CN108164354A - A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108164354A CN108164354A CN201810084476.6A CN201810084476A CN108164354A CN 108164354 A CN108164354 A CN 108164354A CN 201810084476 A CN201810084476 A CN 201810084476A CN 108164354 A CN108164354 A CN 108164354A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
- C05D3/02—Calcareous fertilisers from limestone, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrate, slaked lime, calcium oxide, waste calcium products
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof.Pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, Pig dung and urine mixture are subjected to biofermentation, marine products processing waste, selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, plant waste mixed-powder are subjected to organic fermentation, decomposed fermentation is carried out after final mixing, the continuous decomposition and inversion of organic materials is simultaneously released energy in the form of high temperature, fertilizer nutrient becomes available state and quick-acting states from invalid state and sustained release state, promote humification and quickly eliminate the stink in ingredient, improve fertilizer beneficial microbe, enhancing fertilizer nutrient.Selenium element is constantly implanted into strawberry growth course in the organic fertilizer, it is safe and environment-friendly, efficient, it is rich in physiological activator needed for strawberry and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element, it disease-resistant can subtract medicine, fertilizer efficiency is lasting, and utilization rate of fertilizer is high, the strawberry selenium content planted with the organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer is up to 0.035mg/kg, the strawberry shelf-life can extend 5 10 days, and escapable cost is increased economic efficiency.
Description
【Technical field】
The present invention relates to selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer technical field, more particularly to a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer and its preparation
Method.
【Background technology】
Selenium is trophism mine trace element necessary to human body, has a variety of work(such as anti-oxidant, removing toxic substances, cancer-resisting
Effect.There are the laudatory title of " biological element " and " king of anticancer ".Massive epidemiology data proves：Human body selenium deficiency, is not only Keshan disease
One of one Fundamentals of morbidity and the important pathogenic factor of Kaschin-Beck disease.According to statistics, the whole world have more than 40 country and
There is 2/3 soil in regional selenium deficiency, China for internationally recognized selenium deficiency soil, are related to 22 provinces (city, area), wherein Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
The ground such as Anhui are serious Selenium deficiency area, the national about 700,000,000 long-term wretched insufficiencies of people's selenium intake.Chinese Soclety of Nutrition is to province of 13, China
City did an investigation and shows to be grown up per day selenium intake as 26-32 micrograms, the bottom line recommended from Chinese Soclety of Nutrition
50 micrograms are far apart.General vegetable food selenium content is than relatively low.Therefore, exploiting economy, conveniently is suitble to the richness of long-term consumption
Selenium food is imperative.
With the quickening of modern life rhythm, the increasing of people's life stress, the body of people is chronically at " sub-health " shape
State.Expert advice human body intake selenium standard should be the most suitable with daily 240-260 micrograms, is seen with regard to this number and depends merely on agricultural product sheet
The selenium content of body far can not meet human body needs.Scientific investigations showed that selenium-supply the best way is exactly tonic.Strawberry nutrition valency
Value is abundant, is known as being " fruit queen ", containing abundant nutriment, and has health-care efficacy, deep to be liked by numerous people.
Therefore selenium-supply is carried out by edible selenium rich strawberry, is one of most significant mode of se complementary effect.Selenium rich strawberry solves numerous groups
The problem of crowd can be with selenium-supply in fruit, enhances human disease resistance, so as to reach selenium-supply, salubrity, the mesh promoted longevity
's.
At present, China is temporarily without the unified standard of Selenium in Food, and selenium-enriched fertilizer product is without unified Se content mark
Accurate and operating specification, this leads to China's selenium-rich market confusion, and selenium-enriched food and the good virtue of selenium-enriched fertilizer are uneven.The plantation of selenium rich strawberry
By reaching certain Se content using more selenium-rich chemical fertilizer, then the more chemical fertilizer of application, first, increasing
The planting cost of strawberry, second is that the fruit quality of strawberry is directly affected, third, can certain influence be brought to environment.With selenium-rich
Strawberry cultivating it is universal, the comprehensive nutritional need of strawberry can be met, nuisanceless, free of contamination organic fertilizer replacing fertilizer becomes grass
The certain kind of berries plants the active demand in market.
【Invention content】
The purpose of the present invention：A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof is provided, the organic fertilizer is rich in needed for strawberry
Physiological activator and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element, microorganism species knot object quantity is few, disease-resistant can subtract medicine, and fertilizer efficiency is shown
It writes, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, and the selenium element in many kinds of substance is enriched in the organic fertilizer, and selenium element is implanted into grass in the form of fertilizer
Safe and environment-friendly, efficient in certain kind of berries fruit, the strawberry selenium content planted using the selenium-enriched organic fertilizer is high, and oxidation resistance is strong, strawberry
Shelf-life can be extended, and then save cost, improve the economic benefit of selenium rich strawberry plantation.
In order to achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is：
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：40-50 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice
50-60 parts of shell powder, 30-40 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 30-40 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh plant waste mixture powder
20-30 parts last, 15-25 parts of marine products processing waste, 2-8 parts of garlic powder, 5-10 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 5-10 parts of EM bacterium,
1-3 parts of pulverized limestone, 2-6 parts of bio-bacterial manure leavening, 1-3 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Further, a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：45 parts of pine tree sawdust,
55 parts of selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, 35 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 25 parts of mesh plant waste mixed-powders, marine products processing waste
20 parts, 8 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 6 parts of EM bacterium, 2 parts of pulverized limestone, 4 parts of bio-bacterial manure leavening, 2 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Further, the marine products processing waste is at least 3 in bright red shrimp, lobster, sardine, tuna, oyster
Kind or more marine products processing waste, belong to the high marine product of selenium content.
Further, the 60 mesh plant waste mixed-powder be blackcurrant pigment rattan, it is purple sweet potato rattan skin, pumpkin rattan peel, black
One or more of beans shell belongs to the high plant of selenium content.
A kind of preparation method of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, includes the following steps：
(1) pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, bio-bacterial manure leavening are sufficiently mixed uniformly, level spreads height out as 10-
15cm, surface and around cover a floor height 3-5cm Pig dung and urine mixture, keep 30-45 DEG C fermentation 10-20 days after, progress
Turn over and be mixed even, level is spread out, again surface and around cover the Pig dung and urine mixture of one layer of 3-5cm, keep 30-45 DEG C of fermentation
It 20-30 days, adds in EM bacterium and stirs evenly, beat heap fermentation maturity 10-30 days, selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A is made；
(2) it is 100 mesh powder that cordate houttuynia herb is taken, which to shine dry grinding, and with the extracting in boiling water 3 times of 5-10 times of quality, 2 is small every time
When, extracting solution three times is merged after filtering, extracting solution is concentrated under reduced pressure evaporation water to the 1/3 of original volume, Herba Houttuyniae extract is made；
(3) 40 mesh powder are ground into after marine products processing waste being dried smelling removal, with selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh
Plant waste mixed-powder, organic fertilizer fermentation agent are uniformly mixed, and are beaten heap sealing and fermenting, are being mixed during fermentation every 3-5 days
The dilution of the surface sprinkling Herba Houttuyniae extract of object, is uniformly mixed, ferment 15-25 days obtained selenium rich strawberries in sprinkling
Organic fertilizer semi-finished product B；
(4) selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A will be made in step (1) and by selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer in step (3) half
Finished product B is mixed, and adds in garlic powder, pulverized limestone, after stirring, is beaten heap and is placed 10-20 days, it is organic that selenium rich strawberry is made
Fertilizer.
Further, heap fermentation is played described in step (1), heap fermentation is played every time and is no less than 500Kg, and punched in heap,
Fermentation process carries out turning, primary every turning in 5-10 days.
Further, the dilution of Herba Houttuyniae extract described in step (3) carries out 500 times of dilutions for Herba Houttuyniae extract
It obtains.
The invention has the advantages that：
1st, selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer of the present invention rich in needed for strawberry Portugal face essence, amino acid, auxin, the physiology such as vitamin
Active material and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element, microorganism species structure diversification, harmful microorganism quantity is few, and fertilizer efficiency is shown
It writes, utilization rate of fertilizer is high, can be significantly reduced the amount of application of chemical fertilizer, and enrichment selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, selenium-rich are eaten in the organic fertilizer
Natural selenium element in the substances such as bacteria residue powder, marine products processing waste, garlic powder, plant waste mixture, by biology,
Selenium element is implanted into strawberry by organic conversion process in the form of fertilizer in growth course, safe and environment-friendly, efficient, so as to solve
The problem of broad masses can be with selenium-supply in strawberry, enhances human disease resistance.
2nd, the present invention by pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, Pig dung and urine mixture by regular biofermentation, by marine product plus
The progress such as work waste, selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, plant waste mixed-powder periodically organic fermentation carries out rotten after final mixing
Ripe fermentation, after this serial response, the continuous decomposition and inversion of organic materials therein is simultaneously released energy in the form of high temperature, so as to press down
System and killing harmful levels of pathogens, parasitic ovum and weed seed.Fertilizer nutrient is become having from invalid state and sustained release state in fermentation process
State and quick-acting states are imitated, promote humification and quickly eliminates the stink in ingredient, improves fertilizer beneficial microbe, enhancing fertilizer is supported
Point.
3rd, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, the 60 mesh plant wastes of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer use of the present invention
Selenium content is higher in the raw materials such as mix powder, marine products processing waste, garlic powder, is made after biology, organic transformation
The high organic fertilizer of selenium content, the strawberry selenium content planted using the selenium-enriched organic fertilizer may be up to 0.035mg/kg, oxidation resistance
By force, the strawberry shelf-life can extend 5-10 days, and escapable cost is increased economic efficiency.
【Specific embodiment】
Below by specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：40-50 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice
50 parts of shell powder, 30 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 30 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 20 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, sea
15 parts of product processing waste, 2 parts of garlic powder, 5 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 5 parts of EM bacterium, 1 part of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure leavening
2 parts, 1 part of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Embodiment 2
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：40-50 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice
60 parts of shell powder, 40 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 40 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 30 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, sea
25 parts of product processing waste, 8 parts of garlic powder, 10 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 10 parts of EM bacterium, 3 parts of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure fermentation
6 parts of agent, 3 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Embodiment 3
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：45 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice husk
55 parts of powder, 35 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 35 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 25 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, marine products
20 parts of product processing waste, 5 parts of garlic powder, 8 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 7 parts of EM bacterium, 2 parts of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure leavening 4
Part, 2 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Embodiment 4
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：42 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice husk
53 parts of powder, 32 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 34 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 22 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, marine products
23 parts of product processing waste, 4 parts of garlic powder, 6 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 7 parts of EM bacterium, 1.5 parts of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure leavening
4.5 parts, 1.5 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Embodiment 5
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：40-50 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice
58 parts of shell powder, 36 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 37 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 26 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, sea
24 parts of product processing waste, 6 parts of garlic powder, 7 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 6 parts of EM bacterium, 2.5 parts of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure fermentation
5.5 parts of agent, 2.8 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
Embodiment 6
A kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, counts, consists of the following compositions in parts by weight：40-50 parts of pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich rice
57 parts of shell powder, 38 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 36 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 28 parts of mesh plant waste mix powders, sea
24 parts of product processing waste, 6.5 parts of garlic powder, 8 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 6.5 parts of EM bacterium, 2.6 parts of pulverized limestone, bio-bacterial manure
5 parts of leavening, 2.4 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
A kind of preparation method of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer described in above example 1-6, includes the following steps：
(1) pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, bio-bacterial manure leavening are sufficiently mixed uniformly, level spreads height out as 10-
15cm, surface and around cover a floor height 3-5cm Pig dung and urine mixture, keep 30-45 DEG C fermentation 10-20 days after, progress
Turn over and be mixed even, level is spread out, again surface and around cover the Pig dung and urine mixture of one layer of 3-5cm, keep 30-45 DEG C of fermentation
It 20-30 days, adds in EM bacterium and stirs evenly, beat heap fermentation maturity 10-30 days, selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A is made；
(2) it is 100 mesh powder that cordate houttuynia herb is taken, which to shine dry grinding, and with the extracting in boiling water 3 times of 5-10 times of quality, 2 is small every time
When, extracting solution three times is merged after filtering, extracting solution is concentrated under reduced pressure evaporation water to the 1/3 of original volume, Herba Houttuyniae extract is made；
(3) 40 mesh powder are ground into after marine products processing waste being dried smelling removal, with selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh
Plant waste mixed-powder, organic fertilizer fermentation agent are uniformly mixed, and are sealed by fermentation, every 3-5 days in mixture during fermentation
500 times of dilutions of Herba Houttuyniae extract are sprayed on surface, are uniformly mixed in sprinkling, 15-25 days obtained selenium-rich grass of fermentation
Certain kind of berries organic fertilizer semi-finished product B；
(4) selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A will be made in step (1) and by selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer in step (2) half
Finished product B is mixed, and adds in garlic powder, pulverized limestone, after stirring, is beaten heap and is placed 10-20 days, it is organic that selenium rich strawberry is made
Fertilizer.
In order to further verify the advantageous effect of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer of the present invention, three ridges are taken on the ground in same strawberry
Strawberry, point 1,2,3 group is tested, respectively using the embodiment of the present invention 3, embodiment 4, embodiment 5 selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer,
Strawberry cultivating experiment is carried out at the same time with same amount of application, method of application, and the strawberry of harvesting is carried out Se content detection and
The strawberry shelf-life is tracked and recorded, detailed data such as table 1：
Table 1
Since the organic fertilizer is rich in physiological activator and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element needed for strawberry, microorganism species
Structure diversification, harmful microorganism quantity is few, disease-resistant can subtract medicine, and fertilizer efficiency time is long, and utilization rate of fertilizer is high.In above 3 groups grass
It is whole only to apply selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer of the present invention during certain kind of berries planting experiment, any chemical fertilizer is not applied, strawberry grows fine,
And pest and disease damage is few, substantially without spraying pesticide.The close succulence of strawberry matter after 3 groups of planting experiment pickings, thick flavor, pol is high,
Flavor is splendid, and pericarp is red, and rich in gloss, toughness is strong, and the hardness of fruit is big.Strawberry selenium content is up to 0.035mg/kg after testing,
Because its Se content is higher, so strawberry fruit oxidation resistance is strong, the strawberry shelf-life can extend 5-10 days.
Above description is the detailed description for the present invention preferably possible embodiments, but embodiment is not limited to this hair
Bright patent claim, the equal variation or modification change completed under the technical spirit suggested by all present invention, should all belong to
Cover the scope of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer, which is characterized in that count, consist of the following compositions in parts by weight：Pine tree sawdust 40-50
Part, 50-60 parts of selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, 30-40 parts of Pig dung and urine mixture, 30-40 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh plant wastes
20-30 parts of mixed-powder, 15-25 parts of marine products processing waste, 2-8 parts of garlic powder, 5-10 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, EM bacterium 5-
10 parts, 1-3 parts of pulverized limestone, 2-6 parts of bio-bacterial manure leavening, 1-3 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
2. a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that count in parts by weight, by following component
Composition：45 parts of pine tree sawdust, 55 parts of selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, 35 parts of selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh plant waste mixed-powders 250
Part, 20 parts of marine products processing waste, 8 parts of Herba Houttuyniae extract, 6 parts of EM bacterium, 2 parts of pulverized limestone, 4 parts of bio-bacterial manure leavening,
2 parts of organic fertilizer fermentation agent.
3. a kind of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the marine products processing waste is big
At least three kinds of above marine products processing wastes in red shrimp, lobster, sardine, tuna, oyster.
A kind of 4. preparation method of strawberry selenium-enriched organic fertilizer as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that 60 mesh plant wastes
Mixed-powder is one or more of blackcurrant pigment rattan, purple sweet potato rattan skin, pumpkin rattan peel, black soya bean shell.
5. a kind of preparation method of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) pine tree sawdust, selenium-rich powdered rice hulls, bio-bacterial manure leavening are sufficiently mixed uniformly, level spreads height out as 10-
15cm, surface and around cover a floor height 3-5cm Pig dung and urine mixture, keep 30-45 DEG C fermentation 10-20 days after, progress
Turn over and be mixed even, level is spread out, again surface and around cover the Pig dung and urine mixture of one layer of 3-5cm, keep 30-45 DEG C of fermentation
It 20-30 days, adds in EM bacterium and is mixed evenly, beat heap fermentation maturity 10-30 days, selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A is made；
(2) it is 100 mesh powder that cordate houttuynia herb is taken, which to shine dry grinding, with the extracting in boiling water 3 times of 5-10 times of quality, 2 hours every time, and mistake
Merge extracting solution three times after filter, extracting solution is concentrated under reduced pressure evaporation water to the 1/3 of original volume, Herba Houttuyniae extract is made；
(3) 40 mesh powder are ground into after marine products processing waste being dried smelling removal, with selenium-enriched edible mushroom ground-slag, 60 mesh plants
Waste mixed-powder, organic fertilizer fermentation agent are uniformly mixed, and heap sealing and fermenting are beaten, every 3-5 days in mixture during fermentation
The dilution of Herba Houttuyniae extract is sprayed on surface, is uniformly mixed in sprinkling, 15-25 days obtained selenium rich strawberries of fermentation are organic
Fertile semi-finished product B；
(4) selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product A will be made in step (1) and by selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer semi-finished product B in step (3)
Mixing adds in garlic powder, pulverized limestone, after stirring, beats heap and places 10-20 days, selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer is made.
6. a kind of preparation method of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that described in step (1)
Heap fermentation is played, heap fermentation is played every time and is no less than 500Kg, and punched in heap, fermentation process carried out turning, every turning in 5-10 days
Once.
7. a kind of preparation method of selenium rich strawberry organic fertilizer as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that described in step (2)
The dilution of Herba Houttuyniae extract carries out 500 times of dilutions for Herba Houttuyniae extract and obtains.
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| CN112174751A (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2021-01-05 | 马鞍山市四季果业有限公司 | Preparation method of high-quality and high-yield fertilizer for strawberries |
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Application publication date: 20180615 |