CN107897719A - 一种纳豆复合制剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- CN107897719A CN107897719A CN201711307607.4A CN201711307607A CN107897719A CN 107897719 A CN107897719 A CN 107897719A CN 201711307607 A CN201711307607 A CN 201711307607A CN 107897719 A CN107897719 A CN 107897719A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纳豆复合制剂及其制备方法,主要采用豆渣豆浆分离发酵工艺,即利用豆浆添加适量其他养分进行纳豆菌的液体发酵,以提高纳豆菌的活菌数,之后加入分离后的豆渣进行二次发酵,然后加入辅料用于造制片剂或粉剂。本发明所提供的工艺既改善了传统的发酵工艺,又能发挥豆类特别是乌豆和纳豆菌的保健功能,且价格低廉、工艺高效稳定,保健效果好,具有优良抗氧化活性,口感好,适用于广大消费者。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纳豆复合制剂及其制备方法,具体涉及纳豆的发酵工艺以及最终产品的组成配方,属于生物技术领域。
技术背景
纳豆起源于我国的发酵食品豆豉,距今已有2000多年的历史,近三十年来由日本作为保健养生类食品得到发扬光大。纳豆是由大豆经过煮熟后冷却到一定温度接种纳豆芽孢杆菌经过发酵、后熟等工艺制成的一种大豆发酵制品。大量临床研究文献已经证明,纳豆激酶作为一种生物组织酶,可特异性与人体的凝血酶(及凝血酶原)发生结合,阻止血液凝结,其效果是目前常用抗凝血药肝素的3到10倍,具有高效专一的抗凝溶栓效果,可明显溶解已形成的血栓、降低血液粘稠度、增强血管弹性、预防血栓再次形成,从而改善因血液粘稠、血管淤塞引起的高血压、高血脂、高血糖、高尿酸症状。
传统的纳豆类产品,发酵工艺简单,通常将乌豆进行浸泡蒸煮后进行固体发酵或者单纯将乌豆浸泡粉碎后直接作为发酵原料,营养成分比较固定,且带有臭味,口感较差,不符合大众口味。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的问题在于提供一种纳豆复合制剂及其制备方法,主要采用豆渣豆浆分离发酵工艺,即利用豆浆添加适量其他养分进行纳豆菌的液体发酵,以提高纳豆菌的活菌数,之后加入分离后的豆渣进行二次发酵,然后加入辅料用于造制片剂或粉剂。本发明所提供的工艺既改善了传统的发酵工艺,又能发挥豆类特别是乌豆和纳豆菌的保健功能,且价格低廉、工艺高效稳定,保健效果好,具有优良抗氧化活性,口感好,适用于广大消费者。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种纳豆复合制剂,按重量(干重)百分比计,包括:
进一步地,所述纳豆是豆类与纳豆芽孢杆菌进行二次发酵后的产物,所述豆类包括乌豆、黄豆和红豆中的一种或多种;所述二次发酵是指将豆类原料磨制并分离为豆浆和豆渣后,先在豆浆中接种纳豆芽孢杆菌进行发酵,然后再将发酵液与豆渣混合进行二次发酵。
所述的纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)为市售的符合国家卫生标准的发酵菌种。
所述的叶黄素和花青素均为市售的食品级植物源原料。
所述的食用糖为市售的食品级原料,选自蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖或果糖中的一种或多种。
所述的麦芽糊精和微晶纤维素为食品级填充剂。
进一步地,所述复合制剂为粉剂或片剂。
一种纳豆复合制剂的制备方法,包括:
1)将豆类原料洗净,浸泡过夜,加水磨制豆浆,剩余的豆渣蒸熟后保存备用;
2)将步骤1)得到的豆浆添加2%-3%(指在混合溶液中的重量百分数)的无水葡萄糖和0.3%-0.6%的NaCl(指在混合溶液中的重量百分数)后置于发酵罐中,112-115℃下灭菌20-30分钟,冷却至室温,按2%-5%的接种量接种纳豆芽孢杆菌种子液,通气进行好氧发酵,通气量350-400L/h,发酵温度36-38℃,发酵时间24-36小时,得到发酵液;
3)在无菌发酵室内,将步骤2)中得到的发酵液与步骤1)中得到的豆渣混合(全部混合即可),并转移至无菌浅盘类容器中,用无菌纱布封口,保持透气性,二次发酵8-16小时后得到纳豆;
4)向步骤3)得到的纳豆中加入辅料叶黄素、花青素、柠檬酸、食用糖、麦芽糊精、微晶纤维素,搅拌均匀,于40℃-55℃下烘干,得到纳豆复合制剂。
进一步地,步骤1)中,用3-4倍的清水浸泡过夜;加水磨制豆浆时,磨浆量以1kg干豆磨制4-6kg豆浆为宜。
进一步地,步骤2)中,所述纳豆芽孢杆菌种子液通过以下方法制得:将纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种接种于灭菌(115℃,30分钟)的种子发酵培养基中,种子发酵培养基的成分包含0.5%的牛肉膏、0.5%的酵母膏、0.5%的蛋白胨、0.5%的葡萄糖和0.5%的NaCl,其余成分为去离子水,pH7.0-7.2。接种后的种子发酵培养基于36℃下在摇床中震荡(160rpm)培养24-36小时,进行下步扩大接种。以上按照本领域常规技术进行即可。
进一步地,步骤2)中,得到的发酵液中的活芽孢数不低于1×109cfu/ml。
进一步地,步骤3)中,所述无菌浅盘类容器为不锈钢制、塑料制或者木质;用于封口的无菌纱布为4-8层。
进一步地,步骤4)中,若烘干后得到的产物颗粒过大,可进一步粉碎过筛(20-50目)。
进一步地,步骤4)中,还包括将烘干后的产物压成片剂。
采用上述方案,本发明通过简单的制备方法制备了一种新型的纳豆复合制剂,这种复合制剂成本低廉、方便食用,且安全、绿色无污染。
本发明具有以下优点:
1、通过选用经过长期验证的具有药食同源的原料,加以科学组合搭配,除最大程度保留作为食品的营养功能外,更可起到类似药物的保健和治疗效果,但却没有药物服用的诸多毒副作用。本品中所选用的豆类、纳豆芽孢杆菌、叶黄素、花青素等全部原料均是国家卫计委批准的具有保健作用的食品原料,安全无毒副作用。
2、乌豆营养丰富,含有蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、微量元素等多种营养成分,同时又具有多种生物活性物质,如乌豆色素、乌豆多糖和异黄酮等。乌豆具有高蛋白、低热量的特性,蛋白质含量高达45%以上,其中优质蛋白大约比黄豆高出1/4左右,居各种豆类之首,因此也赢得了“豆中之王”的美誉。研究发现,每100克乌豆中含粗脂肪高达12克以上,检测发现其中含有至少19种脂肪酸,而且不饱和脂肪酸含量竟然高达80%,其中亚油酸含量就占了约55.08%。亚油酸作为不饱和脂肪酸的一种,是人体中十分重要的必须脂肪酸,对胆固醇代谢具有至关重要的调节作用,只有当胆固醇与亚油酸结合时才能在体内转运而进行正常代谢。而当亚油酸缺乏时,胆固醇将与饱和脂肪酸结合并在人体内沉积,导致动脉硬化的发生,因此,亚油酸又有“血管清道夫”的美誉。乌豆中灰分含量为4.47%,明显高于其他豆类。进一步分析乌豆灰分的成分,可以发现多种矿物质及微量元素,如锌、铜、镁、钼、硒、磷等,而且含量都比较高。乌豆中富含多种维生素,尤其是维生素E在每百克乌豆中的含高达17.36微克。维生素E(Vitamin E)是一种脂溶性维生素,是最主要的抗氧化剂之一,发挥着重要的抗氧化保护机体细胞免受自由基的毒害的作用。异黄酮是黄酮类化合物中的一种,主要存在于豆科植物中,所以又经常被称为大豆异黄酮,由于其是从植物中提取,与女性雌激素结构相似,所以异黄酮又有“植物雌激素”之称。早有研究证实,黄豆的异黄酮含量极为丰富,有实验发现,乌豆的异黄酮含量比黄豆还要多。皂苷,是一种存在于植物细胞内结构复杂的化合物,同时也是一种具有重要药用价值的植物活性成分。乌豆皂苷对遗传物质DNA损伤具有保护作用。在清除活性氧方面,皂苷同样有良好作用,其中的机制可能是皂苷终止了自由基的连锁反应,抑制生物膜上多不饱合脂肪酸的过氧化作用,清除脂质过氧化产物,稳定细胞膜、抑制细胞膜系统内钙离子水平的异常升高,最终达到保护生物膜及亚细胞结构的完整性的作用。乌豆多糖是清除人体自由基的功臣之一。研究发现,乌豆多糖属于非还原性、非淀粉性多糖,具有显著的清除人体自由基的作用,尤其是对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用非常强大。此外,还有研究发现,乌豆中的多糖成分还可以促进骨髓组织的生长,具有刺激造血功能的再生的作用。乌豆色素是乌豆重要的生物活性物质之一,以乌豆皮为原料提制出的天然色素称为“乌豆红色素”,简称“乌豆红”。乌豆红色素可以降低脂质过氧化反应终产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量,这就意味着乌豆红色素具有明显的抗氧化作用。
3、纳豆及其提产物具有抗凝溶栓,降脂降糖,改善血液循环,又能阻止骨钙流失,防治骨质疏松等作用。
4、叶黄素是一种性能优异的抗氧化剂,可抵御氧自由基在人体内造成细胞与器官损伤,预防机体衰老引发的心血管硬化、冠心病等症状。最重要的是叶黄素是唯一可以存在眼睛水晶体的类胡萝卜素成分,是视网膜黄斑的主要色素和抗氧化成分,许多眼科疾病都与叶黄素的缺乏有很大关系,可见叶黄素对于眼睛起着重要保护作用,有助于降低、延缓眼睛的老化、退化、病变,减少眼疾的发生率,还可以保护视网膜免受光线的伤害。
5、花青素为人体带来多种益处。从根本上讲,花青素是一种强有力的抗氧化剂,它能够保护人体免受一种叫做自由基的有害物质的损伤。花青素的自由基清除能力是维生素E的50倍,也是维生素C的20倍,花青素可被人体100%地吸收,服用20分钟后,血液中就能检测到,并在体内维持长达27小时。与其它抗氧化剂不同,花青素有跨越血脑屏障的能力,可以直接保护大脑中枢神经系统。花青素还能够增强血管弹性,改善循环系统和增进皮肤的光滑度,抑制炎症和过敏,改善关节的柔韧性。花青素有助于预防多种与自由基有关的疾病,包括癌症、心脏病、过早衰老和关节炎;通过防止应激反应和吸烟引起的血小板凝集来减少心脏病和中风的发生;增强免疫系统能力来抵御致癌物质;降低感冒的次数和缩短持续时间;具有抗突变的功能从而减少致癌因子的形成;具有抗炎功效,因而可以预防包括关节炎和肿胀在内的炎症;缓解花粉病和其它过敏症;增强动脉、静脉和毛细血管弹性;保护动脉血管内壁;保持血细胞正常的柔韧性从而帮助血红细胞通过细小的毛细血管,因此增强了全身的血液循环、为身体各个部分的器官和系统带来直接的益处,并增强细胞活力;松弛血管从而促进血流和防上高血压(降血压功效);防止肾脏释放出的血管紧张素转化酶所造成的血压升高(另一个降血压功效);作为保护脑细胞的一道屏障,防止淀粉样β蛋白的形成、谷氨酸盐的毒性和自由基的攻击,从而预防阿尔茨海默氏病;通过对弹性蛋白酶和胶原蛋白酶的抑制使皮肤变得光滑而富有弹性,从内部和外部同时防止由于过度日晒所导致的皮肤损伤等等。
6、麦芽糊精具有甜度低,无异味,易消化,低热,溶解性好,发酵性小,填充效果好,不易吸潮,增稠性强,载体性好,稳定性好,难以变质的特性。
7、微晶纤维素粉末不溶于水、稀酸、有机溶剂和油脂,在水中能形成稳定的分散体系,是一种性质温和的吸附剂、助悬剂、稀释剂、崩解剂。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施方式的描述对本发明作进一步说明,但这并非是对本发明的限制,本领域技术人员根据本发明的基本思想,可以做出各种修改或改进,但是只要不脱离本发明的基本思想,均在本发明的范围之内。
需要说明的是,采用下述制备流程和工艺方法也可完全用于其他豆类(如黄豆、红豆等)或其他豆类与乌豆的混合物的纳豆复合制剂的制备,制备得到的产品的效果与乌豆纳豆复合制剂之间的差异主要是由豆类自身的营养成分不同所导致的。其中乌豆纳豆复合制剂含有100多种营养物质,易于被人体吸收利用,口感酸甜,具有良好的保健功能,可供人们日常食用。因此,以下各实施例中优选使用乌豆作为豆类原料。
另外,以下各实施例使用的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种均购自中科院微生物所菌种保藏中心,纳豆芽孢杆菌的活芽孢数检测方法均为常规的活芽孢平板菌落计数法。
实施例1
纳豆芽孢杆菌的培养:用接种环将斜面活化后的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种(购自中科院微生物所菌种保藏中心)接种于150mL灭菌(115℃,30分钟)的种子发酵培养基中,种子发酵培养基的成分为0.5%的牛肉膏、0.5%的酵母膏、0.5%的蛋白胨、0.5%的葡萄糖、0.5%的NaCl,其余成分为去离子水,pH7.0。接种后的种子发酵培养基于36℃下在摇床中震荡(160rpm)培养24小时,进行下步扩大接种。
乌豆纳豆的二次发酵:将1kg饱满无虫害的乌豆洗净,用3倍清水浸泡过夜,用磨浆机磨制豆浆,豆渣蒸熟后保存备用。将得到的约4L豆浆添加2%的无水葡萄糖和0.3%的NaCl,置于常规的5L的好氧通气发酵罐中,112℃的灭菌30分钟,冷却至室温(约为25℃),按5%的接种量接种种子液,通气进行好氧发酵。通气量350L/h,发酵温度36℃,发酵时间24小时。发酵液中的活芽孢数达到1.2×109cfu/ml。
将4L发酵液与以上得到的约1kg豆渣(湿重)全部混合,并转移至塑料制无菌浅盘中,用灭菌后的4层纱布封口,保持透气性,二次发酵8小时后,得到乌豆纳豆5kg(湿重,干重约1kg)。
产品制备:向乌豆纳豆中(按干重计)加入叶黄素2%、花青素10%、柠檬酸1%、蔗糖10%、麦芽糊精5%、微晶纤维素2%,搅拌均匀,于50℃下在低温烘干室内烘干,压成片剂。最终产品中纳豆芽孢杆菌的活芽孢数约为1.1×109cfu/g。
实施例2
纳豆芽孢杆菌的培养:用接种环将斜面活化后的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种(购自中科院微生物所菌种保藏中心)接种于200mL灭菌(115℃,30分钟)的种子发酵培养基中,种子发酵培养基的成分为0.5%的牛肉膏、0.5%的酵母膏、0.5%的蛋白胨、0.5%的葡萄糖、0.5%的NaCl,其余成分为去离子水,pH7.0。接种后的种子发酵培养基于36℃下在摇床中震荡(160rpm)培养36小时,进行下步扩大接种。
乌豆纳豆的二次发酵:将1.5kg饱满无虫害的乌豆洗净,用4倍清水浸泡过夜,用磨浆机磨制豆浆,豆渣蒸熟后保存备用。将得到的约8L豆浆添加3%的无水葡萄糖和0.6%的NaCl,置于常规的10L的好氧通气发酵罐中,115℃的灭菌20分钟,冷却至室温(约为25℃),按2%的接种量接种种子液,通气进行好氧发酵。通气量380L/h,发酵温度38℃,发酵时间36小时。发酵液中的活芽孢数达到1.3×109cfu/ml。
将8L发酵液与以上得到的约1.5kg豆渣(湿重)全部混合,并转移至塑料制无菌浅盘中,用灭菌后的8层纱布封口,保持透气性,二次发酵16小时后,得到乌豆纳豆9.5kg(湿重,干重约1.5kg)。
产品制备:向乌豆纳豆(以干重计)中加入叶黄素4%、花青素15%、柠檬酸2%、果糖15%、麦芽糊精10%、微晶纤维素5%,搅拌均匀,于55℃下在低温烘干室内烘干,压成片剂。最终产品中纳豆芽孢杆菌的活芽孢数约为1.3×109cfu/g。
实施例3
纳豆芽孢杆菌的培养:用接种环将斜面活化后的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种接种于200mL灭菌(115℃,30分钟)的种子发酵培养基中,种子发酵培养基的成分为0.5%的牛肉膏、0.5%的酵母膏、0.5%的蛋白胨、0.5%的葡萄糖、0.5%的NaCl,其余成分为去离子水,pH7.0。接种后的种子发酵培养基于36℃下在摇床中震荡(160rpm)培养32小时,进行下步扩大接种。
乌豆纳豆的发酵:将1.5kg饱满无虫害的乌豆洗净,用3倍清水浸泡过夜,用磨浆机磨制豆浆,豆渣蒸熟后保存备用。将得到的约8L豆浆添加2.5%的无水葡萄糖和0.5%的NaCl,置于10L的好氧通气发酵罐中,115℃的灭菌20分钟,冷却至室温(约为25℃),按4%的接种量接种种子液,通气进行好氧发酵。通气量400L/h,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间30小时。发酵液中的活芽孢数达到1.2×109cfu/ml。
将8L发酵液与以上得到的约1.5kg豆渣(湿重)全部混合,并转移至塑料制无菌浅盘中,用灭菌后的4层纱布封口,保持透气性,二次发酵12小时后,得到乌豆纳豆9.5kg(湿重,干重约1.5kg)。
产品制备:向乌豆纳豆(以干重计)中加入叶黄素3%、花青素12%、柠檬酸1.5%、麦芽糖14%、麦芽糊精8%、微晶纤维素4%,搅拌均匀,于50℃下在低温烘干室内烘干,压成片剂。最终产品中纳豆芽孢杆菌的活芽孢数约为1.2×109cfu/g。
该产品在常温干燥下储藏,保质期不小于3个月,在4℃低温下保存,保质期不小于6个月。
应当理解的是,对本领域普通技术人员来说,可以根据上述说明对生产过程加以删减、简单改进或变换,而所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种纳豆复合制剂,按重量百分比计,包括:
2.如权利要求1所述的一种纳豆复合制剂,其特征在于,所述纳豆是豆类与纳豆芽孢杆菌进行二次发酵后的产物,所述豆类包括乌豆、黄豆和红豆中的一种或多种;所述二次发酵是指将豆类原料磨制并分离为豆浆和豆渣后,先在豆浆中接种纳豆芽孢杆菌进行发酵,然后再将发酵液与豆渣混合进行二次发酵。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种纳豆复合制剂,其特征在于,所述的食用糖选自蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖或果糖中的一种或多种。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种纳豆复合制剂,其特征在于,所述复合制剂为粉剂或片剂。
5.权利要求1-4任一所述的一种纳豆复合制剂的制备方法,包括:
1)将豆类原料洗净,浸泡过夜,加水磨制豆浆,剩余的豆渣蒸熟后保存备用;
2)将步骤1)得到的豆浆添加2%-3%的无水葡萄糖和0.3%-0.6%的NaCl后置于发酵罐中,112-115℃下灭菌20-30分钟,冷却至室温,按2%-5%的接种量接种纳豆芽孢杆菌种子液,通气进行好氧发酵,通气量350-400L/h,发酵温度36-38℃,发酵时间24-36小时,得到发酵液;
3)在无菌发酵室内,将步骤2)中得到的发酵液与步骤1)中得到的豆渣混合,并转移至无菌浅盘类容器中,用无菌纱布封口,保持透气性,二次发酵8-16小时后得到纳豆;
4)向步骤3)得到的纳豆中加入叶黄素、花青素、柠檬酸、食用糖、麦芽糊精、微晶纤维素,搅拌均匀,于40℃-55℃下烘干,得到纳豆复合制剂。
6.如权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,用3-4倍的清水浸泡过夜;加水磨制豆浆时,磨浆量为以1kg干豆磨制4-6kg豆浆。
7.如权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,所述纳豆芽孢杆菌种子液通过以下方法制得:将纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种接种于灭菌的种子发酵培养基中,种子发酵培养基的成分包含0.5%的牛肉膏、0.5%的酵母膏、0.5%的蛋白胨、0.5%的葡萄糖和0.5%的NaCl,其余成分为去离子水,pH7.0-7.2,接种后的种子发酵培养基于36℃下在摇床中震荡培养24-36小时,进行下步扩大接种。
8.如权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,得到的发酵液中的活芽孢数不低于1×109cfu/ml。
9.如权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,所述无菌浅盘类容器为不锈钢制、塑料制或者木质;用于封口的无菌纱布为4-8层。
10.如权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中,还包括将烘干后的产物粉碎过20-50目筛。
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