CN102986431A - Method for cultivating watermelons in special shapes in pots in greenhouse without using soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for soilless cultivation of special-shaped watermelon pots in greenhouses. Choose sandy loam soil with flat terrain, fertile soil, and good irrigation and drainage to build a greenhouse, and plant it in a flowerpot with a diameter of 40 cm. Seedlings are grown in plug trays, and the seedling cultivation medium is made of fafard peat, perlite and carbendazim in a mass ratio of 200:50:1; when the seedlings grow to two cotyledons, they are transplanted into flowerpots and grown by hanging vines , 2 to 3 vines are pruned, artificially assisted pollination is carried out before 10 am every day, and the fruit will be set a week after pollination. Use non-toxic polypropylene plastic to make heterosexual watermelon molds. After pollination for 10-15 days, select young fruits with correct fruit shape and long fruit handle to set the mold. Turn the mold every 5 days or so, and the watermelon will fully grow into the shape of the mold in the mold. And it can be harvested when it is eight mature. The invention is suitable for the production of special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses of pollution-free agricultural products, which ensures high-quality and high-yield watermelon crops, enhances their ornamental properties, realizes high-grade production, and improves farmers' production benefits.

Description

A soilless cultivation method for special-shaped watermelons in pots and pots

technical field

The invention relates to a soilless cultivation method for special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses and pots, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation. the

Background technique

With the deepening of my country's reform and opening up, the rapid development of tourism and the improvement of the living standards of urban and rural residents, the watermelon market tends to be high-end, miniaturized, and high-quality. In the case of severe oversupply in the agricultural product market, it has become the consensus of farmers to win by quality. Control the total amount and improve the quality. Get higher income. Become a new way to win the market. At present, the cultivation technology of watermelons in greenhouses has been used in large-scale production of watermelons. This method proposes a soilless cultivation method for pots and pots of special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses, which fills the technical gap in this field. the

Contents of the invention

technical problem:

The object of the present invention is to provide a pot soilless cultivation method for special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses, which is suitable for large-scale production of non-polluting agricultural products special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses. The watermelon crops are made of high-quality and high-yield, and its ornamental value is enhanced to realize high-grade production and improve farmers' production efficiency.

Technical solutions:

A pot soilless cultivation method for heterosexual watermelons in greenhouses, involving from greenhouse construction, seedling cultivation, transplanting, melon field management, special-shaped watermelon mold box production, melon selection and mold loading, management after mold loading, integrated pest control to harvesting The complete set of production technology is suitable for the production of special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses for pollution-free agricultural products, and is characterized in that:

(1) Greenhouse construction: It is advisable to choose sandy loam with flat terrain, fertile soil, and good irrigation and drainage. The width of the bamboo and wood greenhouse is 4.5m, the height is 1.8m～2.2m, the arch spacing is 0.6cm～0.8cm; the steel frame greenhouse arch spacing is 0.8cm～1.0cm, the span is 6m～8m, the shoulder height is 1.4m～1.8m, and the shed height is 2.5 m ~ 3.2m.

(2) Seedling cultivation: Seedling cultivation is carried out in plug trays, using a substrate mixed with fafard peat, perlite and carbendazim in a mass ratio of 200:50:1. the

(3) Transplanting: general spring planting is from late February to mid-March, and summer and autumn planting is from late July to early August. Plant in flowerpots with a diameter of 40cm. Before planting, dig the ground deeply in the greenhouse to make three deep grooves for placing flowerpots, with a width and depth of about 45cm, and place the flowerpots in sequence; the planting substrate is peat No. 1 planted by fafard. the

(4) Melon field management: replenish seedlings in time during the slow seedling stage. The temperature in the greenhouse during the day is controlled at about 25°C to 32°C, and the temperature at night is not lower than 13°C. No need for watering. During the stretching period, the daytime temperature is 25°C to 28°C, and the nighttime temperature is not lower than 15°C. Use 2-3 vines for pruning, hang the vines when the melon vines grow to 40cm-50cm, and then hang them every 4-6 sections. Remove the melon branches in time before fruit setting. During the flowering and fruit setting period, the temperature should be kept at 28°C to 32°C during the day and not lower than 15°C at night. Artificial assisted pollination was carried out before 10 am every day. Fruit set a week after pollination. Choose to keep the second or third female flower for fruit setting, and one plant can keep 2 or more fruits. the

(5) Mold making: non-toxic polypropylene plastic with light transmission, ventilation and expansion resistance should be used for making special-shaped watermelon molds. The top of the mold is provided with an air vent, and the center of the mold is provided with an opening to facilitate the insertion of the fruit handle. The preferred thickness is 0.4-0.5 cm. The wall thickness is 0.4 cm, the screw hole diameter is 0.4 cm, the screw hole spacing is 2.5 cm to 3.5 cm, and the bolting side width of the two halves of the mold box is ≥ 1 cm. It is suitable for 1kg～2kg small fruit watermelon varieties. The special-shaped watermelon mold is heart-shaped, square, cylindrical or triangular. the

(6) Selecting melons and loading molds: 10-15 days after pollination, select young fruits with correct fruit shape and long fruit handles to start molding, each plant contains 1-2 fruits, and each mold contains one young fruit; if one The plant has 2 positive-type fruits, and the time difference before and after loading the mold is 1-2 days; the

(7) Management after mold installation: After mold installation, turn over every 5 days or so to make it receive light evenly, and let the water accumulated in the mold drain out of the box to prevent the watermelon in the box from rotting. the

(8) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: The main diseases are damping-off, anthracnose, and viral diseases; the main pests are seed flies, melon aphids, and melon spider mites. Mainly agricultural control, physical control, biological control, supplemented by chemical control. the

(9) Harvesting: According to the characteristics of the selected varieties, the watermelon can be harvested when it has fully grown into the shape of the mold in the mold and is half mature. the

The key point of the present invention lies in the selection of the mould, which is particularly suitable for watermelons with a size of 1-2kg. The mould, at first, has light transmission and ventilation, and is provided with air vents to prevent the watermelon from rotting. The choice of mold loading time is very important, generally 10-15 days after pollination. the

the

Beneficial effect

The advantages of the present invention are:

1. The use of plug-in trays has a high seedling rate, and the seedlings are uniform and strong; it saves planting and cost, and increases production efficiency; it is easy to operate and easy to promote; it is convenient for transportation and can realize centralized supply of seedlings.

2. Fafard peat in seedling raising and planting substrates is prepared by adding appropriate amount of wetting agent and nutrient starter to pure moss peat. Fafard peat with a pH value of 5.5-6.5 also adds a wetting agent to make the medium fully and quickly wet. A nutrient starter is added, a water-soluble nutrient, which can ensure the supply of nutrients required for early growth of seeds and seedlings within 7 to 14 days, and the germination rate and survival rate are improved. The perlite in the substrate is porous, has adsorption capacity, can be used as a fertilizer moisture carrier, and has good water retention and ventilation functions. Fafard peat can provide the nutrients needed for seedling growth, and carbendazim can kill most of the bacteria in the substrate. the

3. Use soilless cultivation methods to improve the efficiency per unit area of agricultural products, and establish efficient agriculture that adapts to the market economy

4. The mold is made of non-toxic polypropylene plastic with light transmission, ventilation and expansion resistance. It is non-toxic and harmless, has good mechanical properties, high hardness, good bending fatigue resistance, convenient and quick mold making, and a long service life. reusable.

4. The invention realizes the production of special-shaped watermelons in greenhouses for pollution-free agricultural products, makes the watermelon crops high-quality, high-yield, and uniform, and enhances its ornamental quality, realizes high-grade production, and improves farmers' production efficiency. the

Description of drawings:

Fig. 1 is a top view schematic diagram of a heart-shaped mold of the present invention;

Figure 2 is a schematic side view of a cylindrical mold

Figure 3 is a schematic side view of a square mold

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of a triangular mold top view;

Wherein 1 is a mold, 2 is a drainage hole, 3 is an opening, and 4 is a screw hole.

Detailed ways

The content of the present invention is specifically described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:

The following examples refer to the materials:

Substrate: fafard peat and fafard planting No. 1 peat are processed and produced by Fafard Company in Canada, and can be purchased from Zhejiang Hongyue Flower Co., Ltd.;

Compound fertilizer (potassium sulfate type): Hubei Yangfeng Co., Ltd.

Example 1

1) Choose sandy loam soil with flat terrain, fertile soil, and good irrigation and drainage. The width of the bamboo and wood greenhouse is 4.5m, the height is 1.8m～2.2m, the arch spacing is 0.6cm～0.8cm; the steel frame greenhouse arch spacing is 0.8cm～1.0cm, the span is 6m～8m, the shoulder height is 1.4m～1.8m, and the shed height is 2.5 m ~ 3.2m.

2) Use plugs for seedling cultivation, generally use 50-hole plugs, and the size of the plugs is 540mm×280mm×5.5mm. Choose a field with high terrain, leeward to the sun, and convenient drainage and irrigation, and make a seedling bed. The width of the bed is 1.8-2.4m, and the length depends on the amount of seedlings. 1000 watermelon seedlings need a seedbed area of 3-4m. Mix fafard peat, perlite and carbendazim in a mass ratio of 200:50:1 as a substrate, mix and stir evenly, make it fluffy and put it into the plug tray, and scrape off the excess substrate on the tray. After installation, pour enough water evenly to make the matrix sink naturally, then make a hole with a depth of 1cm in the center of the hole, put the watermelon seeds in the middle of the small hole of the hole, 1 hole and 1 grain, and then cover it with the matrix and wipe it Flat and neatly arranged on the seedbed. The temperature is controlled at 28-32°C during the day and 20-25°C at night. The watermelon will emerge in 5-6 days. At this time, the film on the surface of the seedbed should be removed in time, and the temperature should be cooled appropriately. The temperature should be kept at 22-24°C during the day and 15-18°C at night. Pay attention to shelling in time after emergence. the

3) Transplanting, generally from late February to mid-March for spring planting, and from late July to early August for summer and autumn planting. Plant in flowerpots with a diameter of 40cm. Before planting, dig the ground deeply in the greenhouse to make three deep grooves for placing flowerpots, with a width and depth of about 45cm, and place the flowerpots in sequence; the planting substrate is peat No. 1 planted by fafard. When the seedlings grow to the stage of two leaves and one heart, they can be planted and transplanted. The seedlings are hardened before planting. Hardening the seedlings can shorten the time for seedlings to slow down, which is beneficial to the survival of the seedlings. The method is to let the seedlings fully receive the light before raising the seedlings, gradually reduce the temperature, increase the temperature difference management, gradually increase the ventilation, and try not to water during the hardening period. Watermelon matrix seedlings have a well-developed root system and can form a tight root lump. When raising the seedlings, the root lumps are taken out together with the substrate. In order to facilitate the raising of the seedlings, watering can be done in an appropriate amount 1 day before the raising of the seedlings. the

4) Replenish the seedlings in time during the slow seedling stage of melons. The temperature in the greenhouse during the day is controlled at about 25°C to 32°C, and the temperature at night is not lower than 13°C. No need for watering. During the stretching period, the daytime temperature is 25°C to 28°C, and the nighttime temperature is not lower than 15°C. Water once after slowing down the seedlings. If the ground is dry, water again when the melon vine grows to 30cm-40cm. Combined with watering, apply 10kg of compound fertilizer per 667 square meters, and apply in furrows or holes 10cm away from melon roots on the side of the melon ditch. Use 2 to 3 vines for pruning. When the melon vine grows to 40cm to 50cm, hang the vine, and then hang it every 4 to 6 knots. Remove the melon branches in time before fruit setting. During the flowering and fruit setting period, the temperature should be kept at 28°C to 32°C during the day and not lower than 15°C at night. Do not topdress and control watering. Artificial assisted pollination was carried out before 10 am every day. Fruit set a week after pollination. Choose to keep the second or third female flower for fruit setting, and one plant can keep 2 or more fruits. the

5) The non-toxic polypropylene plastic with light transmission, ventilation and expansion resistance should be used for making special-shaped watermelon molds. The top of the mold is provided with a drainage hole 2, and the center of the mold is provided with an opening 3, which is convenient for the fruit handle to be put in. The wall thickness of the mold is 0.4 cm, the diameter of the screw hole 2 is 0.4 cm, the distance between the screw holes is 2.5 cm to 3.5 cm, and the bolting side width of the two halves of the mold box is ≥ 1 cm. It is suitable for 1kg～2kg small fruit watermelon varieties. See attached table 1 for the shapes and specifications of molds that should be used. the

6) 10-15 days after pollination, select the young fruit with correct fruit shape and long fruit stem to start modeling, and put 1 to 2 fruits per plant. If one plant has 2 positive-shaped fruits, the time difference before and after modeling is 1 ~2 days. Embed the selected young fruit into the opened mold. The melon stalk and navel are vertical. Close the mold cover and tighten the bolts. After the watermelon is molded, use thin wire to lift the mold. Do not touch the hair on the melon stalk during operation. Turn it over every 5 days or so after the mold is installed, so that it receives light evenly, and the water accumulated in the mold is discharged out of the box, so as to prevent the watermelon in the box from rotting. Timely release the wind to cool down, and the temperature should be controlled below 35°C, but the night temperature should not be lower than 18°C. When the temperature in the shed reaches 30°C, cover the mold box with melons with a thin layer of straw for shading. Stop watering when the fruit is set (stop growing). When the melon grows to 200g-250g, compound fertilizer (potassium sulfate type) is applied in the holes. the

7) The main diseases are damping-off, anthracnose, and viral diseases; the main pests are seed flies, melon aphids, and melon spider mites. When the pests and diseases reach the control index, ecological pesticides should be selected first, such as antibiotic insecticides, mainly abamectins; antibiotic insecticides mainly include: agricultural anti-120, agricultural streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, Trichoderma, etc.; Bacterial insecticides are mainly Bt biological pesticides; and botanical insecticides, such as matrine, green spirit, etc. the

8) According to the characteristics of the selected varieties, the watermelon can be harvested when it has fully grown into the shape of the mold in the mold and is half mature. When harvesting, leave 3 leaves on the melon stalk and cut it off, and remove the mold with care. the

Planting test:

Test time: July 2012-October 2012

Test location: watermelon greenhouse in Liuhe Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Experimental design: six steel-frame greenhouses were randomly selected as watermelon planting sheds, and the same management mode was adopted in each shed. Experimental group: Three greenhouses were randomly selected and planted in special-shaped watermelon pots without soil. Control group: the other three greenhouses adopt the common cultivation method of watermelon, and the test variety is Xiaolan. .

Experimental results: Comparing the soilless cultivation method of special-shaped watermelon pots and pots in greenhouses and the cultivation method of watermelon in ordinary greenhouses, the productivity of the soilless cultivation method of special-shaped watermelon pots in greenhouses and greenhouses was 87%, and the productivity of watermelon cultivation methods in ordinary greenhouses was 82%. The productivity has been significantly improved ; The special-shaped watermelon has a unique shape and is neat and consistent, which increases its production efficiency compared with ordinary watermelons. the

the

Schedule I

Claims (3)

1. special-shaped watermelon shed basin alms bowl soilless culture method is characterized in that: realize as follows:

(1) booth is built: should select that physical features is smooth, fertile soil, the good sandy loam of filling row; Bamboo wood booth is wide to be 4.5m, high 1.8 m～2.2m, arch spacing 0.6cm～0.8 cm; Or steelframe booth arch spacing 0.8cm～1.0 cm, span 6m～8m, shoulder height 1.4m～1.8m, the high 2.5m～3.2m of canopy;

(2) grow seedlings: the matrix of using point disk seedling growing to adopt fafard peat, perlite and carbendazim mass ratio to mix as 200:50:1; Watermelon seed is planted in matrix, and temperature is controlled at 28～32 ℃ daytime, is controlled at 20～25 ℃ night;

Watermelon 5～6d is emerged, and temperature remains on 22～24 ℃ daytime, l5～l8 ℃ of night;

(3) transplant: the general spring is planted late Febuary to field planting mid-March, and Xia Qiu plants late July to the early August field planting; Be colonizated in the flowerpot of bore 40cm, before the field planting in booth soil deeptillage, but make the zanjon of three placing flowerpots, wide, dark 45cm puts into flowerpot successively; Planting matrix is a plantation of fafard peat;

(4) melon patch management: seedling-slowing stage is in time filled the gaps with seedlings; The interior temperature of booth on daytime is controlled at about 25 ℃～32 ℃, and nocturnal temperature is not less than 13 ℃, need not water; Stretching climing phase day temperature is 25 ℃～28 ℃, and nocturnal temperature is not less than 15 ℃, adopts the climing training in 2 climing～3, hangs climingly during the climing 40cm of growing to of melon～50cm, hangs 1 time every 4 joints～6 joints later on; The setting phase day temperature of blooming should remain on 28 ℃～32 ℃, is not less than 15 ℃ night; 10 o'clock every mornings were carried out artificial supplementary pollination in the past; A Zhou Dingguo after the pollination, the second or the 3rd female flower setting of selecting and remain, a strain can be stayed 2 or a plurality of fruit;

(5) Mold Making: special-shaped watermelon growing device is that light transmissive material consists of, and described mould top is provided with osculum, and the mold center position is provided with perforate;

(6) select melon dress mould: 10～15d after the pollination, the calibration of choosing fruit type, the long young fruit of carpopodium begin to fill mould, and every strain fills 1～2 fruit, and each mould fills a young fruit; If a strain has 2 eurymeric fruits, dress mould surrounding time is poor at 1～2 day;

(7) management behind the dress mould: every about 5d, turn over once behind the dress mould;

(8) extermination of disease and insect pest;

(9) gather: watermelon fully grows up to the mould type shape and just can gather when medium well in mould.

2. described a kind of special-shaped watermelon shed basin alms bowl soilless culture method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described special-shaped watermelon growing device thickness 0.4～0.5 cm of step (5), screwhole diameter is 0.4 cm, screw spacing 2.5 cm～4 cm, the bolt of two halves diaphragm capsule closes hem width 〉=1 cm, is applicable to 1kg～2kg small fruit type variety of watermelon.

3. described a kind of special-shaped watermelon shed basin alms bowl soilless culture method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that the described special-shaped watermelon growing device of step (5) is heart-shaped, square, cylindrical or triangle.

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