CN107926405B - Comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits - Google Patents

Comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits Download PDF

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CN107926405B
CN107926405B CN201711133440.4A CN201711133440A CN107926405B CN 107926405 B CN107926405 B CN 107926405B CN 201711133440 A CN201711133440 A CN 201711133440A CN 107926405 B CN107926405 B CN 107926405B
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fruit
fruits
kiwi
soft rot
garden
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CN107926405A (en
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王瑞
马超
张起
曹森
吴文能
雷霁卿
李苇洁
姚松林
龙秀琴
黄亚欣
吉宁
陈泰安
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Guizhou Guiyang Pengshengtong Agriculture Co ltd
GUIZHOU INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINOUS RESOURCE
Guiyang University
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Guizhou Guiyang Pengshengtong Agriculture Co ltd
GUIZHOU INSTITUTE OF MOUNTAINOUS RESOURCE
Guiyang University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0237Devices for protecting a specific part of a plant, e.g. roots, trunk or fruits
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00Protecting plants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005Cultivation methods

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  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits, which comprises the steps of clearing the garden in winter, preventing reasonable pesticides before germination in spring and in the early stage of flower buds, strengthening flowers, preventing and controlling reasonable bactericides and insecticides after 80-90% of flowers fall, setting fruits for 10-30 days, treating young fruits by using bactericides and plant growth regulators in a fruit soaking mode, bagging, taking bags from the picked fruits, and spraying the bactericides rapidly. According to the invention, the fruit covering bag is used for preventing the infection of pathogenic bacteria of the soft rot of the kiwi fruit, and the light-transmitting covering bag is used for ensuring the photosynthesis of the fruit in the growth process and ensuring the quality of the fruit. If the plastic film is used for bagging, the fruit picking and grading efficiency can be improved. The method can effectively solve the problem of soft rot of kiwi fruits on the premise of ensuring the quality of fresh kiwi fruits, reduces the use of pesticides, and is particularly suitable for areas with continuous raininess and high humidity in the germination stage, the flowering stage, the young fruits and the fruit expansion stage of kiwi fruits.

Description

Comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of plant protection, and particularly relates to a comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits.
Background
The kiwifruit soft rot is another important disease which harms the Chinese kiwifruit industry in recent years. In recent years, the method is commonly generated in the main production areas of kiwi fruits in Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi provinces and other provinces, and causes great harm to the quality of fruits and the storage and transportation after the fruits are picked. In the 80 s of the last century, the disease has been reported in countries such as New Zealand and Italy. At present, the disease is found in countries including China, Japan and Korea as the main pathogenic bacteria of the Staphylaxis Botryosphaeria dothidea and Phomopsis sp. The two pathogenic bacteria overwinter on the branches and trunks by using mycelium, conidia and an ascocarp shell, and the mycelium after overwinter is subjected to activity recovery from the fact that a sporophore is saved to the next spring. The transmission routes are mainly wind-borne and rain-borne, and the entomopathogenic transmission is also reported. The disease is particularly serious in rainy areas in flowering period, young fruit period and fruit expansion period. The disease is more favorably spread in provinces like rainy four, five and six months in Guizhou. Therefore, the disease should be comprehensively controlled.
Fruit bagging is a method for effectively reducing pesticide use and reducing pest and disease damage. However, the use of opaque bagging in most fruit growing processes results in inhibition of fruit photosynthesis and a reduction in post harvest quality (soluble solids, dry matter, pulp color, aroma). The Wangjing field and other researches show that bagging is carried out in the young fruit period of the kiwi fruits, so that the rot disease of the kiwi fruits can be effectively prevented and controlled, but the color of the pulp is lightened, and the quality is reduced.
Wangjing area, Liudafu, residual water, Zhang Yabo, bagging, the control effect of kiwi fruit rot and the influence of fruit quality [ J ]. Zhejiang forestry science and technology, 2017,37(1):55-58.
In order to improve the marketability of the bag picking machine, the problem can be solved by a mode of removing the bag in advance (picking the bag 1 month or half month before picking), but the mode increases the investment of labor cost.
The subject group is as follows: (1) orchard conidium capture (20 days/time); (2) bagging after fruit setting for 25 days, and unpacking the bags according to a plan (10 days/time); (3) regularly spraying a sterilizing pesticide (2015-2017): through winter garden cleaning, the sterilizing and pesticide such as mancozeb, iprodione, methyl mop fluid, prochloraz manganese salt, imidacloprid, chlorantraniliprole and the like are alternately sprayed in the early bud stage, 90% of flower falling, 15-20 days after flower growing, 50-55 days, 80-85 days and 110-plus 115 days. After picking, shelf inspection shows that the incidence rate of the soft rot of the fruit can be reduced to 27 percent, which is supposed to be caused by repeated infection of pathogenic bacteria. But the incidence of soft rot can be reduced to less than 8% by bagging. By selecting the breathable plastic film bag and the white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bag, the incidence rate of soft rot can be effectively reduced, the fruit quality can be greatly improved compared with a light-tight bag, and the dry matter, color and soluble solid of the fruit have no obvious difference with the fruit which is not bagged.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art that 1) pathogenic bacteria of the kiwifruit soft rot disease have long-time latency in an orchard; 2) pathogenic bacteria of the kiwi soft rot disease can be transmitted by wind, rain and entomophily; 3) the use of a large amount of pesticides leads to food safety violation; 4) the invention provides a comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits, which uses a light-tight fruit bag to block photosynthesis of fruits in the growth process and reduce the fruit quality.
The invention integrates: 1) high-efficiency sterilization and pesticide prevention and control; 2) using plant growth regulator to promote flower growth and strengthen fruit; 3) the fruit bag with light transmission is used, so that the fruit quality is ensured while pathogenic bacteria infection is effectively prevented; the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits comprises the following steps:
1) when the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3-5 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) spraying a bactericide on the ground and the trunk at the early bud stage, and spraying a bactericide and a plant growth regulator on the two tendrils;
4) 80-90% of flowers, and spraying a bactericide and an insecticide in the whole garden;
5) 10-30 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of a bactericide and sugar alcohol chelated calcium, and bagging the young fruits within 24 hours after soaking;
6) the fruit bag is kept until the bag can be removed after picking;
7) spraying a bactericide within 48 hours after the fruits are picked.
The plant growth regulator in the step 3) is one or more of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, forchlorfenuron, compound sodium nitrophenolate, brassinolide, gibberellin, brassinolide, triacontanol and benzylaminopurine.
The bactericide in the steps 3), 4), 5) and 7) is one or more of mancozeb, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, difenoconazole, ethylicin, prochloraz manganese salt, zhongshengmycin, zineb and iprodione.
The pesticide in the step 4) is one or more of imidacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, matrine and azadirachtin.
The fruit bagging in the step 5) or the step 6) is as follows: a breathable plastic film bag and a white semitransparent wood pulp paper bag.
And 5) if the orchard is large, bagging is not completed within 20 days of fruit setting, and the mixture of the bactericide and the insecticide in the step 4) is sprayed on two vines within 20-22 days of fruit setting.
The greatest innovation point of the invention is as follows: the fruit covering bag is used for preventing the infection of pathogenic bacteria of the soft rot of the kiwi fruit, and the light transmission covering bag is used for ensuring the photosynthesis of the fruit in the growth process and ensuring the quality of the fruit. If the plastic film is used for bagging, the fruit picking and grading efficiency can be improved, and the method conforms to the policy of reducing pesticides and fertilizers. The invention is especially suitable for areas with continuous rain and large humidity in the germination period, the flowering period, the young fruit and the fruit expansion period of the kiwi fruit.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples:
a comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits comprises the following steps:
1) when the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3-5 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) spraying a bactericide on the ground and the trunk at the early bud stage, and spraying a bactericide and a plant growth regulator on the two tendrils;
4) 80-90% of flowers, and spraying a bactericide and an insecticide in the whole garden;
5) 10-30 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of a bactericide and sugar alcohol chelated calcium, and bagging the young fruits within 24 hours after soaking;
6) the fruit bag is kept until the bag can be removed after picking;
7) spraying a bactericide within 48 hours after the fruits are picked.
The plant growth regulator in the step 3) is one or more of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, forchlorfenuron, compound sodium nitrophenolate, brassinolide, gibberellin, brassinolide, triacontanol and benzylaminopurine.
The bactericide in the steps 3), 4), 5) and 7) is one or more of mancozeb, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, difenoconazole, ethylicin, prochloraz manganese salt, zhongshengmycin, zineb and iprodione.
The pesticide in the step 4) is one or more of imidacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, matrine and azadirachtin.
The fruit bagging in the step 5) or the step 6) is as follows: a breathable plastic film bag and a white semitransparent wood pulp paper bag.
And 5) if the orchard is large, bagging is not completed within 20 days of fruit setting, and the mixture of the bactericide and the insecticide is sprayed on two vines within 20-22 days of fruit setting.
Example 1: the "Guichang" kiwi fruit was carried out in 2016 in Xiuwen county, Changxiang, and in white, translucent, thin waxy wood pulp paper bag group.
1) When the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) at the early stage of buds, spraying 80% mancozeb 800 times on the ground and the trunk, spraying 80% mancozeb 800 times, 3% zhongshengmycin 1000 times and 0.1% forchlorfenuron on two tendrils;
4) 90% of flowers are fallen, and 1000 times of 50% iprodione and 3000 times of 70% imidacloprid are sprayed in the whole garden;
5) within 13-16 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of 1500 times of 50% iprodione and 1000 times of sugar alcohol chelated calcium, drying the surfaces of the soaked fruits, and within 24 hours, sleeving white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bags on the young fruits;
6) covering the fruit with bags until the bags are removed after picking, and picking the fruit 150 days after flowering;
7) 50% of prochloraz-manganese chloride complex 2000 times and 3% of zhongshengmycin 600 times are sprayed within 48 hours after fruits are picked.
In the experimental process, a non-bagging group (20 plants), a white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bag group (20 plants), a non-soaking group (20 plants) before coating a white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bag and a yellow single-layer waxy wood pulp paper bag group (20 plants) are arranged at the same time, 20 fruits are picked per plant 150 days after flowering, and 5 fruits are randomly selected per plant for measuring soluble solid matter, dry matter and flesh color difference (the thickness of the fruit equator part is 1mm, the area of the fruit equator part is 1cm, the thickness of the fruit equator part is removed, and the area of the fruit equator part is 1 cm)2Epidermis) and the rest fruits are placed on a shelf in a room with the temperature of 22-25 ℃ and the humidity of 35-40%. The results of the indexes such as the incidence rate of soft rot are shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0001469941260000041
the data in the table show that the key points are sprayed with the sterilizing and insecticidal agents, the fruits are soaked through the sterilizing agents and the calcium fertilizers, and then the white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bag fruits are sleeved in time, so that the soft rot of the kiwi fruits can be effectively controlled, and the soluble solid matters, the dry matters and the pulp colors of the fruits are similar to those of the fruits which are not bagged. The color of the pulp of the fruit of the paper bag set of the white single-layer thin waxy wood pulp paper bag is obviously lower than that of the fruit of the paper bag set without the bag set (the color difference a is smaller, the color is greener), which indicates that the medicine soaking treatment before the bag set is very important.
Example 2: the 'Guichang' kiwi fruit is implemented in 2017 in Xiuwen county, Changxiang county, and is a breathable plastic film bag.
1) When the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) at the early stage of buds, spraying 10% of difenoconazole 1500 times on the ground and the trunk, and spraying 10% of difenoconazole 1500 times, 3% of zhongshengmycin 1000 times, 0.04% of brassinolide 3000 times and 6% of gibberellin 1500 times on two tendrils;
4) 80% of flowers fall, and 800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl and 3000 times of 20% chlorantraniliprole are sprayed in the whole garden;
5) 12-13 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of 30% ethylicin 1000 times, 80% mancozeb 1200 times and sugar alcohol chelated calcium 1000 times, drying the surfaces of the soaked fruits, and covering the young fruits with a breathable plastic film bag within 24 hours;
6) covering the fruit with bags until the bags are removed after picking, and picking the fruit 155 days after the flowers;
7) 800 times of 80% zineb is sprayed in 48 hours after the fruits are picked.
In the experimental process, a non-bagging group (20 plants), a breathable plastic film bag group (20 plants) and a white single-layer waxy wood pulp paper bag (20 plants) which are sprayed with the same pesticide are arranged at the same time, 20 fruits are picked per plant in 155 days after flowering, and 5 fruits are randomly selected from each plant for measuring soluble solid matters, dry matters and color difference of pulp (the thickness of the removed part of the equator of the fruit is 1mm, and the area of the removed part is 1 cm)2Epidermis) and the rest fruits are placed on a shelf in a room with the temperature of 22-25 ℃ and the humidity of 35-40%. The results of the indexes such as the incidence rate of soft rot are shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0001469941260000051
the data in the table show that the key points are that the bactericide and the insecticide are sprayed, the fruits are soaked through the bactericide and the calcium fertilizer, and then the breathable plastic film bags are sleeved in time, so that the occurrence of the soft rot of the kiwi fruits can be effectively controlled, and the weight, the soluble solid matter, the dry matter and the pulp color of the single fruit of the kiwi fruits are similar to those of the fruits which are not bagged.
Example 3: the 'Hongyang' kiwi fruit is implemented in 2017 in Mingsheng county, Mingli (a Mingliu-Luo county), and is a white single-layer beige thin waxy wood pulp paper bag and a breathable plastic film bag.
1) When the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) at the early stage of buds, 1000 times of 75% chlorothalonil is sprayed on the ground and the trunk, 20000 times of 98% diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate and 2000 times of 0.1% triacontanol are sprayed on two tendrils;
4) 85% of flowers, and 800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl and 800 times of 5% azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate sprayed in the whole garden;
5) 12-13 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of 1200 times of 70% thiophanate methyl and 1000 times of sugar alcohol chelated calcium, drying the surfaces of the soaked fruits, and covering the young fruits with a breathable plastic film bag or a white single-layer waxy wood pulp paper bag within 24 hours;
6) covering the fruit with bags until the bags are removed after picking, and picking the fruit 135 days after the flower;
7) 800 times of 75 percent chlorothalonil is sprayed within 48 hours after the fruits are picked.
In the experimental process, a non-bagging group (20 plants), a breathable plastic film bag group (20 plants) and a white single-layer beige thin waxy wood pulp paper bag (20 plants) which are sprayed with the same pesticide are arranged at the same time, 20 fruits are picked per plant in 155 days after flowering, and 5 fruits are randomly selected from each plant for measuring soluble solid matters, dry matters and color difference of pulp (the thickness of the removed part of the equator of the fruit is 1mm, and the area of the removed part is 1 cm)2Epidermis) and the rest fruits are placed on a shelf in a room with the temperature of 22-25 ℃ and the humidity of 35-40%. The results of the indexes such as the incidence rate of soft rot are shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0001469941260000052
Figure BDA0001469941260000061
according to data in the table, the key points are sprayed with the sterilizing and insecticidal agents, the fruits are soaked through the sterilizing agents and the calcium fertilizers, then white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bags or breathable plastic film bags are sleeved in time, the soft rot of the kiwi fruits can be effectively controlled, the weight, the soluble solid matters, the dry matters and the pulp colors of the single fruits of the kiwi fruits are similar to those of the fruits which are not bagged, and the effect of sleeving the breathable plastic film bags is better.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. A comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
1) when the garden is cleared in winter, the lime sulphur mixture with the degree of 5 Baume is used for spraying all over the garden;
2) in spring and before germination, using 3 Baume lime sulfur mixture to spray in the whole garden;
3) at the early stage of buds, spraying 80% mancozeb 800 times on the ground and the trunk, spraying 80% mancozeb 800 times, 3% zhongshengmycin 1000 times and 0.1% forchlorfenuron on two tendrils;
4) 90% of flowers are fallen, and 1000 times of 50% iprodione and 3000 times of 70% imidacloprid are sprayed in the whole garden;
5) within 13-16 days after fruit setting, soaking young fruits in a fruit soaking mode through a mixture of 1500 times of 50% iprodione and 1000 times of sugar alcohol chelated calcium, drying the surfaces of the soaked fruits, and within 24 hours, covering the young fruits with a breathable plastic film bag and a white semitransparent thin waxy wood pulp paper bag;
6) covering the fruit with bags until the bags are removed after picking, and picking the fruit 150 days after flowering;
7) 50% of prochloraz-manganese chloride complex 2000 times and 3% of zhongshengmycin 600 times are sprayed within 48 hours after fruits are picked.
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CN110679604A (en) * 2019-08-30 2020-01-14 郑州农达生化制品有限公司 Plant growth regulator composition and preparation method thereof
CN111497334B (en) * 2020-04-24 2022-06-03 贵阳学院 Bagging technology for preventing and treating fruit diseases and insect pests
CN111631257A (en) * 2020-06-30 2020-09-08 贵阳学院 Method for prolonging freshness date of fruits and edible fungi
CN116076290A (en) * 2022-08-19 2023-05-09 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 Comprehensive prevention and control method for soft rot of kiwi fruits
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