CN1081946C - 包胶囊方法 - Google Patents

包胶囊方法 Download PDF

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CN1081946C
CN1081946C CN96111076A CN96111076A CN1081946C CN 1081946 C CN1081946 C CN 1081946C CN 96111076 A CN96111076 A CN 96111076A CN 96111076 A CN96111076 A CN 96111076A CN 1081946 C CN1081946 C CN 1081946C
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Z·I·曼拉里斯
J·图特
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Abstract

一种包胶囊的方法，包括：将芯材与含天然聚合物的水介质混合；将形成的混合物在15,000-200,000Psi下、0℃-100℃温度下处理，以形成含有被包胶在天然食品聚合物中的芯材的凝胶基质；然后进行干燥。

Description

包胶囊方法
本发明涉及一种包胶囊方法，具体而言，本发明涉及一种用天然聚合物包胶芯材的方法。
在食品工业中，包胶囊技术可用来稳定芯材并可控制芯材的释放时机及速度。因此，包胶囊可保护敏感的食品组分，防止营养损失、保持风味和香味。包胶囊也可增加维生素或矿物质添加剂，如那些通常对紫外辐射、光、氧、金属、湿度和温度敏感的添加剂的稳定性。此外，在制药工业中也采用包胶囊来保护口腔和食道的浅表膜不受那些表面粗糙的口服药片的损伤，这些药物在胃内通过胃酸和酶对胶囊包衣的作用而释放出来，包胶囊方法还可用于对通过肌肉、皮下或静脉途径输送的药物进行控制释放。
蛋白质(乳清、大豆、明胶、蛋清蛋白、酪蛋白、人血清清蛋白等)和多糖(淀粉、羧甲基纤维素等)均被用作包胶各组分的包衣物质。Gupta，P.K.和Hung，C.T.在1989年第6期J.Microencapsulation，P 464-472上发表的＂AlbuminMicrospheres：applications in drug delivery，＂及R.Arschady在1990年第14期Journal of Controlled Release，P111-131上发表的＂Albumin Microspheres and Microcapsules：Methodology of manufacturing techniques，＂对这些技术都作了评述。一般来说，活性组分溶解、乳化或分散于蛋白质的水溶液中，然后蛋白质变性成为不溶于水的，这样便把活性组分包装起来。在文献中按所需胶囊形状和大小的不同，对各种技术，从简单的研磨到变性前在油介质中形成双层乳化等均进行了介绍。然而，所有技术的共同之处在于变性过程都是通过加热(100-180℃)或用合适的交联剂如戊二醛进行化学交联处理的。对热敏感的活性组分，如某些维生素、香料、风味物或如氨甲喋呤、肾上腺素、羧甲异丁肾上腺素等药物明显不适于用加热变性处理。Gupta和Hung在＂Albumin Microspheres；Physico-chemicalcharacteristics，＂一文中(J.Microencapsulation，1989，6期，P427-461)对此进行了讨论。当食品和药品规定中不允许使用化学物质时，化学交联法也是不宜使用的。
本发明提出了一种包胶囊方法，在此方法中利用一种天然聚合物作为包胶材料，并对芯材和包胶材料的混合体在高压和0℃-100℃的温度下处理，这样就克服了前面所述的加热和化学处理方法所出现的问题。
本发明提供了一种包胶芯材的方法，这种方法包括：将芯材与含天食品聚合物的水介质混合；将形成的混合物在15,000-200,000psi压力下、0-100℃温度下处理，以形成含有被包胶在天然聚合物中的芯材的凝胶基质；然后进行干燥。
如果需要的话，在高压处理前，该方法包括：将形成的混合物与溶化的脂肪混合形成含有微滴的油包水型乳浊液，冷却乳浊液以凝固脂肪相，然后加压处理乳浊液，将微滴转化成凝胶颗粒，由脂肪相中分离凝胶颗粒并清洗分离出的凝胶颗粒。
形成的胶囊可以是微胶囊，颗粒大小为1μm到3mm，优选2μm到2mm，更优选5μm到0.5mm，芯材可是固态或液态，也可以是用于食品工业的物质，如风味物、色素、维生素、矿物质、香辛料或油，或是药物。当芯材是热敏感或化学敏感时，本发明特别适用。
聚合物包胶材料可以是多糖如果胶或树胶，如羧甲基纤维素、低甲氧基果胶、藻朊酸盐、淀粉等，或者可以是任何来源于动物或植物的水溶性或水分散性蛋白质，如乳清蛋白质、酪蛋白、明胶、人血清清蛋白，蛋白或大豆提取物。聚合物包胶材料优选无毒的、高压处理后不溶水的、可生物兼容和可生物降解的、良好的抗氧损耗和扩散损耗的保护层，并且是经管理部门批准的可用于食品或药品中的。
＂高压和生物技术(High Pressure and Biotechnology)＂，Eds C.Balny，R.Hayashi，K.Heremans & P.Masson，ColloqueINSERM/John Libey Eurotext Ltd.，1992.Vol 224，pp.89，105，185，195中详细介绍了高压处理下各种大分子的行为。
芯材通过溶解、乳化或分散于聚合物的水性溶液中、分散体中或是浆液中而与水性聚合物介质聚合。高压处理温度优选15-60℃，更优选20-40℃，也适于在环境温度下进行高压处理。压力优选40,000-150,000psi，更优选60,000-120,000psi。高压处理可以在一能承受所加压力的容器内进行，优选以水和/或油作液体介质的液压。放入容器之前，芯材与聚合物的混合物可被封在用橡胶或塑料材料制成的柔性袋中，塑料材料可用食品可接受的柔性塑料制成，如PVC等。＂高压和生物技术(High Pressure andBiotechnology)＂，Eds C.Balny，R.Hayashi，K.Heremans & P.Masson，Colloque INSERM/John Libey Eurotext Ltd.，1992.Vol 224，pp.509，515中对现有的高压设备和柔性袋的类型进行了介绍。高压处理的持续时间应是以使凝胶形成，如至少30秒，优选1-60分钟，更优选5-45分钟。高压处理时间也可超过60分钟，但这样做并无益处。高压处理中，PH值可是2-8，较好的是4-7，当聚合物为蛋白质时，PH值一般为蛋白质的无然PH值。
在一种包胶囊方法中，在高压处理后，先将含有溶解的、乳化的或分散的活性组分的凝胶基质研磨成所要求的颗粒尺寸，然后用任何公知的方法如真空干燥、化学脱水、冷冻干燥、对流干燥炉干燥、吸收干燥等进行干燥处理。也可以先干燥凝胶基质然后再研磨成所要求的颗粒尺寸。
若需制成球形微胶囊，可采用如下的另一种方法，把芯材于水中的溶液、乳浊液或分散液/聚合物体系被加入一脂肪相中，该脂肪相的温度已保持在稍高于脂肪溶点(一般为30-60℃)的温度上。经搅拌形成了具有所要求大小微滴的乳浊液。将任何适用的表面活性剂加入其中以形成稳定的乳浊液。然后，将此体系封入柔性袋中并迅速冷却，这样使脂肪相在乳浊液微滴凝结之前固化。然后将柔性袋高压处理。经所需时间的高压处理，由于蛋白质的变性，脂肪相中已固定的微滴形成凝胶相，芯材外形成了一球壳。将温度升至脂肪熔点以上，球形胶囊可由脂肪相中分离出来(可用任何公知方法，如过滤法、离心法、倾析法等)。可使用任何食品可接受的油或脂肪，如可可脂、玉米油、红花油、橄榄油、加氢豆油或任何其它加氢植物油。高压处理中要使油脂固化，这样微胶囊不会凝结，如果形成的乳浊液在处理过程中是稳定的，那么使用任何油脂都可以做到这一点。适用于制备油包水型乳浊液的亲脂乳化剂有单油酸甘油酯、单硬脂酸丙二醇酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、卯磷脂和脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯，等。
与水性聚合物介质形成的混合物中芯材的量占混合物总重的0.5-30％，优选1-10％，更优选2-8％。聚合物的量占水性聚合物介质总量的1-50％，优选530％。
如果需要，如柠檬酸钠或亚硫酸氢钠这样的防腐剂可以加至芯材与水性聚合物介质形成的混合物中以防止芯材的氧化。
根据下面实施例所述内容对本发明进行进一步举例说明，实施例中的份数及百分数以重量表示。
实施例1
1份蛋清蛋白与0.1份FD&C蓝#1染料混合并溶于3份水中。将溶液加入200份作为乳化剂的含有0.1份吐混(Tween)80的马来西亚可可脂中，在35℃下以300rpm连续搅拌。将乳浊液置于一柔软的PVC袋中。然后立即冷却使得可可脂相凝固并防止微滴的聚结。将柔软袋置于ABB Autoclave Systems，Inc.提供的Quintus QFP-6高压加工机内并加压128,000psi 40分钟。加压过程中，温度由16℃升至42℃。形成的胶囊从脂肪相中过滤出来，并用乙醚洗去表面的脂肪。对由胶囊释放的蓝色染料进行检测，方法是向连续搅拌的1000份室温水中添加0.05份胶囊。以已知浓度的蓝色染料为基准校定Spectronic 21D比色计，用此比色计测量染料随时间的释放情况。由图1可知，先是染料(可能是表面染料)的快速释放然后是较慢的释放。在开始的8小时中大约50％的染料释放出来，在后面的2天中只有55％的染料释放出来。对比例A
以与实施例中介绍的步骤基本相似的方法进行检测，不同之处在于该方法以玉米油替代马来西亚可可脂并免去了柔性袋的高压处理，检测结果如图2所示：8小时后约70％的染料(可能为表面染料)由胶囊释放出来，2天后90％的染料释放出来。与实施例1中乳浊液经高压处理得到的胶囊相比，包胶囊较差。
实施例2
25份的乳清蛋白质(Bi-Pro，95％，Bio-Isolates Ltd)溶于100份水中并加入0.06份微量营养素维生素预混料。试验在PH5和PH7下进行。将溶液置于柔性袋中在室温下加压60,000psi 20分钟。将得到的凝胶基质研磨并真空干燥。对干燥颗粒中维生素含量的分析表明，在两种PH值条件下，其中所含的全部维生素E和维生素B1在高压处理后没有受到破坏。PH7的变性蛋白质的结构要比PH5下的降解蛋白质更有弹性、更具光泽且更透明，而PH5下的变性蛋白质则更脆且不透明。
实施例3
将350份水溶液、100份乳清蛋白质(同实施例2)、50份微量营养素维生素预混料(同实施例2)置于一塑料袋中，在室温高压(60,000psi)及PH7下变性20分钟。将得到的凝胶基质研磨并真空干燥。将得到的微胶囊进行维生素含量分析，如图3所示：所有维生素的保留量是很高的。对比例3
进行类似于实施例3所述的步骤，不同之处在于，用95℃的温度对组分加热15分钟使蛋白质变性，而是对塑料袋进行高压处理。如图3所示：5种维生素中4种的保留量明显低于实施例3中高压处理样品的维生素保留量。

Claims (13)

1.一种包胶芯材的方法，包括：将芯材与含天然聚合物的水介质混合；将形成的混合物在15,000-200,000psi下、0℃-100℃温度下处理至少30秒的时间，以形成含有被包胶在天然食品聚合物中的芯材的凝胶基质；然后进行干燥。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，包括：在加压处理前将形成的混合物与溶化的脂肪形成含有微滴的油包水型乳浊液，冷却乳浊液以凝固脂肪相，然后加压处理乳浊液，将微滴转化成凝胶颗粒，由脂肪相中分离凝胶颗粒并清洗分离出的凝胶颗粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中芯材是风味物、色素、维生素、矿物质、香辛料、油或药物。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中芯材是热敏感或化学敏感的。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中聚合物包胶材料是乳清蛋白质、酪蛋白、明胶、人血清清蛋白、蛋白、大豆提取物、果胶或羧甲基纤维素。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中聚合物包胶材料在高压处理后是水不溶性的。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中芯材通过溶解、乳化或分散于聚合物的水性溶液中、分散体中或是浆液中与水性聚合物介质混合。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中高压处理的温度为15℃-60℃。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中高压处理采用液压。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中于高压处理之前，芯材与食品聚合物的混合物被封在用橡胶或塑料制成的柔性袋中。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中高压处理的持续时间为1-60分钟。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中高压处理之后，凝胶基质被干燥然后研磨，或者先研磨后干燥，以形成具有所要求颗粒大小的胶囊。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中与水性聚合物介质的混合物中的芯材的量占混合物总重量的0.5-15％，水性聚合物介质中的聚合物的量占水性聚合物介质总量的1-50％。
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