CN107342721A - 车辆 - Google Patents

车辆 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107342721A
CN107342721A CN201710281214.4A CN201710281214A CN107342721A CN 107342721 A CN107342721 A CN 107342721A CN 201710281214 A CN201710281214 A CN 201710281214A CN 107342721 A CN107342721 A CN 107342721A
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pwm
motor
voltage
control unit
controls
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CN107342721B (zh
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山田坚滋
山本敏洋
水野匡
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Denso Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/28—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed without contact making and breaking, e.g. using a transductor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/02—Providing protection against overload without automatic interruption of supply
    • H02P29/024—Detecting a fault condition, e.g. short circuit, locked rotor, open circuit or loss of load
    • H02P29/0241—Detecting a fault condition, e.g. short circuit, locked rotor, open circuit or loss of load the fault being an overvoltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/08—Arrangements for controlling the speed or torque of a single motor
    • H02P6/085—Arrangements for controlling the speed or torque of a single motor in a bridge configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/14—Electronic commutators
    • H02P6/16—Circuit arrangements for detecting position
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/14—Electronic commutators
    • H02P6/16—Circuit arrangements for detecting position
    • H02P6/18—Circuit arrangements for detecting position without separate position detecting elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/10—Electrical machine types
    • B60L2220/14—Synchronous machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/421—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/42—Drive Train control parameters related to electric machines
    • B60L2240/423—Torque
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/529—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/10—Temporary overload
    • B60L2260/16—Temporary overload of electrical drive trains
    • B60L2260/165—Temporary overload of electrical drive trains of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/325—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection with means for allowing continuous operation despite a fault, i.e. fault tolerant converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/02—Providing protection against overload without automatic interruption of supply
    • H02P29/032—Preventing damage to the motor, e.g. setting individual current limits for different drive conditions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种车辆。车辆包括电子控制单元。电子控制单元被配置为通过切换多个控制来执行逆变器的控制，所述多个控制包括：i)通过将基于马达的转矩指令的各相的电压指令与载波电压进行比较来生成多个切换元件的第一PWM信号，并且切换多个切换元件的第一PWM控制，以及ii)在基于转矩指令的电压的调制系数和电压相位以及在马达的电角度的预定周期中的脉冲数的基础上来生成多个切换元件的第二PWM信号并切换多个切换元件的第二PWM控制。电子控制单元被配置为当在旋转位置传感器中发生异常时，限制第二PWM控制的执行。

Description

车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一种车辆，更具体地涉及一种包括马达、逆变器和电池的车辆。
背景技术
作为这种类型的车辆，已经提出了包括电动机和具有逆变器电路的电力转换装置的车辆，该逆变器电路通过切换多个切换元件来驱动电动机，并且其中基于电动机的一个电气周期中的脉冲数和基于电动机的转矩指令的电压的调制系数和电压相位生成多个切换元件的脉冲信号来切换多个切换元件(例如，参见日本专利申请公开No.2013-162660(JP2013-162660A))。在这样的车辆中，通过基于脉冲数、调制系数和电压相位生成脉冲信号以最小化功率转换装置和电动机的功率损耗来实现包括电力转换装置和电动机整体的驱动系统中的损耗减少。
发明内容
然而，在生成脉冲信号并将脉冲信号输出到上述车辆中的功率转换装置的技术中，通过将电动机的各相的电压指令与载波电压进行比较来生成脉冲信号并将脉冲信号输出到电力转换装置的技术相比，生成脉冲信号的周期更长并且电动机的响应性(当目标操作点变化时操作点的跟踪能力)更低。因此，当检测到电动机的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器中发生异常时，逆变器中容易发生过电流或过电压。
本发明提供一种能够防止在逆变器中发生过电流或过电压的车辆。
根据本发明的第一方面的车辆包括马达，其被配置为驱动车辆；逆变器，其被配置为通过切换多个切换元件来驱动马达；电池，其被配置为经由逆变器与马达交换电力；旋转位置传感器，其被配置为检测电机的转子的旋转位置；以及电子控制单元。电子控制单元被配置为通过切换多个控制来执行逆变器的控制，所述多个控制包括第一PWM控制，其通过将基于马达的转矩指令的各相的电压指令与载波电压进行比较来生成多个切换元件中的第一PWM信号，并且切换多个切换元件，以及第二PWM控制，在基于转矩指令的电压的调制系数和电压相位以及在马达的电角度的预定周期中的脉冲数的基础上来生成多个切换元件的第二PWM信号并切换多个切换元件。电子控制单元被配置为当在旋转位置传感器中发生异常时限制第二PWM控制的执行。
在根据本方面的车辆中，通过切换包括第一PWM控制和第二PWM控制的多个控制来执行逆变器的控制。第一PWM控制是通过将基于马达的转矩指令的各相的电压指令与载波电压进行比较来生成第一PWM信号，并且切换逆变器的多个切换元件的控制。第二PWM控制是在基于转矩指令的电压的调制系数和电压相位以及在马达的电角度的预定周期中的脉冲数的基础上来生成第二PWM信号并切换逆变器的多个切换元件的控制。当检测到马达的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器发生异常时，第二PWM控制的执行受到限制。在第二PWM控制中，与第一PWM控制相比，生成脉冲信号的周期更长，并且电动机的响应性更低。因此，当在旋转位置传感器中发生异常时，逆变器中可能会发生过电流或过电压。结果，通过当在旋转位置传感器发生异常时限制第二PWM控制的执行，可以防止在逆变器中发生过电流或过电压。这里，“限制第二PWM控制的执行”包括减少第二PWM控制的执行范围或禁止第二PWM控制。
附图说明
下面将参考附图描述本发明的示例性实施例的特征、优点和技术和工业意义，其中相同的附图标记表示相同的元件，并且其中：
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明的实施例的电动车辆的结构的图；
图2是示出马达的目标操作点与第一PWM控制和第二PWM控制的区域之间的关系的示例的图；
图3是示出由根据实施例的电子控制单元执行的第二PWM控制许可确定例程的示例的流程图；和
图4是示出根据变形例的混合动力车辆的结构的图。
具体实施方式
在下文中，将参考示例来描述本发明的实施例。
图1是示意性地示出根据本发明的实施例的电动车辆20的结构的图。根据实施例的电动车辆20包括如图所示的马达32、逆变器34、电池36、升压转换器40和电子控制单元50。
马达32由同步发电电动机构成，并且包括其中嵌入永磁体的转子和缠绕有三相线圈的定子。马达32的转子经由差动齿轮24连接到驱动轴26，驱动轴26与驱动轮22a和22b连接。
逆变器34连接到马达32，并且还经由高压电力线42连接到升压转换器40。逆变器34包括六个晶体管T11至T16和六个二极管D11至D16。晶体管T11至T16被布置为两对晶体管，用作相对于高压电力线42的正母线和负母线的拉侧(source side)和灌侧(sinkside)。六个二极管D11至D16分别与晶体管T11至T16反向并联连接。马达32的三相线圈(U相、V相和W相)与构成晶体管T11至T16对的晶体管之间的结点连接。因此，当向逆变器34施加电压时，在三相线圈中形成旋转磁场，并且通过使电子控制单元50调节每对晶体管T11至T16的导通时间的比率来旋转驱动马达32。在下文中，晶体管T11至T13可以被称为“上臂”，并且晶体管T14至T16可称为“下臂”。平滑电容器46连接到高压电力线42的正母线和负母线。
电池36例如由锂离子二次电池或镍氢二次电池构成，并经由低压电力线44与升压转换器40连接。平滑电容器48连接到低压电力线44的正母线和负母线。
升压转换器40连接到高压电力线42和低压电力线44。升压转换器40包括两个晶体管T31和T32、两个二极管D31和D32以及电抗器L。晶体管T31连接到高压电力线42的正母线。晶体管T32连接到晶体管T31和高压电力线42和低压电力线44的负母线。两个二极管D31和D32分别与晶体管T31和T32反向并联连接。电抗器L连接到晶体管T31和T32与低压电力线44的正母线之间的结点。通过使电子控制单元50调节晶体管T31和T32的导通时间的比率，升压转换器40通过升压电压将低压电力线44的电力供给高压电力线42，或者通过降压电压将高压电力线42的电力供给低压电力线44。
电子控制单元50构成为包括CPU 52的微处理器，并且除了CPU 52之外包括存储处理程序的ROM 54、临时存储数据的RAM 56以及输入和输出端口。
来自各种传感器的信号经由输入端口输入到电子控制单元50。输入到电子控制单元50的信号的示例包括来自检测马达32的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器32a(例如，分解器)的旋转位置和来自检测在马达32的各相中流动的电流的电流传感器32u和32v的相电流Iu和Iv。输入信号的示例还包括来自连接在电池36的端子之间的电压传感器36a的电压VB，来自连接到电池36的输出端子的电流传感器36b的电流IB和来自连接到电抗器L的电流传感器37b的电抗器电流IL。输入信号的示例还包括来自连接在电容器46的端子之间的电压传感器46a的电容器46(高压电力线42)的电压VH和连接在电容器48的端子之间的电压传感器48a的电容器48(低压电力线44)的电压VL。输入信号的示例还包括来自点火开关60的点火信号，来自检测换档杆61的操作位置的换档位置传感器62的换档位置SP，来自检测踩踏加速器踏板63的程度的加速器踏板位置传感器64的加速器开度Acc，以及来自检测踩踏制动踏板65的程度的制动踏板位置传感器66的制动踏板位置BP。输入信号的示例还包括来自车速传感器68的车速VS。
经由输出端口从电子控制单元50输出各种控制信号。从电子控制单元50输出的信号的示例包括将控制信号切换到逆变器34的晶体管T11至T16，并将切换控制信号转换到升压转换器40的晶体管T31和T32。
电子控制单元50基于来自旋转位置传感器32a的马达32的转子的旋转位置θm来计算马达32的电角度θe和转速Nm。电子控制单元50基于来自电流传感器36b的电池36的电流IB的积分值来计算电池36的充电状态(SOC)。这里，SOC是从电池36放电的电力容量与电池36的总容量的比率。
在根据具有上述结构的实施例的电动车辆20中，电子控制单元50执行以下行驶控制。在行驶控制中，基于加速器开度Acc和车速VS设定驱动轴26所需要的转矩Td*，将设定的所需要的转矩Td*设定为马达32的转矩指令Tm*，并且执行逆变器34的晶体管T11至T16的切换控制，以根据转矩指令Tm*来驱动马达32。高电压电力线42的目标电压VH*被设定为根据转矩指令Tm*驱动马达32，并且执行升压转换器40的晶体管T31和T32的切换控制，使得高压电力线42的电压VH达到目标电压VH*。
下面将描述逆变器34的控制。在本实施例中，作为逆变器34的控制，执行正弦脉宽调制(PWM)控制、过调制PWM控制和矩形波控制中的任一个。正弦PWM控制是控制逆变器34向马达32施加(供给)伪三相AC电压的控制，过调制PWM控制是控制逆变器34向马达32施加过调制电压的控制，以及矩形波控制是控制逆变器34向马达32施加矩形波电压的控制。当执行正弦PWM控制并且使用基于正弦波电压的脉宽调制电压作为伪三相AC电压时，调制系数Rm具有范围从0到约0.61的值。当使用基于通过将第3n(例如，第三)谐波电压叠加在正弦波电压上获得的叠加电压的脉宽调制电压作为伪三相AC电压时，调制系数Rm具有范围从0至约0.71的值。调制系数Rm是逆变器34的输出电压(施加到马达32的电压)的有效值与输入电压(高压电力线42的电压VH)的比率。在本实施例中，为了扩大其中可进行正弦PWM控制的调制系数Rm的范围，假设将基于叠加电压的脉宽调制电压用作伪三相AC电压。当执行矩形波控制时，调制系数Rm具有约0.78的值。在本实施例中，考虑到这一点，假设正弦PWM控制、过调制PWM控制和矩形波控制中的任一个基于调制系数Rm进行。下面将描述正弦PWM控制。过调制控制和矩形波控制都不是本发明的关键，因此将不进行其详细描述。
在该实施例中，执行第一PWM控制或第二PWM控制作为正弦PWM控制。第一PWM控制是通过将马达32的各相的电压指令Vu*、Vv*和Vw*与载波电压(三角波电压)进行比较来生成晶体管T11至T16的第一PWM信号以切换晶体管T11至T16的控制。第二PWM控制是基于电压的调制系数Rm、电压相位θp和在预定周期(例如，马达32的电角度θe的半个周期或一个周期)内的脉冲数Np来生成晶体管T11至T16的第二PWM信号以切换晶体管T11至T16的控制。假设当执行第一PWM控制时第一PWM信号以对应于载波电压(频率为3kHz至5kHz的三角波电压)的半个周期或一个周期的间隔Δt1生成，并且当执行第二PWM控制时第二PWM信号以比间隔Δt1长的间隔Δt2生成。
当执行第一PWM控制时，PWM信号的生成周期可以被设置为短于当执行第二PWM控制时的生成周期，并且因此可以提高马达32的响应性(当目标操作点改变时对操作点的依从性)。当执行第二PWM控制时，与其中执行第一PWM控制的情况相比，可以通过生成第二PWM信号来减小(例如，最小化)马达32的芯损或通过生成第二PWM信号来减少(例如，最小化)电压或电流的谐波分量(特别是诸如马达32的旋转第六次谐波分量和旋转第十二次谐波分量的低次谐波分量)，以减少马达32的芯损或减少谐波分量。
在实施例中，基于对马达32的目标操作点执行第一PWM控制和第二PWM控制的实验结果或分析结果，假设可以在一定程度上预期执行第二PWM控制的效果的区域确定为第二PWM控制区域，并且不能在一定程度上预期该效果的区域确定为用于提高马达32的响应性的第一PWM控制区域。图2是示出马达32的目标操作点与第一PWM控制区域和第二PWM控制区域之间的关系的示例的图。在图2所示的示例中，其中马达32的转速Nm的范围为并且其转矩指令Tm*为等于或大于10Nm或转矩指令Tm*的范围为-100Nm至-10Nm的区域(区域1)，其中马达32的转速的范围为Nm为3500rpm至6000rpm，并且转矩指令Tm*的范围为10Nm至150Nm或转矩指令Tm*的范围为-100Nm至-10Nm的区域(区域2)，其中马达32的转速Nm的范围为3500rpm至6000rpm，并且转矩指令Tm*等于或大于150Nm的区域(区域3)，其中马达32的转速Nm的范围为6000rpm至9000rpm，并且转矩指令Tm*的范围为或转矩指令Tm*的范围为-50Nm至-10Nm的区域(区域4)，以及其中马达32的转速Nm的范围为6000rpm至9000rpm，并且转矩指令Tm*的范围为100Nm至150Nm或扭矩指令Tm*的范围为-100Nm至-50Nm的区域(区域5)被设定为第二PWM控制区域。第二PWM控制区域以外的区域被设定为第一PWM控制区域。这里，区域在第二PWM控制区域中具有不同脉冲数。
将在下面描述具有上述结构的根据实施例的电动车辆20的操作，特别是在检测马达32的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常的情况下进行正弦PWM控制时的操作。图3是示出由根据实施例的电子控制单元50执行的第二PWM控制许可确定例程的示例的流程图。重复执行该例程。
当执行第二PWM控制许可确定例程时，电子控制单元50首先确定在检测马达32的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器32a中是否发生异常(步骤S100)。该确定可以例如通过在RAM56的预定区域中存储由未示出的异常判定例程对在传感器中是否发生异常(故障)的判定结果，并且检查在RAM56的预定区域中是否发生异常来执行。
当在旋转位置传感器32a中没有发生异常时，允许第二PWM控制(步骤S110)，并且例程结束。在这种情况下，第一PWM控制和第二PWM控制基于图2所示的区域进行切换和执行。
另一方面，当在旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常时，禁止执行第二PWM控制(步骤S120)，并且例程结束。在这种情况下，当执行第二PWM控制时，可以将执行第二PWM控制切换为执行第一PWM控制。如上所述，在第二PWM控制中，生成脉冲信号的周期更长，并且马达32的响应性更低。因此，当在旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常时，逆变器34中可能会发生过电流或过电压。然而，通过禁止执行第二PWM控制并执行第一PWM控制，可以提高马达32的响应性并且防止在逆变器34中发生过电流或过电压。
在根据本实施例的上述电动车辆20中，当在检测马达32的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常时，禁止执行第二PWM控制。因此，可以防止在逆变器34中发生过电流或过电压。
在根据实施例的电动车辆20中，当在检测马达32的转子的旋转位置的旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常时，禁止执行第二PWM控制，但是执行第二PWM控制可以受到限制。例如，可以禁止在图2所示的第二PWM控制区域中的除了区域1以外的区域中执行第二PWM控制或可以禁止在除了电动车辆在第二PWM控制区域中巡航和行驶的情况以外的情况下执行第二PWM控制。在这种情况下，当在旋转位置传感器32a中发生异常并且执行第二PWM控制时，可以根据车速VS来估计马达32的转子的旋转位置。
在根据实施例的电动车辆20中，升压转换器40设置在电池36和逆变器34之间，但是可以不设置升压转换器40。
根据实施例的电动车辆20被配置为包括马达32、逆变器34和电池36。然而，如在根据图4所示的变型例的混合动力车辆120中，除了马达32和逆变器34之外，车辆还可以被配置为包括发动机122、行星齿轮124、马达132和逆变器134。这里，马达132连接到行星齿轮124的太阳齿轮，发动机122连接到其齿轮架上，并且驱动轴26和马达32连接到其齿圈。逆变器134连接到马达132并且还连接到高压电力线42。
在本实施例中，马达32用作“马达”，逆变器34用作“逆变器”，电池36用作“电池”，旋转位置传感器32a用作“旋转位置传感器”并且电子控制单元50用作“电子控制单元”。
虽然已经参考实施例描述了本发明的各方面，但是实施例仅是本发明的具体示例。本发明不限于该实施例，并且在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可以以各种形式修改本发明。
本发明可应用于车辆制造业。

Claims (4)

1.一种车辆，其特征在于包括：
马达，所述马达被配置为驱动所述车辆；
逆变器，所述逆变器被配置为通过切换多个切换元件来驱动所述马达；
电池，所述电池被配置为经由所述逆变器与所述马达交换电力；
旋转位置传感器，所述旋转位置传感器被配置为检测所述马达的转子的旋转位置；和
电子控制单元，所述电子控制单元被配置为通过切换多个控制来执行所述逆变器的控制，所述多个控制包括：
i)第一PWM控制，所述第一PWM控制通过将基于所述马达的转矩指令的各相的电压指令与载波电压进行比较来生成所述多个切换元件的第一PWM信号，并且切换所述多个切换元件，以及
ii)第二PWM控制，所述第二PWM控制在基于所述转矩指令的电压的调制系数和电压相位、以及在所述马达的电角度的预定周期中的脉冲数的基础上来生成所述多个切换元件的第二PWM信号，并且切换所述多个切换元件，其中，所述电子控制单元被配置为，当在所述旋转位置传感器中发生异常时，限制所述第二PWM控制的执行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，所述电子控制单元被配置为禁止所述第二PWM控制的执行，作为限制所述第二PWM控制的执行。
3.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，所述电子控制单元被配置为减小所述第二PWM控制的执行范围，作为限制所述第二PWM控制的执行。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的车辆，其特征在于，所述电子控制单元被配置为，当执行所述第一PWM控制时，以与所述载波电压的半个周期或一个周期相对应的第一间隔生成所述第一PWM信号，并且所述电子控制单元被配置为，当执行所述第二PWM控制时，以比所述第一间隔长的第二间隔生成所述第二PWM信号。
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