CN107240440B - 金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体 - Google Patents

金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体 Download PDF

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CN107240440B
CN107240440B CN201611051224.0A CN201611051224A CN107240440B CN 107240440 B CN107240440 B CN 107240440B CN 201611051224 A CN201611051224 A CN 201611051224A CN 107240440 B CN107240440 B CN 107240440B
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关根重信
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Abstract

本发明提供能够形成不易产生柯肯达尔孔洞、而且耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物的金属粒子、导电性糊剂、成型体和层叠体。本发明的金属粒子由外壳和芯部构成。上述外壳由金属间化合物构成,并且覆盖了上述芯部。

Description

金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体
技术领域
本发明涉及金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体。
首先,对本说明书中使用的用语定义如下。
(1)说到“金属”、“金属粒子”或“金属成分”时,不仅仅指金属元素单质,还包括含有多种金属元素的合金、复合物结构或它们的组合。
(2)纳米是指1μm(1000nm)以下的大小。
(3)金属基质是指填充其它成分的间隙、成为支撑它们的母材的金属或合金。
背景技术
在长时间地持续高温工作状态、而且伴随从高温工作状态到低温停止状态这种大的温度变动等严酷的环境下使用的设备、例如车载用电力控制元件(功率元件),要求不管上述的热过程如何都能够长期地维持高的接合强度。可是,以往知道的接合材未必能满足上述的要求。
例如,专利文献1中公开的SnAgCu系接合材(粉末焊锡材料)无法满足上述的要求。
另外,在将多个半导体基板层叠并接合的情况下,或在成型由金属或合金制成的三维造型物的情况下等,作为固有的问题,存在着由柯肯达尔孔洞(kirkendall void)引起的机械强度下降的问题。因金属的相互扩散不均衡所产生的原子空穴(晶格)不消失而集聚起来就会产生柯肯达尔孔洞。例如,在Sn与Cu的界面的情况下,由于Sn的扩散比Cu的扩散少,所以空穴集聚在金属间化合物和Cu界面处,形成柯肯达尔孔洞。该柯肯达尔孔洞会发展成大的空洞或裂纹,使接合部或三维造型物的可靠性和品质下降,进而机械强度下降,还有可能产生剥离、断裂、破损等。
例如,在专利文献2中公开了下述技术:用Cu6Sn5和具有Cu球的连接部连接半导体装置的电极和组装基板的电极,Cu球彼此之间也用Cu6Sn5连接。但是,并未言及柯肯达尔孔洞,也并没有公开抑制其产生的手段。在专利文献3中公开了下述方法:在半导体芯片或基板的接合面上涂布含有Cu金属粒子和Sn粒子的接合剂,在高于Sn的熔点的温度下加热,使接合剂的Cu和Sn进行过渡液相烧结后,再进行加热。但是,没有公开柯肯达尔孔洞的抑制手段。
在专利文献4中公开了一种焊锡箔,其是通过将含有作为金属粒子的Cu粒子和作为焊锡粒子的Sn粒子3的材料压延而形成的。在焊锡箔中,Cu是粒子的状态,Sn处于填充该Cu粒子之间的间隙的状态,所以如果Sn不能完全填充Cu粒子之间的间隙,则有可能产生柯肯达尔孔洞。
在专利文献5中,具有各向异性的导电性粘接片材由在厚度方向的中央配置的芯膜、在芯膜的两面配置的粘接剂层和球状的导电性微粒构成。在芯膜上,规则地形成了贯通厚度方向的贯通孔,在所有的贯通孔内配置各1个导电性微粒。可是,由于使用了导电性粘接片材,所以无法确保高的耐热性。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2007-268569号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2002-261105号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2014-199852号公报
专利文献4:日本特开2002-301588号公报
专利文献5:日本特开2003-286456号公报
发明内容
本发明的课题是提供能够形成不易产生柯肯达尔孔洞的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物的金属粒子、导电性糊剂和成型体。
本发明的另一个课题是提供能够形成耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物的金属粒子、导电性糊剂和成型体。
为了解决上述课题,本发明的金属粒子由外壳和芯部构成,上述芯部含有金属或合金,上述外壳由金属间化合物构成,并且覆盖了上述芯部。
如上所述,本发明的金属粒子具有由金属间化合物构成的外壳。使用含有上述金属粒子的接合材来形成接合部时,与被接合导体部的扩散反应成为穿过外壳的扩散。因此,与发生扩散的金属彼此直接接触而发生扩散反应的以往的接合材相比,反应速度被抑制。其结果是,上述的柯肯达尔孔洞的产生原因即金属的相互扩散的不均衡被消除,能够形成不易发生断线等的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物。
另外,通过反应速度得到了抑制的状态下的扩散反应,在与被接合导体部的接合面上形成层间隔为1μm以下的薄层状结构。上述薄层状结构由金属间化合物所形成的层和金属基质所形成的层构成。上述薄层状结构由于是纳米级的,所以假设即使产生了柯肯达尔孔洞,也能抑制在狭小范围,不会发展成裂纹等重大缺陷。
上述薄层状结构由于由金属间化合物层和金属基质层构成,上述接合部兼具由金属间化合物带来的耐热性和由金属基质带来的柔软性。因此,无论是在长时间地持续高温工作状态的情况下,还是在会伴随从高温工作状态到低温停止状态这种大的温度变动等严酷环境下使用的情况下,都能长期地维持高的耐热性、接合强度和机械强度。
上述外壳的形成可以在与上述金属粒子的制造的同一工序内进行,也可以通过涂布等手段在后面形成。当在与金属粒子的制造的同一工序内形成时,上述外壳由含有构成上述芯部的至少一种金属元素的金属间化合物构成,并通过集聚于上述芯部的表层来形成。在后面形成的情况下,在构成上述外壳的金属间化合物可以自由选择。上述外壳的厚度是纳米级的。
上述芯部除含有金属元素或合金以外,还可以含有金属间化合物。
本发明的金属粒子由选自Cu、Al、Ni、Sn、Ag、Au、Pt、Pd、Si、B、Ti、Bi、In、Sb、Ga、Zn、Cr、Co中的金属元素构成,粒径约为1μm至20μm。
本发明的金属粒子、特别是芯部可以含有多种金属成分。在这种情况下,作为多种金属成分,可以组合低熔点成分和高熔点成分,在初期熔融时,主要在低熔点成分所具有的熔点下使其熔融,能够将凝固后的再熔融温度提高至由高熔点成分所具有的熔点支配的温度。因此,能够形成耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的接合部、导体部。金属粒子的该特性对于发热量较大的电力控制用半导体元件(功率元件)的电气配线和导电性接合材是有用的。
进而,本发明的金属粒子可以用于制造三维造型物,在这种情况下,也可以抑制柯肯达尔孔洞的产生。
本发明还公开了导电性糊剂。该导电性糊剂含有多种金属成分。典型地,使含有上述的本发明的金属粒子的粉体分散于有机载体(也称为媒介物)中,调制导电性糊剂。另外,除典型的有机载体以外,有时还使用水性载体或挥发性有机载体等。
本发明的导电性糊剂由于含有本发明的金属粒子,所以也具备上述金属粒子所具有的特性和优点。
本发明还公开了成型体。上述成型体典型地可以通过将含有上述的本发明的金属粒子的粉体利用使用了例如冷压接法的金属间接合而获得。该成型体可以设定成片材状或线状等任意形态。
在通过对含有本发明的金属粒子的粉体实施使用了冷压接法的金属间接合处理来获得本发明的成型体的情况下,在成型体的内部,本发明的金属粒子和其它粒子尽管外形形状发生变化,但其内部结构大致保持原形。
本发明的成型体由于含有本发明的金属粒子,所以也具备上述金属粒子所具有的特性和优点。
本发明还公开了成型体。该层叠体具有第1层与第2层的层叠结构。上述第1层含有本发明的金属粒子。上述第2层构成热传导层或导电层。本发明的层叠体可以通过使用任意个数的本发明的成型体来形成。
本发明的层叠体具有第1层,上述第1层由于含有本发明的金属粒子,所以也具备上述金属粒子所具有的特性和优点。因此,通过使用该层叠体,可以抑制柯肯达尔孔洞的产生,能够形成提高了耐热性的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线和导电性接合部。
另外,本发明的层叠体具有与第1层层叠的第2层,上述第2层由于构成热传导层或导电层,所以可以将热或电信号高效率地从抑制了柯肯达尔孔洞的产生的第1层传送给作为热传导层或导电层的第2层。
如上所述,根据本发明,可以提供能够形成不易产生柯肯达尔孔洞的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物的金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体。
另外,本发明能够提供能够形成耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物的金属粒子、糊剂、成型体和层叠体。
附图说明
图1是示出本发明的金属粒子的电子显微镜照片的图。
图2是示出将本发明的金属粒子沿深度方向隔开间隔地切断时的各断面的电阻显微镜照片的图。
图3是示出由本发明的金属粒子形成的接合部的一个例子的图。
图4是示出图3的A部的SEM图像的图。
图5是将图4的SEM图像放大地示出的图。
图6是示出本发明的成型体的图。
图7是示出使用了冷压接法的金属间接合的图。
图8是示出本发明的层叠体的图。
图9是示出本发明的层叠体的另一个例子的图。
图10是示出本发明的层叠体的又一个例子的图。
符号说明
1 金属粒子
101 外壳
102 芯部
200、500 基板
201、501 金属/合金体
300 接合部
4 金属粉末
6 成型体
31、32 压接辊
7 层叠体
701 第1层
702 第2层
具体实施方式
图1中图示了球形状的本发明的金属粒子1的电子显微镜照片。本发明的金属粒子可以使用日本特许第4401281号公报中公开的技术来制造。实际使用时,使用作为该金属粒子1的集合体即粉体。
金属粒子1由外壳和芯部构成,上述芯部含有金属、合金或金属间化合物。上述外壳由金属间化合物构成,并且覆盖了上述芯部。关于其详情,参照图2所示的电子显微镜照片来进行说明。图2是示出将由8质量%的Cu和92质量%的Sn这一组成(以下称作8Cu·92Sn)构成的金属粒子1沿深度方向隔开间隔地切断时的各断面(A)~(F)拍摄而成的照片。以直径切断时的状态示于图2(F)中。
参照图2(F)所示,金属粒子1由外壳101和芯部102构成。外壳101由Cu和Sn的金属间化合物CuxSny构成。另外,外壳101的厚度是纳米级。芯部102含有Sn、Cu、Cu和Sn的合金或Cu和Sn的金属间化合物CuxSny。金属间化合物CuxSny典型的有Cu3Sn、Cu6Sn5
不过,金属粒子1是根据想要使用它来获得的产品而选择的。例如,当要形成电气配线、接合半导体芯片间的接合部时,例如可以含有选自Cu、Al、Ni、Sn、Ag、Au、Pt、Pd、Si、B、Ti、Bi、In、Sb、Ga、Zn、Cr、Co的金属元素的至少一种。当要获得三维造型物时,也可以含有上述的金属元素组中的至少一种。
如上所述,本发明的金属粒子1可以含有多种金属成分。此时,作为多种金属成分,可以组合低熔点成分和高熔点成分,在初期熔融时,主要在低熔点成分所具有的熔点下使其熔融,能够将凝固后的再熔融温度提高至由高熔点成分所具有的熔点支配的温度。例如,如实施方式所列举的那样,当金属粒子1由8Cu·92Sn构成时,在初期熔融时,主要在Sn所具有的熔点(231.9℃)下使其熔融,能够将凝固后的再熔融温度提高至由比Sn熔点高的CuxSny所具有的熔点(Cu3Sn:676℃、Cu6Sn5:435℃)支配的温度。因此,能够形成耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的接合部、导体部。金属粒子1的该特性对于发热量大的电力控制用半导体元件(功率元件)的电气配线和导电性接合材是有用的。
参照图3所示,接合部300例如将相向配置的基板200、500上形成的金属/合金体201、501接合。基板200、500例如是构成功率元件等电子电气设备的基板,金属/合金体201、501是作为电极、凸部、端子或引线导体等一体地设置于基板200、500上。功率元件等电子电气设备中,金属/合金体201、501一般是作为Cu或其合金来构成。不过,相当于基板200、500的部分也不排除由金属/合金体构成。
在图4和图5中,金属/合金体201、501是Cu层。接合部300可以通过使用含有8Cu·92Sn的接合材来获得。接合部300含有Sn、Cu、Sn和Cu的合金或Sn和Cu的金属间化合物,在金属/合金体201、501的表层通过扩散接合而接合。
在使用含有金属粒子1的接合材来形成接合部300的情况下,上述金属粒子1与金属/合金体201、501的扩散接合只能成为穿过外壳101的扩散。因此,与发生扩散的金属彼此直接接触而发生扩散反应的以往的接合材相比,反应速度被抑制。其结果是,Sn的扩散比Cu的扩散少的这种相互扩散不均衡被消除,可防止柯肯达尔孔洞的产生。因此,能够形成不易发生断线等的高可靠性和高品质的电气配线、导电性接合部或三维造型物。
进而,通过反应速度被抑制的状态下的扩散反应,在与金属/合金体201、501的接合面上可形成层间隔为纳米级的薄层状结构。对该薄层状结构,参照图4和图5进行说明。
在图4和图5中,接合部300具有在金属/合金体201、501的表面上依次层叠第1层301、第2层302和第3层303而成的结构。第1层301和第2层302采取由用金属间化合物形成的层和用金属基质形成的层构成的薄层状结构。如图5所述,在第1层301和第2层302上,看上去像山状的部分是金属间化合物,看上去像谷状的部分是金属基质。
上述结构中,第1层301由于与作为Cu层的金属/合金体201、501邻接,所以形成以富Cu的Cu3Sn为主的金属间化合物与金属基质的薄层状结构。另外,距离作为Cu层的金属/合金体201、501较远的第2层形成以Cu6Sn5为主的金属间化合物与金属基质的薄层状结构。
即,接合部300兼具由金属间化合物带来的高温耐热性和由金属基质带来的柔软性。因此,无论是在长时间地持续高温工作状态的情况下,还是在会伴随从高温工作状态到低温停止状态这种大的温度变动等严酷环境下使用的情况下,都能长期地维持高的耐热性、接合强度和机械强度。
而且,上述薄层状结构由于层间隔是纳米级的,所以假设即使产生了柯肯达尔孔洞,也能抑制在狭小的范围内。因此,不会发生下列情况:使接合部或三维造型物的可靠性和品质下降,进而使机械强度下降,发生剥离、断裂、破损等,发展成裂纹等重大的缺陷。
附带说一下,通过260℃的高温保持试验(HTS)得到了下述试验结果:从试验开始时至约100小时,剪切强度从约35MPa上升至约40MPa,在直到500小时的时间区域,大致稳定在40MPa。
另外,通过(-40~200℃)的冷热循环试验(TCT)得到了下述试验结果:从超过约200次循环至整个循环(1000次循环),剪切强度稳定在约30MPa。
为了获得上述效果,本发明的金属粒子1的芯部的表面积的至少50%以上需要被外壳覆盖。在优选为70%以上、更优选为80%以上被外壳覆盖时,能够获得良好的结果。
另外,本发明的导电性糊剂含有多种金属成分。典型地,使含有上述的本发明的金属粒子1的粉体分散于载体中,调制导电性糊剂。载体典型的是有机载体,与有机溶剂一起使用。另外,除典型的有机载体以外,有时还使用水性载体或挥发性有机载体等。
本发明的导电性糊剂由于含有本发明的金属粒子1,所以也具备上述金属粒子1所具有的特性和优点。
下面,在图6~图7中图示了本发明的成型体6。图6所示的成型体6是片材状。成型体6也可以是薄片状,也可以是长条状。或者,也可以是断面为圆形的线材,也可以是断面为椭圆形的线材。总之,成型体6的形状可以任意地选择。
本发明的成型体6典型地可以通过将含有上述的本发明的金属粒子1的粉体利用使用了例如冷压接法的金属间接合来进行处理而获得。使用了冷压接法的金属间接合本身已经被广泛地熟知了。本发明中,可以适用上述的公知技术。图7中示出了能够适用的典型例。图7中,在朝着相向的方向R1、R2旋转的压接辊31、32之间供给含有本发明的金属粒子的粉体4,由压接辊31、32对粉体4施加压力,使构成粉体4的金属粒子发生金属间接合。在实际的处理时,优选由压接辊31、32对粉体施加100℃左右的热。由此,可以得到图6~图7所示的成型体6。
在通过对含有本发明的金属粒子1的粉体实施使用了冷压接法的金属间接合处理来获得本发明的成型体6的情况下,在成型体6的内部,本发明的金属粒子和其它粒子尽管外形形状发生变化,但粒子的结构大致保持原形。因此,本发明的成型体6也具备本发明的金属粒子1所具有的特性和优点。
图8~图10中图示了本发明的层叠体。首先,参照图8所示,图示的层叠体7具有第1层701与第2层702的层叠结构。第1层701是本发明的成型体6,典型地是图6所示的片材状成型体。
第2层702构成热传导层或导电层。作为具体例子,可以例示出以Cu为主成分的层、以Cu和碳纳米管(CNT)为主成分的层等。
本发明的层叠体7例如如图9所述,可以在第2层702的两面设置由本发明的成型体6形成的第1层701,或者如图10所示,可以通过将图8和图9所示的层叠体层叠使用任意个数n来形成。
本发明的层叠体7具有与第1层701层叠的第2层702,第1层701由于含有本发明的金属粒子1,所以具备上述金属粒子1所具有的特性和优点。即,通过使用该层叠体7,可以抑制柯肯达尔孔洞的产生,能够形成机械强度大、而且耐热性优良的高可靠性和高品质的导体部和接合部。
另外,本发明的层叠体7具有与第1层701层叠的第2层702,第2层702由于构成热传导层或导电层,所以可以将热或电信号从抑制了柯肯达尔孔洞的产生的第1层701高效率地传送给作为热传导层或导电层的第2层702。特别是作为发热大的功率元件的导电性接合材或电气配线材是有用的。
以上,参照优选的实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,但本发明不限于它们,显然的是,只要是本领域技术人员,就能够根据其基本的技术构思和启示想到各种变形例。

Claims (4)

1.一种金属粒子,其是由外壳和芯部构成的金属粒子,其中,
所述芯部含有Cu和Sn的合金、或Cu和Sn的金属间化合物,
所述外壳由含有Cu和Sn的金属间化合物构成,并且覆盖了所述芯部。
2.一种导电性糊剂,其是含有金属粒子和载体的导电性糊剂,其中,
所述金属粒子含有权利要求1所述的金属粒子,并分散于所述载体中。
3.一种成型体,其是含有金属粒子的成型体,其中,所述金属粒子含有权利要求1所述的金属粒子。
4.一种层叠体,其是具有第1层与第2层的层叠结构的层叠体,其中,
所述第1层含有权利要求1所述的金属粒子,
所述第2层构成热传导层或导电层。
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