CN1076388C - 用于制造可燃气体的方法与设备 - Google Patents

用于制造可燃气体的方法与设备 Download PDF

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CN1076388C
CN1076388C CN96195129A CN96195129A CN1076388C CN 1076388 C CN1076388 C CN 1076388C CN 96195129 A CN96195129 A CN 96195129A CN 96195129 A CN96195129 A CN 96195129A CN 1076388 C CN1076388 C CN 1076388C
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诺贝特·托普夫
冈特·赖歇根
迪特尔·哈恩
冈特·利布施
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于气化含碳产品、特别是以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物和残留物的方法和设备。气化在混合流中进行,该混合流由逆流、顺流和横流组成。通过作为阶梯式炉条形成的倾斜放置的炉条,一部分气化剂被引入,而灰则在炉条的下端排出。可燃气体的抽出则在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方在炉条的上面段实现。气化装置用一个两层的隔热-冷却系统包围,此时,用空气作为隔热剂与冷却剂。气化的调节通过气化装置的温度分布实现,此时,主气化区的位置通过排灰调节,气化温度通过气化剂流调节,而功率则通过气化区宽度调节。产生的可燃气体最好在某个工作机中用于生产电能。废气最好用活性焦滤器净化。

Description

用于制造可燃气体的方法与设备
本发明涉及一种从含碳产品特别是从以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物和残留物生成可燃气体的方法和设备。
根据DE-OS3312863已经知道有一种燃烧可燃物品的方法,在该方法中,将可燃的废气通往燃烧室。此时,废气从燃烧室内单独引至一个或多个出口,并将该单独引出的废气与新鲜空气混合。这样,就可能得到一个尽可能完全的和无故障的废气燃烧。
通过DE-PS3409292和DE-PS3705406,已经知道有一种作为所谓的气化加热锅炉的带燃烧室的结构单元的气体发生器。它由在一个可移动的炉条上方设置的给料漏斗、一个在炉条上方与给料漏斗连接的反应空间、一个在炉条下方设置的燃烧室和一个在燃烧室内设置的火管。
通过将气化的气体顺流引入气化加热锅炉,此时,用于气化的物质和气化剂从上向下经过气化装置,并在直接靠近出灰口抽出所产生的可燃气体,于是就出现通过气体排出碳物质颗粒,因而在燃烧其形式为在废气中有太高的残余CO含量的气体时发生问题。
DE-PS926978给出了一种气体发生器,此时,可燃物质的气化在气化剂的横流中进行。气化炉的前壁此时做成一个斜放的炉条,并座落在互相叠置的且单个可分别脱开的空气室的前面。可根据需要有选择地将燃烧剂与空气或空气与蒸气一起送入这些可脱开的空气室中并通过它影响燃烧过程。
本发明的目的在于,提出一种方法和设备,通过它们可以以高的能量效率提高在气化设备中生产的气体的纯度,同时用它扩大其可使用性。特别是,可以进一步充分利用包含在所用的废弃物和残留物中的碳,和通过将燃烧气体进行吸热而最佳地使用所产生的可燃气体以及使有害物质的排放为最少。
按照本发明使用这种用以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物和残留物生成的含碳固体物质通过用气化剂气化制造可燃气体的方法可实现上述目的,该气化剂由空气或含氧混合物组成,此时,要气化的固体物质从上向下经过气化装置,在要气化的固体物质的气化基本上在炉条上方的气化区中进行,混合流中的气化剂从下面通过炉条送入,和/或从气化区的上方和侧面送入,而可燃气体则在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方从气化装置抽出,此时,气化剂的主流从气化区的侧面送入,而气化过程的调节则根据在散料中所测得的温度分布进行,其中,主气化区的位置通过灰从气化装置中的排放速度来调节;最佳气化温度通过气化剂流来调节;气化装置的功率通过调整气化区的宽度来调节和通过气化剂的侧向输入来调整。
在按照本发明的装置中,要气化的固体物质从上向下经过气化装置,在要气化的固体物质的散料中的气化基本上在炉条上方产生,它有一种结构,可将混合流中的气化剂从下面通过炉条送入和/或从上方和侧面送入,而可燃气体则在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方抽出,气化装置有一个倾斜放置的炉条,它配备一个能使炉条移动的机构,这样,就可调节灰的排出。
按照本发明一个方面,倾斜放置的炉条是阶梯形炉条。
将以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物或残留物作为固体物质与空气或含空气或含氧气的混合物作为气化剂一起在气化装置中气化。此时,用于气化的物质与气化剂这样送入混合气流中,即用于气化的物质从上向下经过气化炉,而气化剂则既从上面又从下面和侧面,至少是从侧面和上面所说的另一个地方送入固体物质散料中,而可燃气体则最好在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方抽出。
按照本发明,气化过程在气化装置中的调节通过绘制沿气化装置的高度的温度分布来实现。此时,将通过移动炉条的运动因而即通过排灰速度来调节相应于最大温度区的主气化区的垂直位置。根据废弃物或残留物的种类而不同的最佳气化温度将通过气化剂流的大小与成份进行调节,而气化炉的功率则通过其气化剂入口的宽度和由上下叠置的入口位置进行调节。
所产生的可燃气体完全或部分地不需要进一步处理,就可以送给在气化装置下方结构单元中设置的公知结构形式的燃烧室并趁热利用所产生的燃烧气体。但是,比较有益的则是将可燃气体送入用于产生电能的工作机。残余的热量将趁热通过加热锅炉得到利用。在吸走热量以后,燃烧废气将经受烟气净化(最好包含活性焦滤器),紧接着通过烟囱到达大气。
一种在一个气化装置,最好是带燃烧室的结构单元中,以空气或含空气或含氧气的混合物作为气化剂,并通过含碳产品,特别是用以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物和残留物制造的含碳产品的气化制造可燃气体的设备,其特征为,气化装置配备有倾斜放置的炉条,该炉条最好做成阶梯式炉条,它使气化剂能够送入并可通过一个合适的机构被移动。
按照本发明设备的一种设计,设备即气化装置用两层的隔热-冷却系统包围,这些层用穿有小孔的中间壁隔开,此时,外面的隔热层有一个或多个用于冷却空气进入的开口,而内面的冷却层则有一个或多个用于冷却空气排出的开口。
此时,特别重要的是,冷的冷却气流(一般是气化剂)首先冷却隔热-冷却系统的外壁,然后流过穿有小孔的中间壁,由此以后喷吹在气化装置的内壳上。由此,在有益地预热气化剂的同时,还可使气化装置的内壳得到强烈的冷却。
下面将按照一个实施例详细说明本发明。
在图中示出了按照本发明的设备的原理性结构。按照本发明的气化装置设有一倾斜布置的炉条1,此时,一部分气化剂通过此炉条1送至要气化的物质,其主要目的为充分转换仍然在进炉物料的灰中存在的碳。其它的气化剂部分将在固体物质布料处的上方送入气化炉,其主要任务将要气化的物质的低温干馏产品冲进气化区,从而导致充分的气化。大部分气化剂将通过入口2从侧面送入气化装置。通过改变侧面的气化剂入口的宽度,就可确定气化区的尺寸从而确定气化功率。当要气化的物质的流动方向为从上至下时,则在气化装置的下部将实现逆流,在上部将形成顺流,在中部即主气化区将实现横流。可燃气体将在与侧面入口2相对的一侧,在倾斜放置的炉条1的最上段、在出口3处被抽出。通过本发明的混合流气化,一方面可以做到充分转换在待气化的物质中所含的碳,另一方面可以做到充分转化最初产生的低温干馏产品,从而使可燃气体不含可冷凝的有机物质和焦油状物质。
按照本发明,倾斜放置的炉条1做成阶梯形炉条或按另一种方式做成不是平面形的,并且作为移动炉条可移动地安放。通过用合适的驱动装置4移动,则灰可经过排出口5排出并到达储灰室6。通过将可燃气体与灰在空间上隔开的排出,可燃气体进一步去掉含碳和矿物质的悬浮粒子。
本发明的另一特点为气化装置周围的隔热一冷却系统。冷却空气首先到达外隔热层7并由该处通过穿有小孔的中间壁8到达内冷却层9,在该处实现气化炉壳12的真正的冷却。经过预热的空气在出口10处离开隔热-冷却系统并用作气化剂或助燃空气。
如同已经描述的一样,气化过程在气化装置中的调节通过绘制沿气化装置的高度的温度分布来实现。此时,将通过炉条1的移动因而即通过灰的排放调节相应于最大温度区的主气化区的位置。根据废弃物质或残留物质的种类而不同的最佳气化温度将通过气化剂流的大小与成分进行调节,而气化装置的功率则通过其气化区的宽度和根据气化剂入口的宽度通过多个上下叠置的入口2进行调节。
所产生的可燃气体完全或部分地不需要进一步处理,就可以送给在气化装置下方结构单元中设置的公知的结构方式的燃烧室11,并趁热利用所产生的燃烧气体。但是,比较有利的则是将可燃气体送入用于产生电能的工作机。残余的热量将趁热通过加热锅炉得到利用。在吸走热量以后,燃烧废气将经受烟气净化(最好包含活性焦滤器),紧接着通过烟囱进入大气。

Claims (4)

1.一种用以合适的方式控制或处理的废弃物和残留物生成的含碳固体物质通过用气化剂气化制造可燃气体的方法,该气化剂由空气或含氧混合物组成,此时,要气化的固体物质从上向下经过气化装置,在要气化的固体物质的气化基本上在炉条上方的气化区中进行,混合流中的气化剂从下面通过炉条送入,和/或从气化区的上方和侧面送入,而可燃气体则在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方从气化装置抽出,此时,气化剂的主流从气化区的侧面送入,而气化过程的调节则根据在散料中所测得的温度分布进行,其特征为,
-主气化区的位置通过灰从气化装置中的排放速度来调节;
-最佳气化温度通过气化剂流来调节;
-气化装置的功率通过调整气化区的宽度来调节和通过气化剂的侧向输入来调整。
2.一种用权利要求1的方法来制造可燃气体的设备,其中,要气化的固体物质从上向下经过气化装置,在要气化的固体物质的散料中的气化基本上在炉条上方产生,它有一种结构,可将混合流中的气化剂从下面通过炉条送入和/或从上方和侧面送入,而可燃气体则在与气化剂的侧面入口相对的地方抽出,其特征为,气化装置有一个倾斜放置的炉条(1),它配备一个能使炉条移动的机构,这样,就可调节灰的排出。
3.一种如权利要求2的设备,其特征为,倾斜放置的炉条(1)是阶梯形炉条。
4.一种如权利要求2或3的设备,其特征为,气化装置的外壁有一个由两层的隔热-冷却系统组成的隔热结构,该系统的单个的层用一个穿有小孔的中间壁(8)彼此隔开,其中,设有一种装置,通过它将冷的助燃剂引至外层,而该外层是一隔热层(7),以后,助燃剂越过穿有小孔的中间壁(8)引入内层,该内层是一冷却层(9),加热的助燃剂从热的内层被引出并至少通过侧面的通道(2)被引至气化装置。
CN96195129A 1995-06-27 1996-06-26 用于制造可燃气体的方法与设备 Expired - Fee Related CN1076388C (zh)

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