CN107666017A - 用于混合动力车辆的电池系统 - Google Patents
用于混合动力车辆的电池系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于混合动力车辆的电池系统100,其包括两个输出端子1、2和电池组90,该电池组90包括每个分别电连接或者可连接到一个输出端子1、2的主极和副极91、92。此外,电池系统100包括电可操作的预充电开关10,其电连接到电池组90的主极91和电池系统100的第一输出端子1。此外,电池系统100包括与电可操作的预充电开关10串联布置的第一电阻器21和隔离监控电路50。根据本发明,第二电阻器22与第一电阻器21串联布置并与半导体开关44并联布置。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于混合动力车辆的电池系统,该电池系统包括两个输出端子、具有主极和副极的电池组和电可操作的预充电开关,主极和副极每个分别电连接或者可连接到一个输出端子。电可操作的预充电开关电连接到电池组的主极和电池系统的第一输出端子。此外,电池系统包括与电可操作的预充电开关串联布置的第一电阻器和隔离监控电路,该隔离监控电路适于执行电池系统的总隔离的监控。此外,本发明涉及相应的方法。
背景技术
可再充电的电池系统不同于一次电池系统在于它可以被重复地充电和放电,而后者仅做出化学到电能的不可逆转换。低容量的可再充电的电池系统用作小的电子装置,比如蜂窝电话、笔记本计算机和录像摄像机的电源,而大容量的可再充电的电池系统用作用于驱动混合动力车辆中的马达等的电源。
这种可再充电的电池系统,特别是高电压可再充电的电池系统不得不与它们连接到的(高电压)组件和它们使用于的环境电隔离。例如,用于驱动混合动力车辆中的马达的电池系统的高电压组件不得不配置为使得它们可与车辆的底盘的高电压组件可隔离或者可分离。根据电池驱动的电动车辆的规则(ECE R 100),与这种组件的隔离尤其可以经由隔离装置等执行,该隔离装置在等效网络图中由电阻器表示。在大多数情况下这种隔离由隔离监控电路监控。
包括如上所述的这种隔离电阻器7和隔离监控电路50的现有技术的电池系统100的电路如图1所示。
图1示出的电池系统100包括示例性地与混合动力车辆的驱动马达的负载阻抗200电连接的两个输出端子1、2。电池系统100进一步包括具有每个分别电连接到一个输出端子1、2的主极(primary pole)和副极(secondary pole)91、92的电池组90。在该示例中,主极91表示与车辆的底盘地隔离的电池组90的负极,其在图1中由隔离电阻器7表示,其中,副极92表示也与底盘地隔离的电池组90的正极,其在图1中由另一隔离电阻器7表示。应该提到的是,在该示例中,隔离电阻器7直接连接到底盘地,其中,在图1示出的电路图的相对端上的另一底盘接地符号表示其本身也连接到底盘地的车辆总体电气的GND。
在现有技术的电池系统100的该示例中,其中的隔离监控电路50尤其包括电池管理单元(未示出)和可分别电连接到电池系统的基准电势(例如,电池系统的高电压组件的地)的两个基准电阻器6。电池系统的基准电势和车辆的底盘地可以被连接以确保隔离监视电路50的功能。每个基准电阻器6经由一个开关装置6-1,基准电阻器6可以分别电连接到电池组90的极91、92。此外,电池系统100包括电连接到电池管理单元(未示出)的多个电压计5。
经由这些电压计5,隔离监控电路50适于分别测量和监控由电池组90供应的和在极91、92和车辆的底盘地之间的电压。此外,隔离监控电路50适于在电池系统100的总隔离的监控处理内使用这些测量的电压。每个极91、92经由一个继电器8,极91、92可以分别与电池系统100的输出端子1、2电子机械地分离。
图1示出的电池系统100进一步包括与继电器8并联布置的预充电继电器10,该继电器8在电池系统100的主极91和第一输出端子1之间的导电路径中布置。用作预充电电阻器的第一电阻器21与预充电继电器10串联布置。此外,如在现有技术中常见的,适于将车辆的高压电路经由第二电阻器22(也称为耦合电阻器)耦合到电池系统100的附加开关18与预充电继电器10并联布置。为了由隔离监控电路50对电池系统100的总隔离的测量,闭合附加开关18并执行测量。
包括隔离监控电路的电池系统的其他示例在US 2013/0314097 A1中公开,其描述了用于检测高电压电池系统的隔离电阻的装置。
如可以从上面看到的,在现有技术的电池系统100中,需要附加开关18来执行隔离监控。这种附加开关通常必须实现为高鲁棒性继电器,增加了电池系统的生产成本且通常必须经由所谓的通孔技术(THT)安装。将这种附加开关作为SMD部分附于电池系统通常是不利的。
发明内容
通过本发明的装置可以避免或者至少减少现有技术的一个或多个缺点。具体来说,提供车辆的电池系统,其包括两个输出端子和电池组,该电池组包括每个分别电连接或者可连接到一个输出端子的主极和副极。此外,该电池系统包括电连接到电池组的主极和电池系统的第一输出端子的电可操作的预充电开关。此外,电池系统包括与电可操作的预充电开关串联布置的第一电阻器和隔离监控电路,该隔离监控电路适于执行电池系统的总隔离的监控。根据本发明,第二电阻器与第一电阻器串联布置并与半导体开关并联布置,该半导体开关适于在第一状态下双向地传导电流和在第二状态下双向地阻挡电流。
在这种电池系统中,可以仅使用电池系统的预充电路径执行隔离监控。因此,可以省略例如昂贵的继电器的昂贵的附加开关,且可以减少电池系统的总生产成本,同时增加电池系统的寿命预期。
在优选实施例中,隔离监控电路包括每极可电连接到电池系统的基准电势的至少一个基准电阻器,与至少一个基准电阻器和电池系统的极串联布置的开关装置,和至少一个电压计。这种隔离监控电路允许根据电池驱动的电动车辆的规则ECE R 100的电池系统的总隔离的测量和监控。
优选地,第二电阻器适于将外部高电压组件耦合到电池系统。
优选地,适于将外部高电压组件耦合到电池系统的电阻器是具有至少100Ohm/V的阻抗值的电阻器。
优选地,半导体开关适于双向地传导和阻挡电流。另外优选的,半导体开关能够双向地传导和阻挡电流。换句话说,当半导体开关处于第一状态时,电流可以在两个相反的方向通过半导体开关的开关路径。当半导体开关处于第二状态时,无论电流的方向如何,电流都不能通过半导体开关的开关路径。
优选地,半导体开关包括晶闸管。
另外优选的,半导体开关包括彼此反串联连接的两个晶体管。通过这种电池系统,可以改变预充电周期内的开关序列,以使得在预充电开关和/或进一步的电池系统的电可操作的开关,特别地适于将电池系统的极与其各自输出端子分离的电可操作的开关,转变为闭合状态之后,两个晶体管转变为闭合状态。通过这种开关序列的改变,特别地适于连接和断开电池系统的正极与其各自输出端子的电可操作的开关可以没有阻碍地通断电流,由此避免开关电流的尖峰。这增加了各自电可操作的开关和电池系统的整体性能和寿命预期。
优选地两个晶体管中的至少一个实现为场效应晶体管。场效应晶体管总的来说是在生产中有成本效益的,且提供稳定的开关行为。
在本发明的优选实施例中,两个晶体管都实现为金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。MOSFET是紧凑的,因此可以以高密度制造且具有短的响应时间。
在更优选的实施例中,两个晶体管实现为N沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。通过两个这种反串联地布置的晶体管的使用,所以利用它们各自的指向相反方向的体二极管,有效地防止第二电阻器的短路耦合。
优选地晶体管的源极端子彼此电连接。在这种实施例中,晶体管的驱动器电路可以以简化结构实现。
优选地,晶体管的控制输入端子彼此电连接。更优选的,晶体管的栅极端子彼此电连接。在这种实施例中,一起用作开关的晶体管的控制是容易的。
在优选实施例中,电池系统适于当至少一个中间电路电容器连接到电池系统时,经由电可操作的预充电开关和半导体开关预充电至少一个中间电路电容器。在这种实施例中,可以用预充电路径内的预充电电阻器执行中间电路电容器的预充电。优选地,中间电路电容器是DC链路电容器。
在更进一步的优选实施例中,电池系统进一步包括在电互连副极和第二输出端子的导电路径中布置的电可操作的开关,其中,电池系统适于通过闭合电可操作的预充电开关和电可操作的开关且随后将半导体开关转换为导通状态,来执行至少一个中间电路电容器的预充电操作。优选地,电池系统进一步包括电池管理单元,该电池管理单元适于通过闭合电可操作的预充电开关和电可操作的开关且随后将半导体开关转换为导通状态,来执行、控制和/或管理中间电路电容器的预充电操作。在这种实施例中,在半导体开关转换为导通状态之前,电可操作的预充电开关和电可操作的开关转换为导通状态。因此,因为不旁路第二电阻器而减小了流入电流,这增加了电可操作的预充电开关的寿命。优选地,电池管理单元形成隔离监控电路的一部分。
优选地,电可操作的预充电开关实现为继电器。这种继电器具有高到无限的电阻并允许通断高电流。另外优选的,电可操作的开关实现为继电器。
在优选实施例中,隔离监控电路适于在预充电开关处于导通状态时和在半导体开关处于非导通状态时执行电池系统的隔离电阻的测量。优选地,电池系统包括电池管理单元,该电池管理单元适于在预充电开关处于导通状态时和半导体开关处于非导通状态时执行电池系统的总隔离的测量。在这种实施例中,电池系统的总隔离的测量和监控可以以与由现有技术的电池系统的隔离监控电路提供的相同质量执行,而不需要附加开关以便执行测量或者监控。
优选地,隔离监控电路的电池管理单元实现为微处理器或者微控制器单元。通过这种电池管理单元,保证了电池系统和其组件的稳定控制、操作和管理。
另外优选的,电池管理单元适于控制半导体开关、预充电开关和/或电可操作的开关的状态。优选地,电池管理单元适于分别激活半导体开关和预充电开关。
此外,提供了根据本发明的用于执行电池系统的隔离监控的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:闭合电可操作的预充电开关;将半导体开关维持在非导通状态;以及经由隔离监控电路执行电池系统的总隔离的测量。该方法有益地允许使用预充电路径的组件来执行隔离测量。
此外,提供包括根据本发明的电池系统的车辆。在这种车辆中,实现了上面提到的优点。
本发明的另外的方面可以从从属权利要求或者以下描述中习得。
附图说明
通过参考附图详细描述示例性实施例,特征将对本领域技术人员变得明显,在附图中:
图1图示现有技术的具有隔离监控电路的电池系统,
图2图示根据本发明的电池系统的第一实施例,
图3图示根据本发明的电池系统的第二实施例。
具体实施方式
参考图2,示出了根据本发明的用于混合动力车辆的电池系统100的第一示例性实施例。电池系统100包括用于与负载连接的两个输出端子1、2。此外,电池系统100进一步包括电池组90,该电池组90包括主极和副极91、92,每个分别电连接到一个输出端子1、2。在图2中,电池组90由电压电源的电子符号指示。电池组90包括多个电互连的电池单元。在该第一实施例中,主极91示例性地表示电连接到第一输出端子1的电池组90的负极。副极92示例性地表示电连接到第二输出端子2的电池组90的正极92。
在该第一实施例中,将极91、92与输出端子1、2电互连的导电路径9每个包括电可操作的开关8,该电可操作的开关8在该第一实施例中示例性地实现为继电器。但是,也可能实现根据本发明的电池系统100而没有这种电可操作的开关8。电池系统100另外包括电可操作的预充电开关10,其电连接到电池组90的主极91和电池系统100的第一输出端子1。在该第一实施例中,预充电开关10示例性地实现为预充电继电器。在用于电池组90的副极92的预充电继电器10和电可操作的开关8处于闭合状态下并且用于电池组90的主极91的电可操作的开关8处于打开状态下时,电池系统100允许可连接到电池系统100的输出端子1、2的中间电路电容器(图2中未示出)的预充电,其中该电可操作的开关8适于将副极92与第二输出端子2连接和将副极92与第二输出端子2分离。但是,其他开关元件也可以用作电可操作的预充电开关10。此外,第一电阻器21与电可操作的预充电开关10串联布置。该第一电阻器21用作当电可操作的预充电开关10处于闭合状态,所以预充电继电器处于闭合状态时限制预充电电流的预充电电阻器。
此外,在该第一实施例中,电池系统100包括隔离监控电路50和两个隔离电阻器7,两个隔离电阻器7用于极91、92与如相对于图1描述的电池系统100的示例的底盘的隔离。
该第一实施例的电池系统100另外包括第二电阻器22,该第二电阻器22适于将外部高电压组件耦合到电池系统100且与第一电阻器21串联布置并与半导体开关44并联布置,该半导体开关44适于在第一状态下双向地传导电流和在第二状态下双向地阻挡电流。在该第一实施例中,半导体开关44示例性地包括彼此反串联连接的两个晶体管31、32。但是,根据本发明的电池系统100的半导体开关44也可以包括其他组件,例如晶闸管。换句话说,在该第一实施例中,电池系统100包括与电可操作的预充电开关10和第一电阻器21串联布置的第二电阻器22。该第一实施例中的两个晶体管31、32实现为场效应晶体管,更具体地实现为彼此反串联耦合且与第二电阻器22并联的N沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(n-MOSFET)。因此,第一晶体管31的漏极端子31-3电连接到第二电阻器22的第一端子22-1。此外,在该第一实施例中,第一晶体管31的源极端子31-1电连接到第二晶体管32的源极端子32-1。该第二晶体管32的漏极端子32-3电连接到第二电阻器22的第二端子22-2。因此在图2中,第一晶体管31的体二极管31-5指向与第二晶体管32的体二极管32-5的方向相对的方向,两个体二极管31-5、32-5一起n-p-p-n半导体结构。此外,在该第一实施例中,第一晶体管31的栅极端子31-2电连接到第二晶体管32的栅极端子32-2。
但是,电池系统100的其他实施例可以用另外不必以如图2所示的方式互连的其他晶体管31、32实现。
图3示出了根据本发明的电池系统100的第二实施例。更详细地,图3示出的电池系统100实质上与如图1所示的电池系统100相同。因此,与图1中的附图标记相同的图3中的附图标记表示相同组件。但是,图3不同于图1在于如相对于图2描述的两个晶体管31、32的使用和第一和第二电阻器21、22的串联连接。因此,在图3中,不采用附加开关18(参见图1)。代替地,电池系统100包括电可操作的预充电开关10,其在该第二实施例中也实现为与电池系统100的电可操作的开关8并联布置的预充电继电器。预充电继电器与第一电阻器21串联布置,该第一电阻器21正如相对于图2描述的那样用作预充电电阻器。第一电阻器21串联连接到第二电阻器22,该第二电阻器22用于将外部高电压组件耦合到电池系统100。在该第二实施例中,电池系统100示例性地经由输出端子1、2电连接到车辆的驱动马达的负载阻抗200。此外,经由第二电阻器22耦合到电池系统100的外部高电压组件示例性地是车辆的高电压组件。但是,也可能实现适于向其他负载供电的根据本发明的电池系统100的实施例。
在该第二实施例中,两个晶体管31、32彼此反串联互连并与第二电阻器22并联布置。晶体管31、32的源极端子31-1、32-1彼此电连接。此外,晶体管31、32的控制输入端子31-2、32-2彼此电连接。在该第二实施例中,晶体管31、32的互连控制输入端子31-2、32-2示例性地电连接到电池管理单元(未示出),该电池管理单元在该第二实施例中示例性地也由隔离监控电路50包括。
在该第二实施例中,电池系统100适于当至少一个中间电路电容器140连接到电池系统100时,经由电可操作的预充电开关10和晶体管31、32对中间电路电容器140预充电,如在该第二实施例中的示例的情况。此外,在该第二实施例中,电池管理单元适于通过闭合电可操作的预充电开关10和在电互连副极92和第二输出端子2的导电路径9中布置的电可操作的开关8,且随后将晶体管31、32转换为导通状态,而执行中间电路电容器140的预充电操作。换句话说,对于预充电操作,该第二实施例中的电池管理单元首先闭合预充电继电器和用于副极92的电可操作的开关8并且维持用于主极91的电可操作的开关8处于打开状态,迫使充电电流流经第一和第二电阻器21、22。在预定量的时间之后,电池管理单元接通晶体管31、32,将它们转换为导通状态,由此旁路第二电阻器22。在该第二实施例中,第二电阻器22适于耐受高功率损失。该过程防止高涌流电流破坏电池系统100的组件。特别地,该过程将避免当用于副极92的电可操作的开关8闭合时在其的高电流峰值。但是,在根据本发明的电池系统100的其他实施例中,电池管理单元或者电池系统100可以适于执行其他预充电操作。例如,在一些实施例中,通过首先将预充电开关10或者两个晶体管31、32转换为导通状态,且然后将用于副极92的电可操作的开关8转换为导通状态,来执行预充电操作。在这种实施例中,可以采用小于第二实施例中使用的第二电阻器22的第二电阻器22。
此外,电池管理单元适于当预充电开关10处于导通状态且晶体管31、32处于非导通状态时执行电池系统100的总隔离的测量。为了执行测量,电池管理单元使得预充电继电器闭合,维持晶体管31、32断开、非导通状态且交替导通和断开开关装置6-1以计算隔离电阻,使用由隔离监控电路50的电压计5测量的电压。在该第二实施例中,电池管理单元示例性地适于在预定义时间间隔中监控电池系统100的隔离,和一旦所测量的电压与预定义阈值相交则启动逆反应(counter reaction)。这种逆反应例如可以包括继电器8的断开。
但是,也可能在管理和/或控制电池系统100的隔离的测量和监控的隔离监控电路50内用其他组件实现根据本发明的其他电池系统100。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于车辆的电池系统(100),包括:
-两个输出端子(1,2);
-电池组(90),包括主极和副极(91,92),主极和副极(91,92)每个分别电连接或者可连接到一个输出端子(1,2);
-电可操作的预充电开关(10),电连接到电池组(90)的主极(91)和电池系统(100)的第一输出端子(1);
-第一电阻器(21),与电可操作的预充电开关(10)串联布置;
-隔离监控电路(50),适于执行电池系统(100)的总隔离的监控;
其特征在于,
第二电阻器(22)与第一电阻器(21)串联布置并与半导体开关(44)并联布置,所述半导体开关(44)适于在第一状态下双向地传导电流和在第二状态下双向地阻挡电流。
2.如权利要求1所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述隔离监控电路(50)包括可电连接到车辆的底盘地的多个基准电阻器(6),多个电压计(5),以及分别在所述多个基准电阻器(6)和所述电池组(90)的主极和副极之间串联连接的多个开关装置(6-1)。
3.如任意先前权利要求所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述半导体开关(44)包括彼此反串联连接的两个晶体管(31,32)。
4.如权利要求3所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述两个晶体管(31,32)中的至少一个实现为场效应晶体管。
5.如权利要求4所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述两个晶体管(31,32)实现为金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。
6.如权利要求5所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述两个晶体管(31,32)实现为N沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。
7.如权利要求4到6之一所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述两个晶体管(31,32)的源极端子(31-1,32-1)彼此电连接。
8.如权利要求3到7之一所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述两个晶体管(31,32)的控制输入端子(31-2,32-2)彼此电连接。
9.如任意先前权利要求所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述电池系统(100)适于当至少一个中间电路电容器(140)连接到电池系统(100)时,经由电可操作的预充电开关(10)和半导体开关(44)对所述至少一个中间电路电容器(140)预充电。
10.如权利要求9所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述电池系统(100)进一步包括在电互连副极(92)和第二输出端子(2)的导电路径(9)中布置的电可操作的开关(8),所述导电路径(9)气地,其中,所述电池系统(100)适于通过闭合电可操作的预充电开关(10)和电可操作的开关(8)并随后将半导体开关(44)转换为导通状态,来执行至少一个中间电路电容器(140)的预充电操作。
11.如任意先前权利要求所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述电可操作的预充电开关(10)实现为继电器。
12.如任意先前权利要求所述的电池系统(100),其中,所述隔离监控电路(50)适于当电可操作的预充电开关(10)处于导通状态且半导体开关(44)处于非导通状态时,执行电池系统(100)的隔离电阻的测量。
13.一种用于如权利要求1到12之一所述的电池系统(100)的隔离监控的执行的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
闭合电可操作的预充电开关(10),
将半导体开关(44)维持在非导通状态,以及
经由隔离监控电路(50)执行电池系统(100)的总隔离的测量。
14.一种包括如权利要求1到12之一所述的电池系统(100)的车辆。
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