and disease damage need to follow the principle of " putting prevention first, integrated control ", accomplish it is diligent observation,
It is early to prevent；Seedling stage Major Diseases have damping-off, samping off and droop etc.；Later stage Major Diseases have blight dis-ease, droop and white
Powder disease etc.；Major Pests have red spider, aphid and thrips etc.；Damping-off can be selected hymexazol and cough up the prevention of bacterium ester；Samping off can
It is prevented with Propamocarb and trichoderma harzianum；Droop can use Prochloraz and hymexazol to prevent；Blight dis-ease can use fluopyram and
Difenoconazole is prevented；Powdery mildew can use Flusilazole, kresoxim-methyl and fluorine bacterium azoles prevention；Red spider can be prevented with Bifenazate, aphid
Worm and thrips can use imidacloprid and Diacloden to prevent；
6.8 harvestings in time；
Ripe, mid or late May concentration listing, about 30 days or so after the pollination of two-batch melon melon in about 35-40 days after the pollination of first planting melon
Maturation, it is two-batch melon thin skin, easy to crack generally in mid or late June maturation, it can generally be harvested in 8~9 maturation；Root is answered when harvesting
It is harvested by stages and in groups according to pollination label；After harvesting and time stage, packaging list.
The experiment and demonstration for carrying out small-size soilless cultivating technology in 2015 using the method for the present invention, spring greenhouse is small within 2017
Type watermelon demonstration pilot project listed before the Dragon Boat Festival, and more conventional produce carries the last week, mu water-saving 30%, average fruit shape index 1.26, in
Heart sugared content 12.5%, side sugared content 10.4%, average list melon weight is 2.57kg, first planting melon per mu yield 5500kg or more.Demonstration
It is with obvious effects.
The method of the present invention is particularly suitable for promoting in Beijing area.
Specific implementation mode
The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention..It is not specified in embodiment specific
Technology or condition person carry out according to technology or condition described in document in the art, or according to product description.It is used
Production firm person is not specified in reagent or instrument, is the conventional products that can be commercially available by regular distributor.
Embodiment 1
One, cultivation bed and cultivation matrix processing method
1. the structure of cultivation bed.
Using simple cultivation soil box form, it is 45-50cm that cultivation bed specification setting, which is width suitable for reading, and lower mouth width degree is
30-35cm, depth 30-35cm.Layer of plastic film isolation soil is first laid with when cultivation, in slot, film upper layer is laid with one layer
Fly net is thickeied, matrix is placed on fly net.
2. matrix selects.
Matrix formulations are turf:Perlite:Vermiculite=7:3:4, the matrix and chicken manure are pressed 10:1 weight ratio mixing
It is used as cultivation matrix afterwards；The usage amount of the cultivation matrix is 15kg/m2；
By prepared cultivation matrix 50% carbendazol wettable powder, 800 times of liquid disinfectants, cultivation bed is filled in after mixing
In.
3. liquid manure system.
2 drip irrigation zones, a diameter of 15 millimeters of drip irrigation zone, 30 centimetres of water outlet interval in parallel laid in each cultivation bed.It is first
Portion applies accurate fertilizing system, keeps every drip irrigation zone water outlet water outlet uniform, and install filter device, to prevent water outlet stifled
Plug.
4. the selection of fertilizer.
Using watermelon special formula A, B fertilizer.(A：Potassium nitrate：Four water-calcium nitrate=7:4；B fertilizer：Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate：7 water sulphur
Sour magnesium=1:1.Trace element, pH are added in two kinds of fertilizer：5.5-5.8)
Two, cultivation management
1. variety selection
Since cultivation crops for rotation are spring greenhouse：Growth potential is strong, premature senescence resistance, commodity are good, tolerance to low temperature and weak light and comprehensive degeneration-resistant energy
The strong hard meat type small watermelon kind of power, which mainly has, surmounts dream, the northern agriculture auspicious, L600 of biography and capital grain husk "；Stock variety is that capital is glad
Anvil 4.
2. crops for rotation arrangement
Scion and stock are sowed at the beginning of 2 months, and field planting mid-March, mid or late April pollination, 5 start to harvest below the moon.
3. nursery
Stock is sowed with scion at the beginning of 2 months, and stock is sowed at 32 hole hole trays, and scion is sowed at seedlings nursing plate.After young plant is appeared, daytime
At 26-28 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is controlled at 15-18 DEG C for temperature control.When 1 leaf of stock, 1 heart, when 2 cotyledon of scion flattens, using amplexiforming
Method is grafted.Control on temperature daytime is at 25-30 DEG C during grafting, night 18-20.Survive rear 20-28 DEG C of temperature daytime, night
Not less than 15 DEG C.It is colonized first 15 days and 7 days difference sprout tumbles is primary, to ensure seedling regularity；It is colonized the last week hardening, by temperature
Control is at 20 DEG C or so of daytime, 10-12 DEG C of night.
4. preparing before field planting
Greenhouse is buckled well being colonized by the previous moon, is enclosed under the air port on greenhouse thing both sides and is covered the double-deck canopy film, kept the temperature with profit.2 months
The last ten-days period will cultivate in dedicated substrate filling cultivation bed, 2 drip irrigation zones in parallel laid in each cultivation bed.Field planting first 10 days will cultivation
Matrix irrigates.
5. rational close planting
When ground temperature is up to 15 DEG C or more in early or mid March, canopy, when 31 heart of leaf of melon seedling, is colonized.It is pruned using " a main side "
Mode, that is, first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine are supported, and a seedling stays a melon.Duplicate rows is colonized, spacing in the rows 30cm, per 667m2Field planting
Strain number can be 2000 plants, and the fine day morning is selected to be colonized, and seedling is taken out from nutritive cube, is moved into the definite value cave that the same day accomplishes fluently, in cave in advance
Put watermelon special slow release pesticide " one plant a piece of " well.After field planting, trickle irrigation watering 10min builds Small plastic shed heat preservation, to improve transplanting
Survival rate.
6. field management
6.1CO2Fertilising
Using particle CO2Gas fertilizer is as used " Jin Lingshuan " board hanging bag type CO2Preferably, this method is easy to operate for gas fertilizer, nontoxic,
It is nuisanceless, per 667m2Uniformly hanging " Jin Lingshuan " board CO2Gas fertilizer 20 bags (about 2kg), the term of validity about 30 days, a Growing season is applied altogether
With 2 times (about 4kg).
6.2 temperature and humidity management
6.2.1 temperature management
Seedling-slowing stage keeps 25-30 DEG C of day temperature, 10 DEG C of night temperature or more can when noon temperature is higher than 30 DEG C based on keeping the temperature
It takes off arch shed membrane suitably to leak informaton, night temperature can remove Small plastic shed when being higher than 10 DEG C or more.Keep " double curtains " closing until slow seedling knot at this time
Beam.Stretch the climing phase：Day temperature is kept for 28-30 DEG C, and night temperature is maintained at 12 DEG C or more, relies primarily on regulation and control two crosswind mouths of greenhouse and " double
Curtain " air port temperature control.Logical very night temperature is stablized at 15 DEG C or more, removes " double curtains ".Bear fruit the phase：Day temperature is maintained between 28-35 DEG C,
Night temperature is maintained at 15-20 DEG C, to ensure that plant normally yields positive results, can be not related to air port when nighttime temperature is at 20 DEG C or more.
6.2.2 moisture management
Its best field capacity of watermelon is most economical in 60%-80%, and different growing is different, and seedling stage is
65%, it stretches the climing phase 70%, fruit expanding period 75%；Watermelon requires to be air-dried, and suitable relative air humidity is 50%-
60%.There was dampness in the air then grows thin and weak, and fruit-setting rate is low, and poor quality easily induces disease.
6.3 water and fertilizer management
(1) pH and EC values control
EC values (soluble-salt concentration)：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix EC value controls between 1.5-2.5ms/cm.Seedling
Phase EC value controls between 1.5-1.8ms/cm；Climing phase EC values control is stretched between 1.8-2.0ms/cm；Phase EC value of bearing fruit controls
Between 2.0-2.5ms/cm.
PH value：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix pH value controls between 5.5-6.0.Seedling stage pH value is controlled in 5.5-5.8；
Climing phase pH value control is stretched between 5.8-6.0；Phase pH value of bearing fruit controls between 5.8-6.0.
(2) different growing nutrition liquid irrigation strategy
Nutrient solution prescription selects the formula of nutrient solution that Japanese garden formula formula and Si Tainai is generally taken to be formulated.According to nutrient solution
Formula research and development watermelon special formula fertilizer A and B, (A fertilizer：Potassium nitrate:Four water-calcium nitrate=7:4, w/w；B fertilizer：Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate:7 water
Magnesium sulfate=1:1, w/w.Trace element, pH are added in two kinds of fertilizer：5.5-5.8).The last week is harvested, irrigation volume is reduced, is improved
Fruit quality.
Specific irrigation strategy is as follows：
6.4 Plant adjustment
Using " a main side " training type, that is, first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine is supported, and a seedling stays a melon.Work as master
Climing length starts to hang climing to 80cm.It in addition to staying main stem, then selects and remain that the healthy and strong son of base portion 1 is climing to be used as lateral bine, removes that its minor is climing and grandson
It is climing.Main stem lower curtate is wound on when lateral bine is grown to 50cm to improve planting density, the lateral bine first planting does not tie melon and is only used as nutrition branch, 20
It pinches off young shoots when leaf or so, is beared fruit the nutrient consumption of phase with reducing main stem.To shift to an earlier date the Time To Market of main stem first planting melon, first planting melon is improved
Planting benefit.
6.5 flower and fruit protecting
First planting melon generally chooses main stem second and third female flower and pollinates, since early spring temperature is low, it is difficult to sit melon, artificial
Pollination is outer, can suitably spray " very good " board and bear fruit spirit to improve seat melon rate.Artificial pollination is preferably selected in the progress of fine day 9-11 points.Pollination
After mark, indicate pollination date.After watermelon is beared fruit, the watermelon that fruit shape in main stem is straight, and bristle is evenly distributed is selected and remain, and
When extract malformed fruit, to reduce nutrient consumption, every melon seedling of first planting melon selects and remain 1 melon.
6.6 two-batch melon continuous croppings are beared fruit
When first planting melon 8-9 maturations, lateral bine top starts long thick, and larger female of a collection of melon tire occur in main stem and lateral bine
Flower, using artificial supplementary pollination or honeybee pollination, irrigation strategy is consistent with first planting melon.Open greenhouse both ends and against the wind with waist wind
Mouthful, high temperature and humidity is avoided, reduces the generation of pest and disease damage, while can suitably open lower margin air port, increases ventilation quantity.Meet the rainy day when and
When close air port, avoid rain pour leaching melon seedling.
6.7 the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
The spring prevention of greenhouse small watermelon pest and disease damage need to follow the principle of " putting prevention first, integrated control ", accomplish it is diligent observation,
It is early to prevent.Seedling stage Major Diseases have damping-off, samping off and droop etc..Later stage Major Diseases have blight dis-ease, droop and white
Powder disease etc.；Major Pests have red spider, aphid and thrips etc..Damping-off can be selected hymexazol and cough up the prevention of bacterium ester；Samping off can
It is prevented with Propamocarb and trichoderma harzianum；Droop can use Prochloraz and hymexazol to prevent；Blight dis-ease can use fluopyram and
Difenoconazole is prevented；Powdery mildew can use Flusilazole, kresoxim-methyl and fluorine bacterium azoles prevention.Red spider can be prevented with Bifenazate, aphid
Worm and thrips can use imidacloprid and Diacloden to prevent.
6.8 harvestings in time
Ripe, mid or late May concentration listing, about 30 days or so after the pollination of two-batch melon melon in about 35-40 days after the pollination of first planting melon
Maturation, it is two-batch melon thin skin, easy to crack generally in mid or late June maturation, it can generally be harvested in 8~9 maturation.Root is answered when harvesting
It is harvested by stages and in groups according to pollination label.After harvesting and time stage, packaging list.
Experimental example
Respectively (cultivation matrix and water and fertilizer irrigation described in embodiment are not used by 1 method of the embodiment of the present invention and conventional method
Method, other conditions are same as Example 1) contrast test cultivated in identical plot, it as a result see the table below (each testing index
It is detected by this field conventional method).
| Testing index | Embodiment 1 (soilless culture) | Conventional cultivation |
| Yield/667m2 | 5657kg | 5000kg |
| Single melon weight | 2.57kg | 2.28kg |
| Center sugared content | 12.5% | 12.3% |
| Side sugared content | 10.4% | 10.5% |
| Water consumption/667m2 | 98 sides | 140 sides |
| Fertilizer amount/667m2 | 100kg | 90kg |
| Rate of Organic Fertilizer/667m2 | 3 sides | 6 sides |
| With number/667m2 | 20 | 25 |
Although above the present invention is described in detail with a general description of the specific embodiments,
On the basis of the present invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Cause
This, these modifications or improvements, belong to the scope of protection of present invention without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of spring greenhouse small watermelon mixed-matrix soilless culture method, which is characterized in that including：
(1) cultivation bed is handled with cultivation matrix
1. the structure of cultivation bed；
Using simple cultivation soil box form, cultivation bed specification setting is that width suitable for reading is 45-50cm, and lower mouth width degree is 30-
35cm, depth 30-35cm；Layer of plastic film isolation soil is first laid with when cultivation, in slot, film upper layer is laid with one layer of thickening
Fly net, cultivation matrix are placed on fly net；
2. matrix selects；
Matrix formulations are turf:Perlite:Vermiculite=7:3:4(w/w)；The matrix and chicken manure are pressed 10:1 weight ratio mixing
It is used as cultivation matrix afterwards, is filled in cultivation bed after disinfection；
3. liquid manure system；
Drip irrigation zone is spread in each cultivation bed, is applied fertilizer using accurate fertilizing system；
4. the selection of fertilizer；
Using watermelon special formula A fertilizer, B fertilizer；Potassium nitrate in A fertilizer：Four water-calcium nitrate=7:4(w/w)；Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in B fertilizer：
7 water magnesium sulfate=1:1(w/w)；
(2) cultivation management
1. variety selection
Growth selection gesture is strong, premature senescence resistance, commodity are good, the hard meat type small watermelon of tolerance to low temperature and weak light and comprehensive high-output stress-resistance
Kind；
2. crops for rotation arrangement；
Scion and stock are sowed at the beginning of 2 months, and field planting mid-March, mid or late April pollination, 5 start to harvest below the moon；
3. nursery；
4. preparing before field planting；
Greenhouse is buckled well being colonized by the previous moon, is kept the temperature；Late Febuary inserts the cultivation matrix in cultivation bed, each cultivation bed
Drip irrigation zone in interior parallel laid；Field planting irrigates cultivation matrix in first 10 days；
5. rational close planting；
When ground temperature is up to 15 DEG C or more in early or mid March, canopy, when 31 heart of leaf of melon seedling, is colonized；Using " a main side " training type
That is first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine are supported, and a seedling stays a melon；Duplicate rows is colonized, spacing in the rows 25-30cm, per 667m2It is colonized strain
Number is 1700-2100 plants；It selects the fine day morning to be colonized, seedling is taken out from nutritive cube, is moved into the definite value cave that the same day accomplishes fluently, thing in cave
First put watermelon special slow release pesticide " one plant a piece of " well；After field planting, Small plastic shed heat preservation is built in trickle irrigation watering；
6. field management
6.1CO2Fertilising
CO is increased after watermelon is colonized slow seedling2Gas fertilizer, per 667m2Uniformly hanging about 2kg, the term of validity about 30d, a Growing season are total
Using 2 times；
6.2 temperature and humidity management
6.2.1 temperature management
Seedling-slowing stage：Based on heat preservation, keep 25-30 DEG C of day temperature, 10 DEG C of night temperature or more that can take off arch when noon temperature is higher than 30 DEG C
Canopy film is suitably leaked informaton, and night temperature can remove Small plastic shed when being higher than 10 DEG C or more；" double curtains " closing is kept at this time until slow seedling terminates；
Stretch the climing phase：Day temperature is kept for 28-30 DEG C, and night temperature is maintained at 12 DEG C or more, relies primarily on regulation and control two crosswind mouths of greenhouse and " double
Curtain " air port temperature control；Logical very night temperature is stablized at 15 DEG C or more, removes " double curtains "；
Bear fruit the phase：Day temperature is maintained between 28-35 DEG C, and night temperature is maintained at 15-20 DEG C, to ensure that plant normally yields positive results, when
Nighttime temperature can be not related to air port at 20 DEG C or more；
6.2.2 moisture management
Field capacity is controlled in 60%-80%；Wherein, seedling stage 65% is stretched the climing phase 70%, fruit expanding period 75%；Control
Relative air humidity is 50%-60%；
6.3 water and fertilizer management
(1) pH and EC values control
EC values：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix EC value controls between 1.5-2.5ms/cm；Seedling stage EC value is controlled in 1.5-
Between 1.8ms/cm；Climing phase EC values control is stretched between 1.8-2.0ms/cm；Phase EC value of bearing fruit control 2.0-2.5ms/cm it
Between；
PH value：Entire breeding time cultivation matrix pH value controls between 5.5-6.0；Seedling stage pH value is controlled in 5.5-5.8；It stretches climing
Phase pH value controls between 5.8-6.0；Phase pH value of bearing fruit controls between 5.8-6.0；
(2) different growing nutrition liquid irrigation strategy
Nutrient solution takes Japanese garden formula formula and Si Tainai to be formulated；The last week is harvested, irrigation volume is reduced；
6.4 Plant adjustment；
6.5 flower and fruit protecting；
6.6 two-batch melon continuous cropping is beared fruit；
6.7 the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；
6.8 harvestings in time.
2. cultural method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the usage amount of the cultivation matrix is 15-20kg/m2；
Preferably, the content of organic matter >=20% in the cultivation matrix；pH5.5-6.5；Full nitrogen (in terms of N) >=0.8%；Full phosphorus is (with P2O5
Meter) >=0.3%；Full potassium is (with K2O is counted) >=0.4%.
3. cultural method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that A fertilizer, B fertilizer amount of application be respectively 90-
100kg/m2；Preferably, the A fertilizer, B fertilizer pH are 5.5-5.8；
Preferably, also contain appropriate trace element commonly used in the art in the A fertilizer, B fertilizer.
4. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that cultivar, which is selected from, surmounts dream, north
Agriculture passes the auspicious, capital L600 grain husk "；Stock variety is the glad anvil in capital 4.
5. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that method for culturing seedlings includes：Stock and scion
Sowing, stock are sowed at 32 hole hole trays at the beginning of 2 months, and scion is sowed at seedlings nursing plate；After young plant is appeared, day temperature is controlled at 26-28 DEG C,
Nocturnal temperature is controlled at 15-18 DEG C；When 1 leaf of stock, 1 heart is grafted when 2 cotyledon of scion flattens using pith-cambium grafting method；Grafting time
Between control on temperature daytime at 25-30 DEG C, night 18-20；Rear 20-28 DEG C of temperature daytime is survived, night is not less than 15 DEG C；Before field planting
15 days and 7 days difference sprout tumbles it is primary, to ensure seedling regularity；It is colonized the last week hardening, temperature is controlled on 20 DEG C of left sides on daytime
The right side, 10-12 DEG C of night.
6. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that irrigation strategy is as follows：
7. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that the Plant adjustment includes：Using " one
Main side " training type, that is, first planting melon main stem knot melon, lateral bine are supported, and a seedling stays a melon；It grows to 80cm and starts when main stem
It hangs climing；It in addition to staying main stem, then selects and remain that the healthy and strong son of base portion 1 is climing to be used as lateral bine, removes that its minor is climing and grandson is climing；When lateral bine grow to
Main stem lower curtate is wound on when 50cm to improve planting density, the lateral bine first planting does not tie melon and is only used as nutrition branch, and whens 20 leaves or so pinches off young shoots.
8. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that the flower and fruit protecting includes：First planting melon
General second and third female flower of selection main stem is pollinated；Artificial pollination is preferably selected in the progress of fine day 9-11 points；After watermelon is beared fruit,
The watermelon that fruit shape in main stem is straight, and bristle is evenly distributed is selected and remain, extracts malformed fruit in time, every melon seedling of first planting melon selects and remain 1 melon.
9. according to claim 1-3 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that the two-batch melon continuous cropping bear fruit including：
When first planting melon 8-9 maturations, lateral bine top starts length slightly, and the larger female flower of a collection of melon tire occur in main stem and lateral bine, using people
Work supple-mentary pollination or honeybee pollination, irrigation strategy are consistent with first planting melon；It opens greenhouse both ends and against the wind with waist air port, avoids high temperature
High humidity reduces the generation of pest and disease damage, while can suitably open lower margin air port, increases ventilation quantity；Air port is closed in time when meeting the rainy day,
Rain is avoided to pour leaching melon seedling.
10. according to claim 1-9 any one of them cultural methods, which is characterized in that implement in Beijing area.
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